‘Chaptes 4 Basics of Fiaid Flow PROBLEM SELECTION GUIDE ‘Sec, Exer/Prob Units Difficulty Length Parts Similar Special features 43 Steady Flow and Uniform Flow x43. ON E < f 4.5 Flow Rate and Mean Velocity X45. N Easy Short 1 Integration 45.2 BG VEsy Shot 1 453 SI Easy = Shot 1 PAL 454 BG Easy Shot 14.5.5 455 SI Easy = Shon 14.5.4 PA BG Bey) | Shot | 1 45.9) 42 BG Easy = Shon 14.3 Uses pu = RT (See. 2.7) 43 SI Easy Short, = 14.2, $4.1 Uses pu = RT (Sec. 2.7) 44 BG Medium Long 14.5 Graphical solution 4s SI Medinm Long 1 4.4 Graphical solution 4.7 Equation of Continuity BG = Medium Medium = 1 Numerical differentiation 4.10 Use and Limitations of Flow Net X410.1 SI Medium = Short 1 4302 Sl Easy = Shot 1 +t Measure Fig X4.10.2 410.3 BG Easy Medium 2 + Measure Fig 4.10 4104 SI Easy Medium = 2 + Measure Fig 4.12 P48 = BG = Medium Medium 49 + Measure Fig X4,10.2 49 SI Medium Medium 48 + Measure Fig X4.10.2 1 1 1 1 4.10 N Medium Medium 411 BG Hard Long +t Measure Fig 4.10; plot Sketch flow net; plot Jeoat... ‘For all Exercises (identified by °X"), answers are given is Appendix F of the textbook. + Answers are sensitive to values that are measured from fqgures. X = Exercise, P = (end-of-chapter) Problem, S = Sample Problem.66 ‘4.12 Velocity and Acceleration in Steady Flow X4.121 oN VEasy VSbort 1 4122 N Medium Short 1 4.123 N Medium Medium 1 4.12.4 4.124 N Medium Medium 1 4.12.3 4.125 N Medium Medium 1 4.126 BG VEasy VShor 1 4.12.7 4.12.7 SI VEay VShon 1 4.12.6 4.128 BG Medium Medium 1 4.12 Differentiation P4l2 SI Medium Short 1. «4.12.8 Differentiation 413 N Medium = Medium = 1 Partial differentiation 4i4 N Medium Medium = 1 Sketch flow field 415 N Medium Medium = 1 ‘Sketch flow field 4.16 N= Medium Long 1 Sketch flow field; numerical differ'n 4.17 BG Medium = Medium = 1 Numerical differentiation 4.18 St Medium Medium 1 + Measure Fig P4.18; numerical differ’. 4.13 Velocity and Acceleration in Unsteady Flow X413.1 N Medium Short 1 Differentiation 4.13.2 N Medium Short 1 Partial differentiation 413.3 BG Easy Short, = 1.«4.13.4—_Differentiation 4.13.4 SI Easy Shor’ = 1 «4.13.3. Differentiation P4.19 BG Medium = Medium 1 4.20 Partial differentiation 4.20 ‘SI Medium Medium 1 4.19 Partial differentiation 421 SI Medium = Medium 1 Measure Fig P4.18; numerical differ'n Ch4 Miscellaneous P 422 N Medium Medium 1 Plot 423° BG = Medium «Medium 1 Plot 4.24 SI Medium Long = 3 PlotSec. 4.6 67 Chapter 4 BASICS OF FLUD@LOW Sec 4.3: Steady Flow and Uniform Flow — Exercise (/) 43.1 Classify the following cases of flow as to whether they are steady or unsteady, uniform of nonuniform: (a) ‘water flowing from a tilted pail; (2) flow from a rotatieg lawn spritler; (c) flow through the hose leading to the sprinkler; (d) a natural stream during dry-weather flow; (¢) a natural stream during flood; () flow in a city water-distribution main through a straight section of constant diameter with no side connections. (Note: There is room for legitimate argument in some of the above cases, which should stimulate independent thought.) (@ Unsteady, nonuniform; (b) Unsteady (although steay with respect to rotating frame of reference), somuniform: (©) Steady, uniform; (4) Alnot steady, nenuiform; () Unsteady, nonuniform; () Unsteay, See 4.5: Flow Rate and Mean Velocity — Exercises (4) 45.1 N 45.2 453 In the laminar flow of a fluid through ca pipe of circular cross section the velocity profile is exactly a true ‘Parabola. The volume of the paraboloid represents the