Electrician & Electronics: Module No. 2.1 Unit No. 2.1.7
Electrician & Electronics: Module No. 2.1 Unit No. 2.1.7
Capacitance
Module No. 2.1
Unit No. 2.1.7
COURSE NOTES
Certification & Standards Department
Revision 1 April 2000
Created by Gerry Ryan Galway TC
Revised by:
Gerry Ryan Galway TC
John Watters Sligo TC
Compiled by Liam Carroll – Certification & Standards
Published by
Certification & Standards
FÁS Training and Employment Authority
P.O. Box 456
2733 Upper Baggot Street
Dublin 4
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© FÁS 2000
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or
transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or
otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner.
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Table of Contents
CAPACITANCE........................................................................................................................................ 5
CHARGING OF CAPACITORS .................................................................................................................... 6
THE UNIT OF CAPACITANCE ................................................................................................................... 7
FACTORS AFFECTING THE MAGNITUDE OF CHARGE ON A CAPACITOR ..................................................... 10
FACTORS AFFECTING THE CAPACITANCE OF A CAPACITOR...................................................................... 11
ENERGY STORED IN A CAPACITOR ......................................................................................................... 13
CAPACITOR TYPES ............................................................................................................................... 15
CONSTRUCTION OF CAPACITORS ........................................................................................................... 16
ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITORS ................................................................................................................ 17
CAPACITOR TOLERANCES ..................................................................................................................... 18
CAPACITORS IN PARALLEL.................................................................................................................... 19
CAPACITORS IN SERIES ......................................................................................................................... 23
TOTAL STORED CHARGE .................................................................. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
WORKING VOLTAGE OF A CAPACITOR ............................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
THE POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE ........................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
FIGURE 17 ....................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
WORKING VOLTAGE OF EQUAL VALUES OF CAPACITORS CONNECTED IN SERIESERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
CAPACITOR FAULTS ......................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
POTENTIAL DANGERS WITH CAPACITORS .......................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
SUMMARY ....................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
REVISION QUESTIONS....................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
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Capacitance
The capacitor is a very common electrical component. It is used to store electrical energy.
The term “capacitance” means the ability to store energy in the form of an electrical
charge.
The capacitive effect can be of great benefit in electrical/electronic circuitry in, for
example, controlling AC current, tuning radio receivers, in timedelay circuits, in the
separating of AC currents from DC currents, used in some single phase motors and
fluorescent lamps.
A capacitor consists of two conducting surfaces or plates that are placed very close
together but separated by an insulator called a dielectric, see Figure 1. The circuit
schematic symbols for capacitors are also shown.
Plates
+
Fixed Electrolytic
(Polarised)
Variable PreSet
Dielectric
Capacitor Construction Capacitor Symbols
Figure 1
5
Charging of Capacitors
Refer to Figure 2. When the switch is closed, electrons on the upper plate A are attracted
to the positive pole of the battery. This leaves a shortage of electrons on plate A which is
therefore positively charged. At the same time, electrons gather on the lower plate, B,
causing it to become negatively charged. Since plates A and B are now charged with
opposite polarity, there is a difference of potential between them. When this difference of
potential is equal to the battery voltage, no more charge can be placed on the capacitor.
Notice that the capacitor voltage has an opposing polarity to that of the battery. When no
more charge can be placed on the capacitor it is said to be fully charged.
If the switch is now opened the capacitor will remain charged, because there is no path for
the excess electrons on plate B to flow to plate A.
Plates
Switch
A +
A DC
B Supply
Air Insulation
(Dielectric) Direction of Flow of Electrons
when Capacitor is charging
Figure 2
Refer to Figure 3. If a conductor is placed across the plates of a charged capacitor,
electrons will flow from B to A. This action discharges the capacitor and returns it to the
uncharged state.
A A
++++++
Shorting Discharged
Link
B B
Discharge Current
Figure 3
6
The Unit of Capacitance
The unit of Capacitance is the Farad (F) and may be defined as:
“the capacitance of a capacitor which requires a potential difference of 1 Volt to
maintain a charge of 1 coulomb on that capacitor.”
Hence:
Charge = Capacitance x Voltage
Q = Capacitance (Farads) x Voltage
Q = C x U
Q = The stored charge in the capacitor and is expressed in Coulombs. Earlier we
learned that Coulombs were equal to current (amperes) multiplied by time
(seconds) or Q = I x t.
