10 : RADIOACTIVITYSMK JATI PHYSICS PANEL

NAM
E :
CLAS
S :

RADIOACTIVE EMISSION

CHARACTERISTICS OF RADIOACTIVE EMISSIONS

RADIOACTIV
α-particles β-particles γ-rays
E EMISSION
Nature Helium nucleus Fast moving electron Electromagnetic wave
4 0
Symbol 2 He −1 e −¿
Positive Negative
Charge No charge
+2 e −e
Mass Large Small No mass
Speed Slow Fast Very fast
10% speed of light 90% speed of light Speed of light

Range in air

Ionising power

Strong Medium Very weak

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Penetrating
power

Deflection in
electric field

Deflection in
magnetic field
(Fleming’s left
hand rule)

CHARACTERISTICS OF RADIOACTIVE EMISSIONS

RADIOACTIVE
EMISSION α-particles β-particles γ-rays
DETECTOR

Geiger-Müller
tube (GM tube)

Cloud
chamber
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Gold leaf
electroscope

Spark counter

RADIOACTIVE DECAY

ALPHA DECAY

238
U → 234 4
92 90 Th+ 2 He

BETA DECAY

14
6 U → 147Th + −10e
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GAMMA
DECAY

60
27 Co → 60
27 Co +γ

HALF LIFE

Half life of Fermium is 3 days

The Decay Process of a 64g Fermium

NUCLEAR REACTION

SPM 2005
1. What is the radioisotope that can be used to determine the age of a fossil?
Apakah radioisotop yang boleh digunakan untuk menentukan usia suatu fosil?
A Radon-222 C Carbon-14 / Karbon-14
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B Uranium-238 D Iodine-131 / Iodin-131

SPM 2005
2. Which of the following statements is a characteristic of gamma radiation?
Antara pernyataan berikut, yang manakah sifat sinaran gama?
A It has a positive charge
Mempunyai cas positif
B It is an electromagnetic wave
Sejenis gelombang elektromagnet
C It has a higher ionizing power than alpha radiation
Kuasa pengionan lebih tinggi daripada sinaran alfa
D It has a lower penetrating than beta radiation
Kuasa penembusan yang lebih rendah daripada sinaran beta

SPM 2007
3. In the fission reaction for an atom of uranium-235, the energy produced is 2.9 × 10 -11 J. What is the total
loss of mass in the reaction?
Dalam suatu tindak balas pembelahan nukleus bagi satu atom uranium-235, tenaga yang dihasilkan
ialah 2.9 × 10-11 J. Berapakah jumlah kehilangan jisim dalam tindak balas itu?
A 3.22 × 10-28 kg C 2.61 × 106 kg
-20
B 9.67 × 10 kg D 1.03 × 1019 kg

SPM 2006
4. Diagram 31 shows three types of radioactive rays, X, Y and Z, directed towards a sheet of paper, a sheet
of aluminium and a sheet of lead.
Rajah 31 menunjukkan tiga jenis sinaran radioaktif, X, Y dan Z, dihalakan kepada kepingan kertas,
kepingan aluminium dan kepingan plumbum.

Diagram 31
Rajah 31
Which of the following rays are represented by X, Y and Z?
Antara sinaran berikut, yang manakah diwakili oleh X, Y dan Z?
X Y Z
A Alpha Gamma Beta
Alfa Gama Beta
B Beta Alpha Gamma
Beta Alfa Gama
C Gamma Alpha Beta
Gama Alfa Beta
D Gamma Beta Alpha
Gama Beta Alfa

SPM 2006
5. The initial mass of a radioactive element is 10 g and its half-life is 6 days. Which of the following
statements about the mass of the radioactive element is true?
Jisim awal suatu unsur radioaktif ialah 10 g dan separuh hayatnya ialah 6 hari. Antara pernyataan
berikut, yang manakah benar tentang jisim unsur radioaktif itu?
A 6 days earlier, the mass is 20 g
6 hari sebelumnya, jisimnya ialah 20 g
B 12 days earlier, the mass is 80 g
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12 hari sebelumnya, jisimnya ialah 80 g
C 6 days later, the mass is 2.5 g
6 hari selepasnya, jisimnya ialah 2.5 g
D 12 days later, the mass is 5.0 g
12 hari selepasnya, jisimnya ialah 5.0 g