rate of discharge. Prove that for this case the ratio Of the mean velocity to the maximum velocity is 0.5. A gas (y = 0.05 Ibfft’) flows at a rate of 0.8 lb/sec pest section A through a long rectangular duct of uniform cross section 1.2 by 1.8 ft. At section B some distance along the duct the gas weighs 0.08 lb/ft. ‘What is the average velocity of fiow at sections A and 6? = Tales < &,__ 98 __ yA 005(12x 1.8) -_ 08 _, 4° Gpaaxiy "AO The velocity of a liquid (s = 1.4) in a 150-mm pipeling is 0.8 m/s. Calculate the rate of flow in Lis, mls, keels, and IN/s. Bg. 4.3: Q = AV = (0.0757x08 = 0.01414 ms = 0.014 14 (m/s) x 10° (Lim?) = 14.148 From Eqs. 4.4 and 4.3: at = pQ = (1.4 x 1000)0.084 14 = 19.79 kgls 4 From Eqs. 4.5 and 4.3: G = 9Q = (14 X 9.81)0.018 14 = 0.1962 KNisWater flows at 4 gal/min through a small circular hole in the bottom of a large tank. Assuming the water in the tank approaches the hole radially, what is the velocigy in the tank at 2, 4, and 8 in from the hole? Flow passes through a hemispherical surface area, with A = 1xD* = Lx(2r = 2nr? (Table A.8) Q = 4 gal/min x (0.1337 ft°/g)/(60 sec/min) = 0.00891 cfs ra) AG) Ade) V=QIA 2 25.1 0.1745 0.0511 4 100.5 0.698 = 0.01277 8 402.1 2.793 0.003 19 ry ‘Water flows at 0.25 L/s through a small circular hole in the bottom of a large tank. Assuming the water in ‘the tank approaches the hole radially, what is the velociy in the tank at $0, 100, and 200 mm from the hole? Flow passes through a hemispherical surface area, with A = inD* = }aQr? = 2nr? (Table A.8) Q = 0.25 Lis = 0.000 25 m/s r(mm) Am) = V=QIA 50 0.01571 0.015 92 100 0.062 83 0,003 98 200 0.25133 0.000 995 a See 4.5: Flow Rate and Mean Velocity — Problems 4/—4.5 4a 42 BG The velocity of a liquid (s = 1.26) in a 3-in pipeline is 44 fps. Calculate the rate of flow in cfs, gal/min, slugs/sec, and Ib/sec. Eq. 4.3: Q= AV = w(L5/12)'x24 = 0.1178 cf 4 = 0,1178(448.8 gpmvicfs) = 52.9 gpm From Eqs. 4.4 and 4.3: mt = pQ = (1.26 x 1.940)0.1178 = 0.288 slugisec From Eqs. 4.5 and 4.3: G = yQ = (1.26 x 62.40.1198 = 9.26 Ib/sce 4 Carbon diaxide flows in a 2-in by 3-in duct at a pressure of 46 psi and a temperature of 80°F. If the ‘atmospheric pressure is 13.8 psia and the flow velocity is 10 fps, calculate the weight flow rate. Table A.5 for carbon dioxide: R = 1123 ftib/(stug-R*) = B » Bwd6013 Ba 25: 7 = (ep ~ “11250460 + 80) Bg. 4.5: G = yAV = 0.457(2/12\3/12)10 = 0.1906 Ib/sec 4 = 0.457 ef43 44 Sec. 4.5, Prob. 4.4 69 ‘Nitrogen at 40°C and under a pressure of 3000 mb obs flows in a 350-mm-diameter conduit at a mean velocity of 8 m/s. Find the mass flow rate. ‘Table A.5 for nitrogen: R = 297 m/(s*K) Bem 2200. (1 KN 7/10 mb «(1000 kg VEN 529 paid RT 297 m*sK “!(273+40) K = pAV = 3.23(axO179)E = 24B Kg p= Velocities in an 8-incdiameter circular conduit, measgred at radit of 0, 1.44, 2.60, and 3.48 in, were 20.3, 19.7, 17.7, and 14.5 fps respectively. Find approximate values (graphically) ofthe volume flow rate and ‘the mean velocity. Also determine the ratio of the mean velocity to the maximum velocity. (Note: Answers may vary somewhat due to graphical solution. Bq. 4.3: = fudd = wd, + wld, + .. lot the velocity profile and divide the area into a number of equal (annular) parts. ob 14.5 fps at r = 3.48 inches 17-7 fps atr = 2.60 inches \——— 19.7 fps at 7 = 1.44 inches —— 20:3 fps ar =0 For four equal parts (say), 2 = meperd = wird dd = 4 = Eo ae it 7 = 4 inches, 90 7 = 0, 7, = y4 = 2.00 inches, r = JB = 2.83 inches, 