Establishing Internet Connectivity: Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices, Part 1 (ICND1) v2.0

Establishing Internet Connectivity
Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices, Part 1 (ICND1) v2.0
© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 2-1

Understanding the TCP/IP Internet Layer

IP characteristics:
• Operates at the internet layer of the
TCP/IP stack
• Connectionless protocol
• Packets treated independently
• Hierarchical addressing
• Best-effort delivery
• No data-recovery features
• Media-independent
• Two variants: IPv4 and IPv6

• Every host (computer, networking device, peripheral) must have a
unique address.
• An IP address consists of two parts:
– Network ID:
• Identifies the network of which the host is a part
• Used by routers to maintain information about routes
– Host ID:
• Identifies the individual host
• Assigned by organizations to individual devices

Ver. IHL Service Type Total Length
Identification Flag Fragment Offset
Time to Live Protocol Header Checksum
Source Address
Destination Address
Options Padding

• Decimal numbers are represented by the numbers 0 through 9.
• Binary numbers are represented by a series of 1s and 0s.

BaseExponent 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
Place Value 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Example: 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
Convert
decimal
35 to binary
35 = (27*0) (26*0) (25*1) (24*0) (23*0) (22*0) (21*1) (20*1)
+ + + + + + +
35 = (32*1) + (2*1) + (1*1)
35 = 0 + 0 + 1 + 0 + 0 + 0
+ 1 + 1
35 = 00100011

IP Address Ranges
IP Address First Octet First Octet Binary Value Possible
Class Decimal Number of
Value Hosts
Class A 1–126 00000001 to 01111110* 16,777,214
Class B 128–191 10000000 to 10111111 65,534
Class C 192–223 11000000 to 11011111 254
*127 (01111111) is a Class A address reserved for loopback testing and cannot be
assigned to a network.

These are reserved IPv4 addresses:
• Network address
• Directed broadcast address
• Local broadcast address
• Local loopback address
• All zeros address

Windows Platform

Verifying IP address of a switch
Switch#show ip interface brief
Interface IP-Address OK? Method Status Protocol
Vlan1 10.1.1.11 YES manual up up
FastEthernet0/1 unassigned YES unset up up
FastEthernet0/2 unassigned YES unset down down
FastEthernet0/5 unassigned YES unset down down
<output omitted>

• IP is a Layer 3 media-independent connectionless protocol that uses
hierarchical logical addressing and provides service in a best-effort
manner.
• Every node that is connected to the Internet has a unique IP address
that identifies it. An IP address consists of two parts: the network ID and
the host ID.
• Every packet that travels through the network contains a source address
and a destination address.
• Certain IP addresses (for example, network and broadcast addresses)
are reserved and cannot be assigned to individual network devices.
• DNS is an application that is specified in the TCP/IP suite. It provides a
means to translate human-readable names into IP addresses.

Understanding IP Addressing and Subnets

There can be problems within a single broadcast domain:
• The domain relies on MAC addresses for packet delivery.
• Larger amounts of broadcast traffic consume resources.
• All devices share the same broadcast domain.

Solution: Subnetworks
• Smaller networks are easier to manage.
• Overall traffic is reduced.
• You can apply network security policies more easily.

A subnet mask:
• Defines the number of bits that represent the network and subnet part of
the address
• Used by end systems to identify the destination IP address as either
local or remote
• Used by Layer 3 devices to determine network path

• Subnet masks, like IP addresses, are represented in the dotted decimal
format, such as 255.255.255.0.
• The binary 1 reflects the network and subnetwork part of the IP address.

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 128
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 192
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 = 224
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 = 240
1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 = 248
1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 = 252
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 = 254
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 255

Default Subnet Masks, Class A
Example Class A address (decimal): 10.0.0.0

Example Class A address (binary): 00001010.00000000.00000000.0000000
0
Default Class A mask (binary): 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000
Default Class A mask (decimal): 255.0.0.0
Default classful prefix length: /8

Default Subnet Masks, Class B
Example Class B address (decimal): 172.16.0.0

Example Class B address (binary): 10101100.00010000.00000000.0000000
0
Default Class B mask (binary): 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
Default Class B mask (decimal): 255.255.0.0

Default Subnet Masks, Class C
Example Class C address (decimal): 192.168.42.0

Example Class C address (binary): 11000000.10101000.00101010.0000000
0
Default Class C mask (binary): 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
Default Class C mask (decimal): 255.255.255.0