SPM 2006
6. Which statement is true about the use of radioactive substance?
Pernyataan yang manakah benar tentang kegunaan bahan radioaktif?
A To determine the sex of a foetus
Menentukan jantina janin dalam rahim
B To determine the contents in the baggage of air plane passengers
Menentukan kandungan bagasi penumpang kapal terbang
C To detect leakage in underground pipes
Mengesan kebocoran paip dalam tanah
D To identify counterfeit bank-notes
Mengenal pasti wang kertas palsu

SPM 2007
7. A negatively charged particle moves towards a nucleus of an atom. Which of the following diagrams
shows the correct path of the particle?
Satu zarah bercas negatif bergerak menuju ke arah nukleus satu atom. Antara rajah berikut, yang
manakah menunjukkan lintasan yang betul bagi zarah itu?
A C

B D

SPM 2009
8. A large amount of energy is released when two light nuclei combine to form a heavy nucleus. What is
the name of this process?
Jumlah tenaga yang besar dibebaskan semasa dua nukleus yang ringan bergabung membentuk satu
nukleus yang berat. Apakah nama proses ini?
A Chain reaction C Nuclear fission
Tindak balas berantai Pembelahan nuklear
B Nuclear reaction D Nuclear fusion
Tindak balas nuklear Pelakuran nuklear

SPM 2008
9. The following equation shows the nuclear fission of 235
92 U .
Persamaan berikut menunjukkan pembelahan nukleus bagi 235
92 U .

What is X?
Apakah X?
A β particle C α particle
Zarah β Zarah α
B Energy D γ-ray
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Tenaga Sinar-γ

SPM 2008
10. The half-life of arsenic is 18 days. A sample contains a certain amount of arsenic. After 72 days, only
10 g of the arsenic still remains. What is the initial mass of the arsenic?
Separuh hayat bagi arsenik ialah 18 hari. Suatu sampel mengandungi sejumlah arsenik. Selepas 72 hari,
hanya 10 g arsenik dalam sampel itu yang masih tinggal. Berapakah jisim asal arsenik itu?
A 160 g C 80 g
B 90 g D 72 g

SPM 2007
11. Table 1 shows the half-lives of four types of liquid isotopes which radiate β-particles.
Jadual 1 menunjukkan separuh hayat bagi empat jenis cecair isotop yang memancarkan zarah-β.
Isotope Half-life
Isotop Separuh hayat
P 10 seconds
10 saat
Q 20 hours
20 jam
R 5 months
5 bulan
S 10 years
10 tahun
Table 1
Jadual 1
Which of the following isotopes is suitable to detect blood clotting?
Antara isotop berikut, yang manakah sesuai digunakan untuk mengesan pembekuan darah?
A P C R
B Q D S

PP SBP 2010
12. Figure below shows the decaying series of the isotope uranium-238.
Persamaan di bawah menunjukkan satu siri reputan bagi isotope uranium-238.
238
U → 234 234 234 230
92 90 Th → 91 Pa → 92 U → 90 Th

Calculate the number of alpha and beta particles emitted.