1, = Y1Z =3.46 inches From the sketched profile, uj = 7.8 fps, = 15.4 fps, ay = 17.7 fps, uy = 19.4 fps = Leads) = (8 + 15.4 $17.7 +19.4)44 = (60.3 fps) An/144 £7) = 5.26 cfs Q~53ch V = QUA = 5.26/(16n/144) = 15.075 fps V= 15.1 fps < Wage * 15.075120.3 = 0.743 Wem 0.78 4 If we had broken down the area into more parts, the securacy would have been improved.10 sec. 4.7, Prob. 4.5 45 Velocities in a 200-mm-diameter circular conduit, measured at radii of 0, 36, 65, and 87 mm, were 7.0, 6.8, 6.1, and 5.0 m/s respectively. Find approximate valees (graphically) of the volume flow rate and the ‘mean velocity. Also determine the ratio of the mean velogity to the maximum velocity. Note: Answers may vary somewhat due to graphical solutfon. Bq. 43: Q = fd = wld, + oly + Plot the velocity profile and divide the area info a number of equal (anmular) parts. + + 5.0 msar = 87 mm S——— 6.1 mis at r= 65 mm \—— 6.8 mis at r = 36 mm —~ 710 mis tr =0 For four equal parts (say). A = PI = ar? = wid r2) = Hr -1Z) dA = Al4 = 1004 = 2500" mm? r= 100 mm, 80 7 = 0, 7, = 50.0 mm, 7, = ¥5000 = 70.7 mm, r, = ¥7300 =86.6 mm From the sketched profile, u, « 6.7 m/s, u, = 6.1 m/s, uy = 5.3 m/s, uy ~ 2.7 m/s Q = Duds) « (6.7 + 6.1 + 5.3 + 2.744 = 20.8(25008) = 163.400 m(mum?/s) = 0.1633 m/s Q= 016 mis << V = QA = 163 400/(4 x 2500) = 5.20 mis VeaS2ms 4 We * 5.2017.0 = 0.743 Won #074 4 If the area had been broken down into more parts, the accaracy would have been improved. See 4.7: Equation of Continuity ~ Exercises (3) ATA BG 472 473 Water flows in a river, At 8 AM. the flow past bridge 1 ig 2150 cfs. At the same instant the flow past bridge 2 is 1800 cfs. At what rate is water being stored im the river berween the two bridges at this instant? ‘Assume zero seepage and negligible evaporation. Eq. 4.18: Q, — Q, = dH ide ; (2150 — 1800) see = d¥idt ; d¥idt = 350 fice Water flows in a river. At 9 AM. the flow past bridge 1 is 37.2 m/s. At the same instant the flow past bridge 2 is 26.9 m'/s. At what rate is water being stored in the river between the two bridges at this instant? Assume zero seepage and negligible evaporation, Eq, 4.18: Q, — Q; = d¥idt ; G72 ~ 26.9) mills = divide ; dV lat = 10.30 m/sec < Gas is flowing in a long 9-in-diameter pipe from A to B. At section A the flow is 0.65 lb/sec while at the same instant at section B the flow is 0.72 lbisec. The dimance between A and B is 800 ft. Find the mean value of the time rate of change of the specific weight of dhe gas between sections A and B at that instant Bg. 45 x 8 1AM — reba = Crl®) x 5 By 4.160: AV = G Substituting: G, — G, = (Ola) x (0.65 — 0.72) Ib/sec = Slat x 800 n(4.5/12) f°; yfde = —0.000 1981 Ib/f* per secaq Sec. 4.7, Prob. 4.7 71 Equation of Continuity — Problems 4.6-4.7 Gas flows at a steady rate in a 120-mm-diameter pipe that enlarges 10 a 180-mum-diameter pipe. (a) At a certain section of the 120-mm pipe the density of the gas is 165 kg/m and the velocity is 15 m/s. At a certain section of the 180-mm pipe the velocity is 10 m/s. What must be the density of the gas at that same section? (b) If these same data were given for the casa of unsteady flow at a certain instant, could the Problem be solved? Discuss. (@ Eq. 4.160: p,A,¥, = pyA,¥, 5 a8 A & (diam)?, we therefore obtain p,di¥, = pydsV, 165(120)15 = p,(180)10 from which p, = 110.0 kg/m’ (©) Ifthe flow were unsteady, the problem could not be solved because no information is given on dp/ét. ‘Also, the volume between the two sections