Bits Subnets Bits Remaining in Hosts Possible per
Borrowed (s) Possible (2s) Host ID (h=16–s) Subnet (2h–2)
1 2 15 32,766
2 4 14 16,382
3 8 13 8,190
... ... ... ...
13 8192 3 6
14 16384 2 2
15 32768 1 0
16 65536 0 0

Procedure for implementing subnets:
1. Determine the IP address space.
2. Based on the organizational and administrative structure, determine the
number of subnets that are required.
3. Based on the address class and required number of subnets, determine
the number of bits that you need to borrow from the host ID.
4. Determine the binary and decimal value of the subnet mask.
5. Apply the subnet mask to the network IP address to determine the
subnet and host addresses.
6. Assign subnet addresses to specific interfaces for all devices that are
connected to the network.

Example 1: The IP address with subnet mask is
172.16.36.42/24.
The following tables show the eight steps that are used to
determine the subnet addresses of a given IP address. In this
example, the IP address and subnet mask are as follows:
• IP address: 172.16.36.42
• Subnet mask: 255.255.255.0

Step Description Example
1 Write down the octet that is being Third and fourth octet (36.42):
split and all remaining octets on 00100100.00101010
the right in binary.
2 Write down the mask or classful Assigned mask (/24):
prefix length in binary. 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
3 Draw a line to delineate the Split octet (binary): 00100100 |
subnet and host bits in the 00101010
assigned IP address. Write the IP Split mask (binary): 11111111 |
address and the mask on top of 00000000
each other so that you are able to
identify the significant bits in the
IP address.

4 Copy the subnet bits four times. 00100100.00000000 (subnet address)
5 In the first line, define the network 00100100.00000001 (first address in
address by placing all 0s in the subnet)
host bits. 00100100.11111110 (last address in
subnet)
6 In the last line, define the 00100100.11111111 (broadcast
broadcast address by placing all address)
1s in the host bits.
7 In the middle lines, define the first
and last host number.
8 Increment the subnet bits by 1 to 00100101.00000000
determine the next subnet.

After converting the addresses from binary to decimal, the
addresses for the subnets are as follows:
• Subnet address: 172.16.36.0
• First host address: 172.16.36.1
• Last host address: 172.16.36.254
• Broadcast address: 172.16.36.255
• Next subnet address: 172.16.37.0

Example 2: The IP address with subnet mask is
192.168.221.37/29.
The following tables show the eight steps that are used to
determine the subnet addresses of a given IP address. In this
example, the IP address and subnet mask are as follows:
• IP address: 192.168.221.37
• Subnet mask: 255.255.255.248

1 Write down the octet that is being Fourth octet (37): 00100101
split and all remaining octets on
the right in binary.
2 Write down the mask or classful Assigned mask (/29):
prefix length in binary. 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111000
3 Draw a line to delineate the subnet Split octet (binary): 00100 | 101
and host bits in the assigned IP Split mask (binary): 11111 | 000
address. Write the IP address and
the mask on top of each other so
that you are able to identify the
significant bits in the IP address.

4 Copy the subnet bits four times. 00100000 (network address)
5 In the first line, define the network 00100001 (first address in subnet)
address by placing all 0s in the 00100110 (last address in subnet)
host bits. 00100111 (broadcast address)
6 In the last line, define the

broadcast address by placing all
1s in the host bits.
7 In the middle lines, define the first
and last host number.
8 Increment the subnet bits by 1 to 00101000
determine the next subnet.

After converting the addresses from binary to decimal, the
addresses for the subnets are as follows:
• Subnet address: 192.168.221.32
• First host address: 192.168.221.33
• Last host address: 192.168.221.38
• Broadcast address: 192.168.221.39
• Next subnet address: 192.168.221.40

The IP address with subnet mask is 192.168.5.139/27.
IP Address 192 168 5 139

IP Address 11000000 10101000 00000101 100|01011
Subnet Mask 11111111 11111111 11111111 111|00000
Network (2) 11000000 10101000 00000101 100|00000
Network (10) 192 168 5 128
First Host 192 168 5 100|00001 = 129
Last Host 192 168 5 100|11110 = 158
Directed Broadcast 192 168 5 100|11111 = 159
Next Network 192 168 5 101|00000 = 160

• Network using fixed-length subnet masking:

• Network using VLSM:
• The subnet 172.16.14.0/24 is divided into smaller subnets.
• One subnet has a subnet mask /27.
• Further subnetting of one of the unused /27 subnets into multiple /30 subnets.