Hitungkan bilangan zarah alfa dan zarah beta yang dipancarkan?
Number of alpha particles Number of beta particles
Bilangan zarah alfa Bilangan zarah beta
A 1 3
B 3 1
C 2 2
D 0 4
SPM 2008
13. Diagram 30 shows three types of radioactive rays, X, Y and Z, directed towards a sheet of paper, a
sheet of aluminium and a sheet of lead.
Rajah 30 menunjukkan tiga jenis sinaran radioaktif, X, Y dan Z, dihalakan kepada kepingan kertas,
kepingan aluminium dan kepingan plumbum.
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Diagram 30
Rajah 30
How many alpha and beta particles are emitted in this process?
Berapakah bilangan zarah alfa dan zarah beta yang dipancarkan dalam proses ini?
Number of alpha particles Number of beta particles
Bilangan zarah alfa Bilangan zarah beta
A 2 1
B 1 2
C 2 2
D 1 1

SPM 2009
14. Which diagram shows the structure of the 7
Li atom and the composition of its nucleus?
3
Rajah manakah yang menunjukkan struktur atom 73 Li dan komposisi nukleusnya?

A C

B D

PP SBP 2009
15. The half-life of a radioactive substance is 3 days. How much time is required for 10 g of the substance
to decay until 1.25 g is left?
Setengah hayat suatu jenis bahan radioaktif ialah 3 hari. Berapakah masa yang perlu untuk 10 g bahan
ini reput hingga tertinggal 1.25 g?
A 3 days C 9 days
3 hari 9 hari
B 6 days D 12 days
6 hari 12 hari

SPM 2009
16. The initial mass of polonium is 10 g and its halflife is 138 days. Which graph shows the decay curve of
polonium?
Jisim asal polonium ialah 10 g dan setengah hayatnya ialah 138 hari. Graf manakah yang
menunjukkan lengkuk reputan bagi polonium?
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A C

B D

PP SBP 2009
17. Diagram 33 shows a series of radioactive decays for the nucleus of uranium-238 to that of radium-226.
Rajah 33 menunjukkan siri pereputan radioaktif nucleus uranium-238 kepada radium-226.

Diagram 33
Rajah 33
How many alpha and beta particles are emitted in this process?
Berapakah bilangan zarah alpha dan zarah beta yang dipancarkan dalam proses ini?
Number of alpha particles Number of beta particles
Bilangan zarah alfa Bilangan zarah beta
A 3 2
B 2 3
C 4 1
D 1 1

PP SBP 2010
18. Choose the statement which does not explain the half life of an isotope.
Pilih pernyataan yang tidak benar tentang setengah hayat suatu isotop radioaktif.
A Time is halved C Isotope’s mass is halved
Masa diseparuhkan Jisim radioisotop diseparuhkan
B Isotope’s activity is halved D The number of unstable nuclei is halved
Aktiviti radioisotop diseparuhkan Bilangan nukleus tidak stabil diseparuhkan

PP SBP 2011
19. Which correctly describe the ionising power of α, β and γ radiation in descending order?
Yang manakah menerangkan kuasa pengionan bagi pancaran α, β dan γ mengikut susunan menurun?
A α, β, γ C α, γ, β
B γ, β, α D β, γ, α
PP SBP 2010
20. Diagram 34 shows how the thickness of paper is measured during manufacture. If the sheet is too thick,
fewer beta particles can reach the detector.
Rajah 34 menunjukkan ketebalan kertas yang diukur dalam satu industri pembuatan kertas. Sekiranya
ketebalan kertas adalah terlalu tinggi, hanya sedikit sahaja zarah beta akan sampai ke alat pengesan.
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Diagram 34
Rajah 34
A source of alpha particles is not used for this purpose because
Zarah alfa tidak digunakan untuk tujuan ini kerana zarah alfa
A Are all stopped by the paper C Have a short half life
Semuanya akan dihalang oleh kertas Mempunyai separuh hayat yang pendek
B Are too dangerous to those working nearby D Make the paper radioaktif
Berbahaya untuk mereka yang kerja berdekatan Menjadikan kertas itu radioaktif

PP SBP 2013
21. A nucleus X is produced by 230
91 Z. The nucleus Z emits one α-particle and then one β-particle. What is
the nucleus X?
Satu nukleus X dihasilkan oleh 230
91 Z. Nukleus itu mengeluarkan satu zarah α dan kemudian satu zarah
β. Apakah nukleus X?
A 2 26
88 X
C 226
89 X

B 2 26 D 2 30
90 X 89 X

PP SBP 2013
22. Diagram 31 shows the paths of three types of radioactive X, Y and Z in a uniform magnetic field.
Rajah 31 menunjukkan lintasan tiga jenis sinar radioaktif X, Y dan Z di dalam medan magnet yang
seragam.