C = Capacitance is measured in Farads. It must be remembered that the unit of 1 Farad
represents a very large charge, so capacitance values may be marked in
Microfarads, Nanofarads or Picofarads where:
1 1
One Microfarad = ———————————— or
— or 10 6 Farads
1,000,000 10 6
1 1
One Nanofarad = ——————————————————————
or — or 10 9 Farads
1,000,000,000 10 9
1 1
One Picofarad = ————————————————————————
——— or — or 10 12 Farads
1,000,000,000,000 10 12
If a capacitor were marked with a value of 1000 PF, it could equally have been marked
with a value of 1 NF. Similarly, a capacitor of 0.001 MF could have been marked 1 NF.
Therefore it can be seen that there are one thousand Picofarads in a Nanofarad, and also
that there are 1 thousand Nanofarads in a Microfarad.
It is common practice to represent the prefix “micro” by the Greek letter µ. For example,
10 microfarads may be written 10µF.
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8
Example 1
Calculate the charge on a 10µF capacitor when it is connected across a 200V DC supply.
Q = C x U
Q = 10 x 10 6 x 200
Q = 0.002 Coulombs
Example 2
A steady current of 10 Amps flows into a previously uncharged capacitor for 20 seconds,
when the potential difference between the plates is 600 Volts. What is the capacitance of
the capacitor?
Q = I x t
Q = 10 x 20 Coulombs
Q = 200 Coulombs
Q = C x U
to get C on its own we transform the formula:
Q
C = —
U
200
C = ——
600
C = 0.33 Farads
9
Factors affecting the Magnitude of Charge on a Capacitor
From the previous exercises it can be seen that the factors affecting the magnitude of
charge on a capacitor depends upon the capacitance and the voltage:
Q = C x U
The greater the capacitance of a capacitor, the greater the charge for the same applied
voltage. If 10 Volts is applied to a capacitor, it will charge to 10 Volts, after which no
more charging occurs. The charge remains on the capacitor with or without the applied
voltage connected.
When the voltage across the capacitor equals the supply voltage, no further current will
flow. The capacitor is now fully charged and will remain charged even if disconnected
from the supply, see Figure 4.
Switch
+ + +
Figure 4
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Factors affecting the Capacitance of a Capacitor
The greater the capacitance of a capacitor the greater the charge for the same applied
voltage. The factors affecting the capacitance are:
(1) Plate Area
(2) Plate Spacing (distance between the plates)
(3) Dielectric Material.
(1) Plate Area
If the plate area of a capacitor is increased there is a corresponding increase in capacitance,
provided there is no change in the distance between the plates or in the dielectric material,
see Figure 5.
Capacitance is directly proportional to plate area;
C µ A
A
Distance
Figure 5
When two capacitors are placed in parallel, the plate area is increased and so the
capacitance is increased, see Figure 6.
C
2C
=
C
Figure 6
The value of capacitance is usually clearly marked on the body of the capacitor e.g 10mF
or 10 microfarads.
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(2) Plate Spacing
The capacitance of a capacitor changes when the distance between the plates changes. It
increases when the plates are brought closer together and decreases when they are moved
further apart.
Refer to Figure 7, plates (a) have more capacitance than plates (b).
Capacitance is inversely proportional to the distance between the plates;
1
C µ —
d
Where d = distance between plates
Distance
Distance
(A) (B)
Figure 7
Refer to Figure 8, when two capacitors are connected in series, the distance between the
plates has increased so the capacitance has decreased.
C C 0.5C
=
Figure 8
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(3) Dielectric Material
Using the same plates fixed a certain distance apart, the capacitance will change if different
insulating materials are used for the dielectric. The effect of different materials is
compared to that of air that is, if the capacitor has a given capacitance when air is used as
the dielectric, other materials used instead of air will multiply the capacitance by a certain
amount called the “dielectric constant”.
Changing the Dielectric Material changes the capacitance, see Figure 9.
Dielectric Material is Air Dielectric Material is Mica
Figure 9
For example, some types of oiled paper have a dielectric constant of 3; and if such oiled or
waxed paper is placed between the plates, the capacitance will be 3 times greater than it
would be if the dielectric was air.
Different materials have different dielectric constants and so will alter the capacitance
when they are placed between the plates to act as the dielectric. Listed below are the
Dielectric Constants for typical materials
Energy stored in a Capacitor
When a capacitor is fully charged and immediately disconnected from the supply, the
capacitor will remain charged.
If the capacitor is now shorted out by a piece of conductor the energy stored in the
capacitor will be dissipated in the form of a spark/crack of the discharging current.
The energy stored in the capacitor is measured in joules (symbol w). The larger the
capacitive value the greater the energy stored by the capacitor for a given voltage.
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14
Capacitor Types
Capacitors can be divided into those which are polarised and those which are non
polarised.
Polarised types include the standard aluminium electrolytic and tantalum electrolytic
capacitors. The former are widely used in power supplies. Both types have separate
positive and negative terminals and must be correctly connected in order to maintain their
dielectric action, see Figure 10.