• Networks, particularly large networks, are often divided into smaller
subnetworks, or subnets, which can improve network performance and
control.
• The subnet mask defines the number of bits that represent the network
part or subnet part of an IP address.
• End systems use subnet masks to identify the destination IP address as
either local or remote.
• A default gateway is needed to send a packet out of the local network.
• Determining the optimal number of subnets and hosts depends on the
type of network and the number of host addresses required.
• The algorithm for computing a number of subnets is 2n, where n is the
number of subnet bits.
• VLSM lets you allocate IP addresses more efficiently by adding multiple
layers to the addressing hierarchy.

Understanding the TCP/IP Transport Layer

Reliable Best Effort
Protocol TCP UDP
Connection Type Connection-oriented Connectionless
Sequencing Yes No
Uses • Email • Voice streaming
• File sharing • Video streaming
• Downloading

• Operates at the transport layer of the TCP/IP stack
• Provides applications with access to the network layer without the
overhead of reliability mechanisms
• Operates as a connectionless protocol
• Provides limited error checking
• Provides best-effort delivery
• Provides no data recovery features

The UDP header:
16-Bit Source Port 16-Bit Destination Port

16-Bit UDP Length 16-Bit UDP Checksum
Data

• Transport layer of the TCP/IP stack
• Access to the network layer for applications
• Connection-oriented protocol
• Full-duplex mode operation
• Error checking
• Sequencing of data packets
• Reliable delivery—acknowledgment of receipt
• Data recovery features
• Flow control

The TCP header:
Source Port Destination Port

Sequence Number
Acknowledgment Number
Header Reserved Flags Window Size
Length
TCP Checksum Urgent Pointer
Options
Data

• The purpose of the transport layer is to hide the network requirements
from the application layer and to ensure end-to-end transfer of
application data.
• Connection-oriented transport provides reliable transport.
Connectionless transport provides best-effort transport.
• UDP is a protocol that operates at the transport layer and provides
applications with access to the network layer without the overhead of the
reliability mechanisms of TCP. UDP is a connectionless, best-effort
delivery protocol.
• TCP is a protocol that operates at the transport layer and provides
applications with access to the network layer. TCP is connection-
oriented and provides reliable transport.
• Port numbers identify applications.

Exploring the Functions of Routing

• Routers are required to reach hosts that are not in the local network.
• Routers use a routing table to route between networks.

Router components:
• CPU
• Motherboard
• Memory
• Ports
– Management: For the connection of a
terminal used for management
– Network: Various LAN or WAN media
ports

• Path determination
• Packet forwarding
RouterA#show ip route
Codes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
<output omitted>
Gateway of last resort is not set
172.17.0.0/16 is variably subnetted, 8 subnets

O 172.17.14.0/24 [110/51] via 172.17.100.22, 1d05h
B 172.17.25.0/24 [200/0] via 172.17.100.22, 6d05h
D 172.17.43.0/24 [90/30720] via 172.17.50.4, 3d20h, GigabitEthernet0/0
C 172.17.50.0/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0
L 172.17.50.2/32 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0
S 172.17.92.0/24 [1/0] via 172.17.50.4
• Routing table on RouterA

• Routers select the best path to the destination among various sources.
• Administrative distance defines the reliability of the route source.

A routing table lists all known destinations and information about how to reach them.

i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-
2
ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static
route
o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route, + - replicated route
Gateway of last resort is 10.1.1.1 to network 0.0.0.0

O 172.16.1.0/24 [110/2] via 192.168.10.2, 00:01:08, GigabitEthernet0/1
D 192.168.20.0/24 [90/156160] via 10.1.1.1, 00:01:23, GigabitEthernet0/0
S 192.168.30.0/24 [1/0] via 192.168.10.2
S* 0.0.0.0/0 [1/0] via 10.1.1.1

Routing protocols choose different metrics to calculate best
paths.

• Routers enable internetwork communication.
• Routers include various ports and hardware similar to PCs.
• The primary functions of a router are path determination and packet
forwarding.
• Routers select the best path from among different sources, based on
administrative distance.
• Routing tables provide an ordered list of best paths to known networks.
• Routers use various types of routes: directly connected networks and
static, dynamic, and default routes.
• Dynamic routing protocols use different metrics to calculate the best
path.

Configuring a Cisco Router

Initial startup:
• Before you start the router, verify the power and cooling requirements,
cabling, and console connection.
• Push the power switch to On.
• System startup routines initiate the router software.
• Cisco IOS Software output text appears on the console.