Diagram 31
Rajah 31
What is the name of the radioactive X, Y and Z?
Apakah nama radioaktif X, Y dan Z?
X Y Z
A α β γ
B α γ β
C β α γ
D β γ α

PP SBP 2014
23. Diagram 29 shows a nuclide notation of radioactive element X.
Rajah 29 menunjukkan notasi nuklid bagi suatu unsur radioaktif X.
238
92 X
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Diagram 29
Rajah 29
Which of the following is correct?
Yang manakah antara yang berikut adalah betul?
Proton number Nucleon number Number of neutron
Nombor proton Nombor nukleon Bilangan neutron
A 238 92 146
B 238 146 92
C 92 238 146
D 92 146 238

PP SBP 2014
24. Diagram 30 shows a radioactive decay curve of a radioactive substance.
Rajah 30 menunjukkan lengkung reputan bagi suatu bahan radioaktif.

Diagram 30
Rajah 30
What is the half-life of the radioactive substance?
Berapakah separuh hayat bagi bahan radioaktif tersebut?
A 12 minutes C 6 minutes
12 minit 6 minit
B 8 minutes D 6 minutes
8 minit 4 minit

PP KEDAH 2017
25. Diagram 36 shows a nuclide notation of krypton-92.
Rajah 36 menunjukkan notasi nuklid bagi kripton-92.
92
36 Kr
Diagram 36
Rajah 36
Which of the combination is correct?
Kombinasi manakah adalah betul?
Proton number Nucleon number Number of neutron
Nombor proton Nombor nukleon Bilangan neutron
A 36 56 92
B 56 92 36
C 36 92 56
D 92 36 56
PP KEDAH 2011
26. An unstable 238 226
92 U nucleus decays to a stable 88 Ra nucleus. What is the number of alpha particles and
beta particles emitted during this process?
Suatu nukleus 238 226
92 U yang tidak stabil mereput kepada nukleus 88 Ra yang stabil. Berapakah bilangan
zarah alfa dan zarah beta yang dipancar semasa proses ini?
Number of alpha particles Number of beta particles
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Bilangan zarah alfa Bilangan zarah beta

A 2 3
B 3 2
C 4 1
D 1 1

PP SBP 2014
27. Diagram 31 shows the radioactive decay series of nucleus W to nucleus Z.
Rajah 31 menunjukkan siri pereputan nucleus W kepada nucleus Z.

Diagram 31
Rajah 31
How many alpha and beta particles are emitted in this process?
Berapakah bilangan zarah alfa dan zarah beta yang dipancarkan dalam proses ini?
Number of alpha particles Number of beta particles
Bilangan zarah alfa Bilangan zarah beta
A 1 2
B 1 1
C 2 2
D 2 1

PP SBP 2014
28. The following equation shows the decay of uranium-235.
Persamaan berikut menunjukkan reputan uranium-235.
238
92 U → 23901 Th + 42 He
What is the value of mass that is converted to energy?
(Mass of uranium-235 = 235.0439 u, mass of thorium = 231.0363 u, mass of alpha particles = 4.0026 u)
Berapakah nilai jisim yang ditukarkan kepada tenaga?
( Jisim uranium-235 = 235.0439 u, jisim thorium = 231.0363 u, jisim zarah alfa = 4.0026 u)
A 0.0025 u C 0.0060 u
B 0.0050 u D 0.0075 u

