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Solid Waste

This project aims to produce laundry soap from leather solid waste generated by the leather industry in Ethiopia. Currently, this waste is disposed in open dumping sites, polluting the environment. The waste contains high levels of protein and fat that can be extracted and used to produce soap. The objectives are to extract fat from the waste, characterize the fat and produced soap, and conduct a feasibility study. Producing soap from this waste will reduce pollution while utilizing a local resource. It will help improve the sustainability and public image of the leather industry in Ethiopia.

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Zemariyam Bizuayehu
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103 views7 pages

Solid Waste

This project aims to produce laundry soap from leather solid waste generated by the leather industry in Ethiopia. Currently, this waste is disposed in open dumping sites, polluting the environment. The waste contains high levels of protein and fat that can be extracted and used to produce soap. The objectives are to extract fat from the waste, characterize the fat and produced soap, and conduct a feasibility study. Producing soap from this waste will reduce pollution while utilizing a local resource. It will help improve the sustainability and public image of the leather industry in Ethiopia.

Uploaded by

Zemariyam Bizuayehu
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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BAHIR DAR INSTISUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL AND FOOD ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

Final year project on

Preparation and characterization of soap produced from leather solid waste

Prepared by:

Group Name ID Number


Gebremariyam Bizuayehu 0904266
Misganaw Kassahun
Amlakie Dires
Yohannes Wotara

Dissertation Proposal Submitted to the Department of Chemical Engineering in partial fulfillment of


the requirement for the Bachelor of Science Degree in Chemical Engineering.

Supervised by:

Mr. Melkamu B.

Submission Date: 30/12/2013 E.C

Bahir Dar University, BiT, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Any accomplishment requires the blessing of the God. This work is not any different to that.so
the first thanks go to God and his mother endless help throughout our work to the project
successfully. Secondly advisor instructor Melkamu Birle who give sounding advice help us
guide this project in the right direction, in which he enforce us to have a massive knowledge
about the project to easily familiarize with the concept of project development. Thirdly, the
project team would like to thanks to express our gratitude to chemical engineering department
staff for give us the opportunity to do the project and providing guidance throughout this project.
Finally, the success and final outcome of this project required a lot of guidance and assistance
from many people and we are extremely privileged to have got this along completion of our
project, we would like to express our special thanks of our gratitude to all personal participated
in accomplishment of this project.

ABSTRACT
This project aims at Preparation and characterization of soap produced from leather solid waste.
Solid waste products are potent pollutants in water and are also highly odorous when they are
decomposing in their solid form. Leather processing generates a heavily contaminated liquid
waste, considered to extremely hazardous due to the abundant presence of heavy metals. These
skin/hides fleshing wastes from pertaining contain higher amount of protein and fat content has
been wasted during fleshing of solid waste from the process in leather industry and are currently
being wasted in to dumping sites or in open areas, consequently creating the fleshing waste
disposal a major environmental problem in Ethiopia. If those fat is properly extracted it can be
used in different aspects. In this project extraction of fat from this waste is performed at 60°c-
80°c temperature by employing Soxhlet extraction. The effect of extraction will be carried out by
varying the solvent and making other conditions constant (i.e. PH, temperature and time). The
best extraction solvent among; Hexane and Petroleum ether for the specified fat source will be
selected. The fat will be characterized for the parameters such as PH, acid value, free fatty acid.