RouterX con0 is now available
Press RETURN to get started.
RouterX>
• A configured router with an existing configuration displays a user EXEC mode prompt.
--- System Configuration Dialog ---
Would you like to enter the initial configuration dialog? [yes/no]:
• A router without an existing configuration enters the system configuration dialog.

RouterX(config)#interface GigabitEthernet 0/0
RouterX(config-if)#
• Enters GigabitEthernet 0/0 interface configuration mode
RouterX(config)#interface Serial 0/0/0

RouterX(config-if)#description Link to ISP
• Enters Serial 0/0/0 interface configuration mode and adds descriptive text

RouterX#configure terminal
RouterX(config)#interface GigabitEthernet 0/0
RouterX(config-if)#no shutdown
%LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface GigabitEthernet0/0, changed state to up
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface GigabitEthernet0/0,
changed state to up
• Enables an interface that is administratively shut down
RouterX(config-if)#shutdown
%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/0/0, changed state to
administratively down
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/0/0, changed
state to down
• Administratively disables an interface

Each router interface needs a unique IP address.
RouterX(config-if)#ip address 172.18.0.1 255.255.0.0
• Configures an IP address on the Serial 0/0/0 interface on router RouterX

RouterX#show ip interface brief
Interface IP-Address OK? Method Status
Protocol
Embedded-Service-Engine0/0 unassigned YES NVRAM administratively down
down
GigabitEthernet0/0 10.1.1.1 YES manual up
up
GigabitEthernet0/1 209.165.200.226 YES manual up
up
GigabitEthernet0/2 unassigned YES NVRAM administratively down
down
Serial0/0/0 172.18.0.1 YES manual up
up
Serial0/0/1 unassigned YES manual administratively down
down
• Verifies the status of all interfaces

Branch#show ip route
<output omitted>
10.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks
C 172.18.0.0/16 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0
L 172.18.0.1/32 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0
• Enabled interfaces populate the routing table

RouterX#show interfaces
GigabitEthernet0/0 is up, line protocol is up
Hardware is CN Gigabit Ethernet, address is f866.f231.7250 (bia
f866.f231.7250)
Description: Link to LAN
Internet address is 10.1.1.1/24
MTU 1500 bytes, BW 100000 Kbit/sec, DLY 100 usec,
reliability 255/255, txload 1/255, rxload 1/255
Encapsulation ARPA, loopback not set
Keepalive set (10 sec)
Full Duplex, 100Mbps, media type is RJ45
output flow-control is unsupported, input flow-control is unsupported
ARP type: ARPA, ARP Timeout 04:00:00
Last input 00:00:53, output 00:00:09, output hang never
Last clearing of "show interface" counters never
Input queue: 0/75/0/0 (size/max/drops/flushes); Total output drops: 0
Queueing strategy: fifo
Output queue: 0/40 (size/max)
5 minute input rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec
5 minute output rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec
<output omitted>
• Verifies the statistics for all interfaces that are configured on the router
What are the neighboring devices of the router?

• A proprietary utility that gathers information about directly connected
Cisco switches, routers, and other Cisco devices
• Discovers neighboring devices, regardless of which protocol suite they
are running
• LLDP—an alternative standards-based discovery protocol
Upper-layer entry IPv4, IPv6, and others

addresses
Cisco Discovery Protocol Discovers and displays information about directly
connected Cisco devices
Media LAN, Frame Relay, ATM, others

Branch#show cdp neighbors
Capability Codes: R - Router, T - Trans Bridge, B - Source Route Bridge
S - Switch, H - Host, I - IGMP, r - Repeater, P - Phone,
D - Remote, C - CVTA, M - Two-port Mac Relay
Device ID Local Intrfce Holdtme Capability Platform Port ID

HQ Ser 0/0/0 123 R S I CISCO2901 Ser 0/0/1
SW1 Gig 0/0 124 S I WS-C2960- Fas 0/13
• Displays information about neighboring devices discovered with Cisco Discovery Protocol

Branch#show cdp neighbors detail
-------------------------
Device ID: HQ
Entry address(es):
IP address: 192.168.1.2
Platform: Cisco CISCO2901/K9, Capabilities: Router Switch IGMP
Interface: Serial0/0/0, Port ID (outgoing port): Serial0/0/1
Holdtime: 132 sec
Version: Cisco IOS Software, C2900 Software (C2900-UNIVERSALK9-M),
Version 15.2(4)M1, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
Technical Support: http://www.cisco.com/techsupport
Copyright (c) 1986-2012 by Cisco Systems, Inc.
Compiled Tue 20-Mar-12 18:57 by prod_rel_team
<output omitted>
• Displays detailed information about neighboring devices