PP KEDAH 2011
29. In a nuclear reaction, 5.265 × 10-10 J energy is released. What is the mass defect of this reaction?
Dalam suatu tindak balas nuklear, 5.265 × 10-10 J tenaga dibebaskan. Berapakah cacat jisim bagi
tindak balas ini?
A 4.74 × 107 kg C 1.76 × 10-18 kg
-2
B 1.58 × 10 kg D 5.85 × 10-27 kg
PP KEDAH 2009
30. Diagram 33 shows a graph of activity against time for a radioactive sample.
Rajah 33 menunjukkan graf aktiviti melawan masa untuk satu sampel radioaktif.
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Diagram 33
Rajah 33
Which statement is correct?
Pernyataan yang manakah benar?
A The half life is 20 minutes.
Separuh hayat bahan itu ialah 20 minit.
B After 30 minutes, 25% of the sample have not decayed.
Selepas 30 minit, 25% daripada sampel itu belum mereput.
C After 45 minutes, the activity will be 100 counts per minute.
Selepas 45 minit, aktiviti akan menjadi 100 pembilangan per minit.
D The activity will become zero after a few days.
Aktiviti akan berkurang ke sifar selepas beberapa hari.

PP KEDAH 2009
31. A chain reaction can occur in a reactor because during nuclear fission
Tindak balas berantai boleh berlaku di dalam sebuah reaktor sebab semasa
pembelahan nuklear
A new neutrons are produced C a large amount of energy is released
neutron baru dihasilkan tenaga yang banyak dibebaskan
B two fission fragments are produced D the temperature is very high
dua serpihan belahan dihasilkan suhu adalah sangat tinggi

BK3 TERENGGANU 2017

32. The equation shows the nuclear fission of uranium-235.
Persamaan menunjukkan pembelahan nukleus bagi uranium-235.
235
U + 10 n → P 94
92 54 Xe + Q Sr +2 01 n
Diagram 36
Rajah 36
What are the values of P and Q?
Apakah nilai bagi P dan Q?
P Q
A 142 36
B 141 38
C 140 38
D 139 36
PP KEDAH 2011
33. Diagram 31 shows the decay graph when radioisotope X decays to Y. Initially there are 20 mg of X in a
sample.
Rajah 31 menunjukkan graf reputan apabila radioisotop X mereput kepada Y. pada awalnya terdapat
20 mg bagi X dalam suatu sampel.
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Diagram 31
Rajah 31
Determine the mass of X and the mass of Y in the sample after 40 minutes.
Tentukan jisim X dan jisim Y dalam sampel itu selepas 40 minit.
Mass of X Mass of Y
Jisim X Jisim Y
A 10 mg 5 mg
B 10 mg 10 mg
C 5 mg 5 mg
D 5 mg 10 mg

PP KEDAH 2017
34. Diagram 37 shows a series of radioactive decay.
Rajah 37 menunjukkan siri pereputan radioaktif.
218
Po → 214 214 21 4 210
84 82 Pb → 83 Bi → 84 Po → 82 Pb

Determine the radioactive rays that are emitted in each stage of the above series of decay?
Tentukan sinar radioaktif yang dipancarkan dalam setiap peringkat siri pereputan di atas?
A β, γ, γ, β C α, α, β, β
B β, α, α, β D α, β, β, α

PP MRSM 2010
35. The following equation shows the decay of a radon nucleus.
Persamaan berikut menunjukkan pereputan bagi nukleus radon.
222
Ra → 214 4 0
86 86 Po + x 2 He + y −1 e
Diagram 36
Rajah 36
What are the values of x and y?
Apakah nilai bagi x dan y?
x y
A 1 1
B 1 4
C 2 1
D 2 4

PP KEDAH 2017
36. Diagram 38 shows how the thickness of a sheet of paper is standardised.
Rajah 38 menunjukkan proses bagaimana ketebalan sehelai kertas dipiawaikan.
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Diagram 38
Rajah 38
This process uses beta rays because it
Proses ini menggunakan pancaran beta kerana ia
A has a long half-life C can penetrate the paper
mempunyai separuh hayat yang panjang boleh menembusi kertas itu
B will sterilise the paper D makes the paper shiny
akan mensterilkan kertas itu menjadikan kertas itu bersinar