is tnlaown. A compressible fluid flows in a 20-in-diameter leaky pipe. Measurements are made simultaneously at two ‘points A and B along the pipe that are 32,000 ft apart. Two sets of measurements are taken with an interval of exactly 45 min berween them. The data are as follows: Time _ py (slugff") Y, tis) 2 (slugif") Va ft/s) 0 0.520 6s 0.608 54 45min 0.616 st 0.727 40 Assuming p varies linearly with respect to time and distance, compute the approximate average mass rate of leakage between A and B. Modifying Eq. 4.15 to include for leakage, at any instant PAW, ~ PyA;¥y ~ leakage rate = (@p/2) x ¥ 4p, a = 4P2 , 0.727-0.608 Op/ae at Section 2 a 45x60 p[ée at Section 1 = = 3.56 « 10° slugi(f? sec) = 4AL x 10° slug/(f? see) ‘During this time interval, and through the 32,000-ft leggth AB, average Opl& ~ ¥4(3.56 + 4.41) x 10°% = 3.98 x 10° slug/(fi?-sec) During any time iterval, 3,A,¥, — 2yA,¥, — avg leak rate ~ (pla) x ¥ yer — avg leak rate = 3.98 x so-foo, (24 71.873 — 68.444 — avg leak rate = 2.780 slug/sec; Avg leakage rate ~ 0.649 slugisec 472 Sec. 4.10, Prob. 4.7 Sec 4.10; Use and Limitations of Flow New — Exercises (4) 4.10.1 4.10.2 st ‘An incompressible ideal fluid flows at 12 L/s through a circular 160-mmn-diameter pipe into a conically converging nozzle Wke that of Sample Prob. 4.4 (diameter at B is 80 mi). Determine the average velocity of flow at sections D and B. Consider the sketched flow net of Sample Prob 4.4. At seation D the streamlines are parallel, so the area ‘normal to the velocity vectors is a plane circle, ily | 160 mm fo2. c aia | 2 _ 2x10 mip Ap (HiAy0.16 m)? At section B, however, the area normal to the streamlines is best approximated by the portion of the surface ‘of a sphere of radius 40 mm which is inside the nozzle and passes through B (see right-hand solution figure ‘of Sample Prob. 4.4). By table lookup, by integration, or from Sample Prob 4.4, A= 2arh = 40 ~ 40cos45* = 11.72 mm y- Q- 2 = 2x0 Bs gcemn Ay 2ark — 25(0,040)0.01172 m? Thos, = =0597 ms 4 Figure X4.10.2 shows the flow net for two- dimensional flow from a rounded, long- slotted exit from a tank. If Uy = 1.8 mis, ‘hat is the approximate flow velocity at A? ALB: An, = 12.05/6 = 2.01 mm Figure X4.10.2 ‘Note: Answers may vary somewhat due to scaling.Sec. 4.10, Prob. 4.7 73 4.10.3 Given that Uy in Fig. 4.10 is 6.0 fps, find approximately (a) the maximum velocity in the bend, and (©) the uniform velocity in the downstream section. Figure 4.10 BG (All values approximate) 4n, mm An, [An V = (4n, /AmU, In uniform entrance: 38.84 = 9.70 1.00 6.00 fps (given) (@ In bend (smallest square) 3.50 27 16.6 fps (©) In uniform exit: 18.7/4 = 4.68 2.07 12.4 fps 4 Note: Answers may vary somewhat due to scaling.TA sec. 4.10, Prob. 4.7 4.10.4 Given that Up in Fig. 4.12 is 4 mls, find approximately (2) the maximum and (b) the minimum velocity on the body surface. ‘Stagnation point, O Figure 4.12 st (@) Measuring four of the small squares, on average: . UL, W) . e903: ‘At uniform entrance: An, iG 5) x 7 ‘At the smallest square, about 0.66 or 3.8a downstream of the stagnation point: 0.962 mm et ve, = ‘an Note: Answers may vary somewhat due to scaling. (© At stagnation point, Vay, = 0 = 99824 2 < Uy = SoREa = 5.5 misSec. 4.10, Prob. 4.8 75 See 4.10: Use and Limitations of Flow Net — Problems 4.8--4.l/ 48 Refer to Fig. X4.10.2. If a is 3 in and Up is 10 fps, approximately how long will it take a particle to move from point A to point B on the same streamline? (Note: Between each pair of equipotential lines, measure ‘As, and then compute the average velocity and time increment.) = 10 fps and a= Sin. ds = 2 = 1 dined team 24 a 7 10. 