• The router startup sequence begins with POST, then the Cisco IOS
image is found and loaded. Finally, the configuration file is loaded, if it
exists.
• If a router starts without a configuration, the Cisco IOS Software
executes a question-driven configuration dialog, which can be skipped.
• The main function of a router is to relay packets from one network
device to another.
• Interface characteristics, such as the IP address and description, are
configured using interface configuration mode.
• When you have completed router interface configuration, you can verify
it by using the show ip interface brief and show interfaces commands

• Cisco Discovery Protocol is an information-gathering tool used by
network administrators to obtain information about directly connected
devices.
• Cisco Discovery Protocol exchanges hardware and software device
information with its directly connected Cisco Discovery Protocol
neighbors.
• The show cdp neighbors command displays information about the
Cisco Discovery Protocol neighbors of a router.
• The show cdp neighbors detail command displays detailed Cisco
Discovery Protocol information on a Cisco device.

Exploring the Packet Delivery Process

Layer 2 characteristics:
• Ethernet uses MAC addresses.
• Identifies end devices in the LAN.
• Enables the packet to be carried by the local media across each
segment.

Layer 2 addressing:
• The router has two interfaces directly connected to two PCs.
• Each PC and each router interface has its own unique MAC address.
L2 = Layer 2

Layer 3 devices and functions:
• The network layer provides connectivity and path selection between two
host systems.
• In the host, this is the path between the data link layer and the upper
layers.
• In the router, it is the actual path across the network.

Layer 3 addressing:
• Layer 3 addresses must include identifiers that enable intermediary
network devices to locate hosts on different networks.
• TCP/IP protocol stack uses IP.

• Layer 3 addresses are assigned to hosts and network devices that
provide Layer 3 functions.
• Network devices maintain a routing table.
Routing Table
192.168.3.0/24 Interface Gi0/0
192.168.4.0/24 Interface Gi0/1
L3 = Layer 3
ARP provides two
basic functions:
• Resolving IP
addresses to MAC
addresses
• Maintaining a
cache of mappings

The ARP table keeps a record of recent bindings of IP
addresses to MAC addresses.
On the PC:
C:\Windows\system32>arp -a
Interface: 192.168.250.11 --- 0xb
Internet Address Physical Address Type
192.168.250.1 00-1b-0c-5d-91-0f dynamic
192.168.250.12 00-0c-29-13-cc-bf dynamic
On the router:
Branch#show ip arp
Protocol Address Age (min) Hardware Addr Type Interface
Internet 10.1.1.100 5 000c.2993.6a84 ARPA
GigabitEthernet0/0
Internet 10.1.1.101 4 000c.2913.ccc9 ARPA
GigabitEthernet0/0

Destination Next Hop Interface
192.168.3.0/24 Connected Gi 0/0
192.168.4.0/24 Connected Gi 0/1

• If hosts are not in the same network, the frame is sent to the default
gateway.
• Frames sent to the default gateway have the local host source MAC
address and the default gateway destination MAC address.
• A router changes the Layer 2 address as needed, but it does not change
the Layer 3 address.
• The switch does not change the frame in any way, it just forwards the
frame out on the proper port according to the MAC address table.

Enabling Static Routing

• Path identification and selection:
– Discovers possible routes to the intended destination
– Selects the best route
– Maintains and verifies the routing information
• Packet forwarding:
– Router identifies the destination address

• A router must learn about destinations that are not directly connected to
it.
• The routing table is used to determine the best path to the destination.
Network Protocol Destination Network Exit Interface Next Hop

Connected 10.120.2.0 fa0/0
Learned 172.16.1.0 s0/0/0 172.20.1.2

Static routes:
• A network administrator manually enters static routes into the router.
• A network topology change requires a manual update to the route.
• Routing behavior can be precisely controlled.
Dynamic routes:
• A network routing protocol automatically adjusts dynamic routes when
the topology or traffic changes.
• Routers learn and maintain routes to the remote destinations by
exchanging routing updates.
• Routers discover new networks by sharing routing table information.

Use static routes:
• In a small network that requires only simple routing
• In a hub-and-spoke network topology
• When you want to create a quick ad hoc route
Do not use static routes:
• In a large network
• When the network is expected to scale

Configure unidirectional static routes to and from a stub
network to allow communication to occur.