Key word: skin/ hide, fleshing, fat and solvents

Symbols and Acronyms


AV…………………………………………………….Acid value
BC……………………………………………………. Before Christ
BOD…………………………………………………...Biological oxygen demand
C……………………………………………………...Concentration
COD…………………………………………………. Chemical oxygen demand
Cr……………………………………………………. Chromium
KOH…………………………………………………Potassium hydroxide
M……………………………………………………. Mass of sample
Mw……………………………………………………Molecular weight
NaOH…………………………………………………. Sodium Hydroxide
PLC……………………………………………………Private limited company
SFE……………………………………………………Supercritical fluid extraction
TDS……………………………………………………Total dissolved solid
TS……………………………………………………. Total solid
V………………………………………………………Volume of sample
W………………………………………………………Weight
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Soap is a salt of a compound, known as a fatty acid. A soap molecule has a long hydrocarbon
chain with a carboxylic acid group on one end, which has ionic bond with metal ion, usually
sodium or potassium. The hydrocarbon end is non-polar which is highly soluble in non-polar
substances and the ionic end is soluble in water. They are prepared by the saponification process,
which is, reacting the oil which contains triglycerides with caustic soda (NaOH) to give the soap.
Throughout history people were known to have taken bath in herb waters and other additions to
the bathing medium thought to be beneficial. Soaps are mainly used as surfactants for washing,
bathing, and cleaning, but they are also used in textile spinning (www.ijmer.com).
Soaps can be produced from vegetable oils, animal fats, cooking oil, and etc. Through various
chemical processes. The most common method in production of soap is semi boiling others
include full boiling and cold process. Animal fats are common source of soap making; these fats
can be obtained from animal meat, animal hides or skins.
Tannery solid wastes like skin trimmings, keratin wastes, fleshing wastes, chrome shaving
wastes and buffing wastes generated in the industries contribute mainly potential fat content that
can be converted to laundry soap[ CITATION Kan06 \l 1033 ]. The availability of this resource
in Ethiopia is very promising to study the feasibility of the fat extracted from tannery solid waste
used as laundry soap. In this present study, Animal fleshing - a proteinaceous solid waste
obtained from untanned hides/skins has been focused, as this contributes about 56-60% of the
wastes generated from pretanning operations in tanneries. Instead of disposing them, it would be
better to recycle them and reuse them as a raw material for another industry. The solid wastes
were characterized for pH, moisture content, volatile organic compound, total nitrogen content,
and sodium content using standard solid waste analysis methods[ CITATION Kan06 \l 1033 ].
1.2 Statement of Problem
The sustainability of the leather industry crucially depends on how well it manages the liquid and
solid wastes. Fleshing from animal hides/skins is one such waste that is high in solid waste
content. Solid waste products are potent pollutants in water and are also highly odorous when
they are decomposing in their solid form. Leather processing generates a heavily contaminated
liquid waste, considered to extremely hazardous due to the abundant presence of heavy metals.
These skin/hides fleshing wastes from tanneries contain significant quantity of protein and fat
content and are currently being wasted in to dumping sites or in open areas, consequently
creating the fleshing waste disposal a major environmental problem in Ethiopia. For instance, the
sheba leather factory has been draining its toxic solid waste water in to the environment for about
18 years during the tanning process. New reports and several studies indicate it is one of the most
polluted environments, it affects the crops due to high level of toxic compounds when drained
and suffers health problem.
Therefore, this project helps to produce laundry soap from these locally available and
environment polluting leather solid waste. In addition to this, the industry will enhance its public
image and also reduce the influence of the environmental regulating agency on the tanning
sector.
1.3 Objective
1.3.1 General objectives
The main aim of the project is to produce laundry soap from leather solid wastes.
1.3.2 Specific Objectives
 To extract fat from leather solid wastes
 To characterize fat from solid waste (PH, moisture content and acid value)
 To characterize the produced laundry soap (PH, acid value &color)
 Feasibility study using material and energy balance.
1.4 Significant of the Study
This study will have a great significance in terms of assuring the production of laundry soap and
reduction of environmental pollution. This laundry soap (detergent) will have a vital role to play
in preventing and removing the re-deposition of soils like greasy, oily stains and particulate dirt
on the surface of different clothes.
1.5 Scope of the Study
 The main scope of this project is mentioned as the following:
 The scope of study will extended up to collection of raw material, extract fat from leather
solid waste, characterization of leather solid waste and the produced laundry soap.
 Determination of loss and products using energy and material balance based on
laboratory results.
 Equipment sizing and Economic analysis of laundry soap plant.

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