PP KEDAH 2011
37. The process of nuclear fission is represented by the following equation:
Proses pelakuran nukleus diwakili oleh persamaan berikut:
218
Po → 214 214 214 210
84 82 Pb → 83 Bi → 84 Po → 82 Pb

Table 2 shows the mass in atomic mass unit a.m.u. for the radioactive elements involved.
Jadual 2 menunjukkan jisim dalam unit jisim atom u.j.a. bagi elemen radioaktif yang terlibat.
Radioactive element Mass / a.m.u.
Unsur radioaktif Jisim / u.j.a.
Deuterium 2.015
Tritium 3.015
Helium 4.003
Neutron 1.008
Table 2
Jadual 2
Based on the data given, calculate the energy released in joule.
Berdasarkan data yang diberikan, hitung jumlah tenaga yang dibebaskan dalam joule.
[1 a.m.u./u.j.a. = 1.66 × 10-27 kg, c = 3 × 108 m s-1]
A 2.839 × 10-12 C 7.515 × 10-10
B 7.406 × 10-10 D 1.500 × 10-9

PP BK3 TERENGGANU 2017

38. Which of the following statement is a characteristics of beta radiation?
Antara pernyatan berikut, yang manakah merupakan ciri sinar beta?
A It has a positive charge
Zarah bercas positif
B It is an electromagnetic wave
Ianya adalah satu gelombang electromagnet
C It has a higher ionizing power than alpha
Mempunyai kuasa pengionan lebih tinggi daripada alfa
D It has a lower penetrating power than gamma
Mempunyai kuasa penembusan lebih rendah daripada gama
BK3 TERENGGANU 2017
39. When a radioactive element is put in front of the GM tube, the rate meter reads 120 counts per minute.
After 6 hours, the rate meter become 15 counts per minute. Determine the half life of the radioactive.
Apabila satu bahan radioaktif diletakkan di hadapan tiub GM, meter kadar mencatatkan 120 bilangan
per minit. Selepas 6 jam, bacaan meter kadar menjadi 15 bilangan per minit. Tentukan separuh hayat
bagi bahan radioaktif itu.
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A 2 hours C 6 hours
2 jam 6 jam
B 4 hours D 12 hours
4 jam 12 jam

BK7 TERENGGANU 2016

40. In a nuclear fission reaction, 0.005 u mass of a radioactive element is changed to nuclear energy.
Calculate the energy released. [1 u = 1.7 × 10-27 kg, speed of light, c = 3.0 × 108 m s-1]
Dalam proses pembelahan nuklear, 0.005 u jisim telah ditukarkan kepada tenaga nuklear. Hitung
tenaga yang dibebaskan. [1 u = 1.7 × 10-27 kg, halaju cahaya, c = 3.0 × 108 m s-1]
A 2.55 × 10-21 kg C 3.83 × 10-13 kg
-19
B 5.10 × 10 kg D 7.65 × 10-13 kg

PP MRSM 2010
41. Diagram 37 shows a nuclear reaction.
Rajah 37 menunjukkan tindak balas nuklear.

Diagram 37
Rajah 37
The above reaction occurs when
Tindak balas di atas berlaku apabila
A The pressure is very high
Tekanan amat tinggi
B The temperature is very high
Suhu amat tinggi
C The radioactive sample exceeds its critical mass
Jisim sampel bahan radioaktif melebihi jisim genting
D The heavy nucleus is knocked by a slow neutron
Nukleus berat dihentam oleh neutron yang perlahan

JUJ PAHANG SET A 2017

42. When a sample of radium-226 decays, the energy released is 7.81 x 10 -13 J. What is the mass defect?
Apabila satu sampel radium-226 mereput, tenaga yang dibebaskan ialah 7.81 x 10-13 J. Berapakah
cacat jisim?
A 1.15 × 1029 kg C 3.84 × 1020 kg
B 2.60 × 10-21 kg D 8.68 × 10-30 kg

END OF MODULE
MODUL TAMAT