Static route configuration steps:
• Define a path to an IP destination network (172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0).
• Use the IP address of the next-hop router (172.16.2.1).
• Or, use the outbound interface of the local router (serial 0/0/0).
Static route pointing to next-hop IP.
RouterA(config)#ip route 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.2.1

This route allows the stub network to reach all known networks
beyond Router A.
Default route pointing to next-hop IP.
RouterB(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 172.16.2.2
Default route pointing to exit interface.
RouterB(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 Serial0/0/1

<output omitted>
Gateway of last resort is not set
10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets

C 10.0.0.0 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
S 172.16.1.0/24 [1/0] via 172.16.2.1
L 172.16.2.2/32 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0

To verify static routes in the routing table, examine the routing
table with the show ip route command:
• Includes network address and subnet mask as well as IP address of
next-hop router or exit interface
• Denoted with the code “S” in the routing table
Routing tables must contain directly connected networks that

are used to connect remote networks before static or dynamic
routing can be used.

To verify the default route configuration, examine the routing
table on RouterB:
RouterB#show ip route
Codes: L - local, C - connected, S - static,
R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
<output omitted>

C 172.16.1.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
S* 0.0.0.0/0 [1/0] via 172.16.2.2

• Routing is the process by which items get from one location to another.
Routers can forward packets over static routes or dynamic routes.
• Static routes are entered manually by a network administrator. Dynamic
routes are learned by a routing protocol, and dynamic routes change
automatically when circumstances in the network change.
• Unidirectional static routes must be configured to and from a stub
network to allow communication to occur.
• The ip route command can be used to configure default route
forwarding.
• The show ip route command is used to verify that static routing is
properly configured. Static routes are signified in the command output by
“S” in the first position.

Managing Traffic Using ACLs

What is an ACL?
• An ACL is a Cisco IOS tool for traffic identification.
• An ACL is a list of permit and deny statements.
• An ACL identifies traffic based on the information within the IP packet.
• After traffic is identified, different actions can be taken.
• ACLs can be used on routers and switches.

ACL tests:
• An ACL consists of a series of
permit and deny statements.
• An ACL is consulted in top-down
order.
• The first match executes the
permit or deny action and stops
further ACL matching.
• There is an implicit deny all
statement at the end of each ACL.

Wildcard bits—how to check the corresponding address bits:
• 0 means to match the value of the corresponding address bit.
• 1 means to ignore the value of the corresponding address bit.

Filter for IP subnets 170.30.16.0/24 to 172.30.31.0/24.
Address and wildcard mask:
172.30.16.0 0.0.15.255

This example shows the wildcard masking process for IP
subnets.

Using wildcard bit mask
abbreviations:
• 172.30.16.29 0.0.0.0 matches all of the
address bits.
• Abbreviate this wildcard mask using the IP
address preceded by the keyword host
(host 172.30.16.29).
• 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 ignores all
address bits.
• Abbreviate expression with the keyword
any.

Two main types of ACLs:
• Standard ACL:
– Checks source IP address
– Permits or denies entire protocol suite
• Extended ACL:
– Checks source and destination IP address
– Generally permits or denies specific protocols and applications
Two methods that you can use to identify standard and
extended ACLs:
• Numbered ACLs
• Named ACLs

How to identify ACLs:
• Numbered standard IPv4 ACLs (1 to 99) test conditions of all IP packets
for source addresses. The expanded range is 1300 to 1999.
• Numbered extended IPv4 ACLs (100 to 199) test conditions of source
and destination addresses, specific TCP/IP protocols, and destination
ports. The expanded range is 2000 to 2699.
• Named ACLs identify IP standard and extended ACLs with an
alphanumeric string (name).
IPv4 ACL Type Number Range or Identifier

Numbered Standard 1–99, 1300–1999
Numbered Extended 100–199, 2000–2699
Named (Standard and Extended) Name

• The statement
Configure matches
a numbered any
standard source
IPv4 ACL: address that starts with 172.16.x.x.
• Standard ACL configuration uses 1 to 99, or 1300 to 1999, for the ACL
RouterX(config)#access-list 1 permit 172.16.0.0 0.0.255.255
number (1 in the example).
• The default wildcard mask is 0.0.0.0 (only standard ACL).
Display the current ACLs configured on RouterX:
RouterX#show access-lists
Standard IP access list 1
10 permit 172.16.0.0, wildcard bits 0.0.255.255

Delete a numbered standard IPv4 ACL:
RouterX(config)#no access-list 1
RouterX(config)#exit
RouterX#show access-lists
RouterX#
• Use the no access-list 1 command to remove the entire ACL 1.