+
Capacitor Symbol
Electrolytic Electrolytic Tantalum
Figure 10
Capacitor Symbol
General Mica Polyester Ceramic
Figure 11
15
Construction of Capacitors
Refer to Figure 12. General purpose capacitors use wax or oil impregnated paper as the
dielectric. Two long rectangular aluminium foils, separated by a slightly larger strip of the
impregnated paper, are rolled up. They may then be inserted into an insulated cylinder and
sealed at the ends. Connecting wires are brought out from each plate to enable the device
to be connected to a circuit.
Connecting Leads Aluminium Foil
Plate
Waxed Paper
Connecting Leads Dielectric
Figure 12
16
Mica, Ceramic and Mylar Capacitors
Capacitors using mica dielectric have a capacitance range from a few pF to 0.02µF. These
are usually precision capacitors, with high working voltages and excellent longterm
stability. Ceramic and mylar type capacitors each exhibit certain advantages in particular
circuit applications. Different capacitor types usually derive their names from the types of
dielectric used, see Figure 13.
Plate Plate
Connecting Connecting
Lead Lead
Mica Dielectric
Figure 13
Electrolytic Capacitors
Using normal construction, capacitors above 2µF become very bulky and cumbersome.
The electrolytic capacitor has a large capacitance within a package which is much smaller
than if normal construction were used.
The dielectric of electrolytic capacitors consists of a thin film of oxide formed by
electrochemical action directly on a metal foil plate. The other plate consists of a paste
electrolyte, see Figure 14.
The large capacitance is a result of the oxide dielectric layer being extremely thin and the
effective plate area being much increased by etching. An electrolytic capacitor is a
polarised component which means it must be connected into a circuit according to the plus
and minus markings on its case. If it is misconnected the capacitor is usually destroyed
and may explode. They range in values from 1µF to 10,000µF.
Gauze Separator Saturated with Electrolyte
Oxide Film
Positive Electrode (Aluminium Foil)
Figure 14
17
Capacitor Tolerances
Ceramic disk capacitors for general applications usually have a tolerance of ± 20%.
Paper capacitors usually have a tolerance of ± 10%.
For closer tolerances, Mica and Ceramic tubular capacitors are used. These have tolerance
values of ± 2 to 20%.
Silver plated Mica capacitors are available with a tolerance of ± 1%.
The tolerances may be less on the minus side to make sure there is enough capacitance,
particularly with electrolytic capacitors, which have a wide tolerance. For instance, a
20µF electrolytic with a tolerance of 10%, + 50% may have a capacitance of 18 to 30 µF.
However, the exact capacitance value is not critical in most applications of capacitors.
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Capacitors in Parallel
When two or more capacitors are connected in parallel the plate area is increased and so
the capacitance is increased, see Figure 15.
C1
C2
U
Figure 15
Therefore the total capacitance (CT) is the sum of the individual capacitances.
But Q = C x U
CTU = C1U + C2U (substituting for Q)
As U is the same in a parallel branch, dividing across by U we get:
19
Example 1
Two capacitors of capacitance 2µF and 5µF are connected in parallel to a 20V DC supply.
Calculate:
(a) the equivalent capacitance of the group
(b) the total charge
(c) the charge on each capacitor.
Solution 1
2µF
C1
5µF
C2
20 Volts DC
+
140 x 10 6 = 140 x 10 6
20
Example 2
Five capacitors of capacitance 20µF, 100µF, 50µF, 300µF and 40µF respectively are
connected in parallel to a 1000V supply.
Calculate:
(a) the equivalent capacitance of the group
(b) the total charge
(c) the charge on each capacitor.
Solution 2
20µF
C1
100µF
C2
50µF
C3
300µF
C4
40µF
C5
1000 Volts DC
+
21
Q2 = C2 x U
Q2 = 100 x 10 6 x 1000
Q2 = 0.1 Coulombs
Check:
Qt = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 + Q4 + Q5
Qt = 0.02 + 0.1 + 0.05 + 0.3 + 0.04
0.51 = 0.51
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Capacitors in Series
Consider the effect of connecting two similar capacitors in series. The plate area remains
the same but the thickness of the dielectric increases, see Figure 16.
CT
C1 d1
d1 + d2
Acts like
C2 d2
Plate area remains the same Thicker Dielectric Decreases Capacitance
Figure 16
1
Capacitance µ ————————————————————
distance (d)
1
Distance µ ————————————————————
Capacitance
Series Capacitance Formula
1 1 1 1
— = — + — + . . . . . . . . . —
CT C1 C2 CN
Just as the current is common to all parts of a series resistive circuit, so charge is common
in a series capacitive circuit.
This is because the same charging current must flow in all parts of a series circuit for the
same time.
Also U = U1 + U2 + U3
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