• An ACL is a tool to identify traffic for special handling.
• ACLs perform top-down processing and can be configured for incoming
or outgoing traffic.
• In a wildcard bit mask, a 0 bit means to match the corresponding
address bit and a 1 bit means to ignore the corresponding address bit.
• You can create an ACL using a named or numbered ACL. Named or
numbered ACLs can be configured as standard or extended ACLs,
which determines what they can filter.

Enabling Internet Connectivity

Understanding DHCP:
• DHCP is a client-server model.
• A DHCP server allocates network addresses and delivers configurations.
• A DHCP client is a host that requests an IP address and configuration
from a DHCP server.

DHCP IP address allocation mechanisms:
• Automatic allocation: A permanent IP address is assigned to a client.
• Dynamic allocation: A client is assigned an IP address for a limited
time.
• Manual allocation: A client is assigned an IP address by the network
administrator.

Options for configuring IP addresses:
• Statically assigned
• Dynamically assigned through DHCP

Router(config)#interface GigabitEthernet 0/0
Router(config-if)#ip address 209.165.200.225 255.255.255.224
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
• Configures a public IP address
Router(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 209.165.200.226
• Creates a default route that points toward the next-hop IP address

Router(config)#interface GigabitEthernet0/0
Router(config-if)#ip address dhcp
• Router automatically injects default route based on optional default gateway parameter
received with assigned IP address

Class Private Address Range
A 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255
B 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255
C 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255
Class Public Address Range

A 1.0.0.0 to 9.255.255.255
11.0.0.0 to 126.255.255.255
B 128.0.0.0 to 172.15.255.255
172.32.0.0 to 191.255.255.255
C 192.0.0.0 to 192.167.255.255
192.169.0.0 to 223.255.255.255

NAT allows private users to access the Internet by sharing one
or more public IP addresses.

These are the most important types of addresses in NAT:
• Inside local: Host on the inside network
• Inside global: Usually assigned by an ISP and allows the customer
outside access
• Outside global: Host on the outside network

These are the types of NAT:
• Static NAT: One-to-one address mapping
• Dynamic NAT: Many-to-many address mapping
• PAT: Many-to-one address mapping

Example: Configuring static NAT

Router(config-if)#ip nat outside
Router(config-if)#exit

Router(config-if)#ip nat inside
Router(config)#ip nat inside source static 10.1.1.2 209.165.201.5

Router#show ip nat translations
Pro Inside global Inside local Outside local Outside global
tcp 209.165.201.5:1031 10.1.1.100:1031 209.165.202.155:23
209.165.202.155:23
--- 209.165.201.5 10.1.1.100 --- ---

Router(config)#access-list 1 permit 10.1.1.0 0.0.0.255
Router(config)#ip nat pool NAT-POOL 209.165.201.5 209.165.201.10 netmask
255.255.255.240


Router(config)#ip nat inside source list 1 pool NAT-POOL

icmp 209.165.201.5:3 10.1.1.100:3 209.165.202.155:3 209.165.202.155:3
--- 209.165.201.5 10.1.1.100 --- ---
icmp 209.165.201.6:1 10.1.1.101:1 209.165.201.125:1 209.165.201.125:1
tcp 209.165.201.6:1030 10.1.1.101:1030 209.165.201.125:23
209.165.201.125:23
--- 209.165.201.6 10.1.1.101 --- ---

Router(config-if)#interface GigabitEthernet 0/1

Router(config#ip nat outside
Router(config)#ip nat inside source list 1 interface Gi 0/1 overload

tcp 209.165.201.5:27497 10.1.1.100:27497 209.165.202.155:80
209.165.202.155:80
tcp 209.165.201.5:2597 10.1.1.100:2597 209.165.201.125:443
209.165.201.125:443

Are Addresses Being Translated?
Router#show ip nat statistics

Total translations: 5 (0 static, 5 dynamic, 5 extended)
Outside Interfaces: Serial0
Inside Interfaces: Ethernet0 , Ethernet1
Hits: 42 Misses: 44
<output omitted>
• Monitors NAT statistics
Router#show access-list
access-list 1 permit 10.1.1.100 0.0.0.255
• Verifies that the NAT ACL is permitting all necessary networks

• To display detailed dynamic data and events, you can use debug
commands.
– A debug command can intensively use device resources. Use carefully on
production equipment.
– Always turn off debug after troubleshooting with the no debug all command.
Router#debug ip nat
NAT*: s=10.1.1.100->209.165.201.1, d=172.16.1.100 [103]
NAT*: s=172.16.1.100, d=209.165.201.1->10.1.1.100 [103]
NAT*: s=10.1.1.100->209.165.201.1, d=172.16.1.100 [104]
NAT*: s=172.16.1.100, d=209.165.201.1->10.1.1.100 [104]
<output omitted>
• Displays information about every packet that is translated by the router

If translations are occurring, but there is no connectivity, verify
that the remote router has a route to the translated address.
Branch#show ip route
i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route, + - replicated route
S* 0.0.0.0/0 [1/0] via 209.165.201.1

Host A and host B are unable to ping after a new NAT
configuration is put in place.

Router#show running-config
<output omitted>
ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 209.165.201.2
!
access-list 20 permit 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/0
ip address 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0
ip nat outside
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/1
ip address 209.165.200.1 255.255.255.254
ip nat inside
!
ip nat inside source list 20 interface GigabitEthernet0/1 overload

Translations are not occurring.


The router interfaces are incorrectly defined as NAT inside and
NAT outside.
Router#show ip nat statistics

Total active translations: 0 (0 static, 0 dynamic; 0 extended)
Outside interfaces:
GigabitEthernet0/0
Inside interfaces:
GigabitEthernet0/1
<output omitted>

How to fix configuration:
Router#configure terminal
Router(config-if)#interface GigabitEthernet 0/1

Verify that the access list is correct.
RouterA#show access-list
Standard IP access list 20

10 permit 0.0.0.0, wildcard bits 255.255.255.0
How to fix access list:
Router#config terminal
Router(config)#no access-list 20

Verify that translations are occurring and you have connectivity
to the remote network.
C:\>ping 209.165.202.131
Pinging 209.165.202.131 with 32 bytes of data:
Reply from 209.165.202.131: bytes=32 time=107ms TTL=127
Reply from 209.165.202.131: bytes=32 time=70ms TTL=127
<output omitted>

icmp 209.165.201.1:1 10.1.1.100:1 209.165.202.131:1 209.165.202.131:1

• Provider-assigned IP addresses can be configured on a router statically
or can be dynamically assigned through DHCP.
• A DHCP client is a host that requests an IP address and configuration
from a DHCP server.
• A DHCP server allocates network addresses and delivers configurations.

• NAT enables private IP internetworks that use private IP addresses to
connect to the Internet. PAT, or NAT overload, a feature of NAT, enables
several internal addresses to be translated to only one or a few external
addresses.
• Static NAT is one-to-one address mapping. Dynamic NAT addresses are
picked from a pool.
• PAT allows you to map many inside addresses to one outside address.
• Use the show ip nat translations command to display the translation
table and verify that translation has occurred.
• To determine whether a current translation entry is being used, use the
show ip nat statistics command to check the hits counter.

• IP is a Layer 3 media-independent connectionless protocol that uses
hierarchical logical addressing and provides best-effort service.
• Internet hosts require a unique public IP address. Hosts in private
networks can have any valid private IP address that is unique locally in
each network.
• Networks, particularly large networks, are often divided into smaller
subnetworks, or subnets. Subnets can improve network performance
and control.
• TCP is a connection-oriented protocol that provides reliable transport.
UDP is a connectionless transport protocol that provides best-effort
transport.

• The main function of a router is to relay packets from one network
device to another. To do this, you must define the characteristics of the
interfaces through which packets are received and sent. Interface
characteristics, such as the IP address, are configured in interface
configuration mode.
• Cisco Discovery Protocol is an information-gathering tool that is used by
network administrators to obtain information about directly connected
devices.
• Static routers use a route that a network administrator manually enters
into the router. Dynamic routers use a route that a network routing
protocol adjusts automatically for topology or traffic changes.

• ACLs can be used as a Cisco IOS tool to identify traffic that receives
special handling.
• NAT enables private IP internetworks that use private IP addresses to
connect to the Internet. PAT, a feature of NAT, enables several internal
addresses to be translated to one external address or a few external
addresses.


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Establishing Internet Connectivity

Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices, Part 1 (ICND1) v2.0

© 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND1 — 2-1

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Example Class A address (decimal): 10.0.0.0

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Example Class B address (decimal): 172.16.0.0

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Example Class C address (decimal): 192.168.42.0

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6 In the last line, define the

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IP Address 192 168 5 139

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16-Bit Source Port 16-Bit Destination Port

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Source Port Destination Port

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172.17.0.0/16 is variably subnetted, 8 subnets

• Routing table on RouterA

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