1 4s 7 Equipotential s/s, 7 = ee space s/s mh As 12 18 133s O31 0.23 see 23 55 ‘1.82 fps, 0.23 ft 0.13 sec 34 34 2.94 fps 0.14 ft 0.048 sec ‘and similarly on through space 11-12, yields Eat = 0.47 sec 4 Note: Answers may vary somewhat due to scaling.76 sec. 4.10, Prob. 4.9 49 si Repeat Prob. 4.8 using the following data: a = 150 mm and Up = 0.5 m/s. Find also the approximate velocity where the flow crosses equipotential line 3. Prob. 4.8: Refer to Fig. X4.10.2. Approximately how long will it take a particle to move from point A 10 point B on the same streamline? (Note: Between each pair of equipotential lines, measure As, and then compute the average velocity and time increment.) Uy =0.5 mis and a= 015m. As = 2 = ‘Equipotential Asi4s, P= 95 gs =0.02548 at = asiv sruce sas, 12 15 0.067 mis 0.188 m 2.80 see 23 55 0.051 mis 0.138 m 152 see 34 34 0.187 mis 0.085 m 0.58 sec and similarly on through space 11 - 12, yields Ear = 5.7sec 4 : length = 34 a m. Ana tipi: ath = (2%, ]o.1013] =o 05 Ame gh wotme 4 1 = alba = 011 me Note: Answers may vary somewhat due to scaling,Sec. 4.10, Prob. 4.10 TT 4.10 ‘Make an approximate plot of the frictionless velocity (relative to U,) along both the inner and the outer boundaries of Fig. 4.10. By what percent is the ideal maximum inner velocity greater than the ideal ‘minimum outer velocity? Figure 4.10 v 1 = const = AV « AsV = An Uy, 0 L = Jn aream me, q = cont = AV * AsV = Any, 19 P= Ta UYnner boundary 2.9] 350 mm 3.50 mm vit, outer boundary 1.0) 9.7 rom = 0.746 130 mm Min outer Vel (Vp = 0.746U) or 3 5 Equipotential spa: jo max. inner vel sax. inner vel, = - Ratio Tin. outer vel. Note: Answers may vary somewhat due to scaling.78 sec. 4.12, Prob. 4.11 4a Consider the two-dimensional flow about a 2-in-diameter cylinder. Sketch the flow net for the ideal flow ‘round one quarter of the cylinder. Start with a uniform net of ¥4-in squares, and fill in with %-in squares where desirable. (Note: We can prove by classical hydrodynamics that the velocity tangent to the cylinder ata point 90° from the stagnation point is twice the uniform velocity.) From the flow net, determine the velocities (relative to Up) along the center streamline from a point upstream where the velocity is uniform 10 the stagnation point, and then along the boundary of the cylinder from the stagnation point to the 90° point; plot them vs distance. By plotting a second curve on the same graph, compare the result thus obtained with the values given by the equation V = 2Upsind, where Up is the undisturbed stream velocity and 0 is the ‘angle subtended by the arc from the stagnation point to axy point on the cylinder where V is desired. + < V from equation = 2U,ein 8 st = 205 #in 8 Bte Uy ‘rom flow net = —5: < Stagnation point 00) 690° Sec 4.12: Velocity and Acceleration in Steady Flow — Exercises (8) 4.12.1 A flow field is defined by u = 2, v = 3, w = 4. What is the velocity of flow? Specify units in terms of L and T. N Sec. 4.12: VaQ+3 +4) =539UT < 4.12.2 The velocity along a streamline lying on the x axis is given by u = 6 + 3°. What is the convective ‘acceleration at x = 5? Specify units in terms of L and T. Assuming the fluid is incompressible, isthe flow converging or diverging? wa 6+ P4 2, aula = 0.42% Eq, 4.23a: Convective accel. = u(@uf@r) = 2.4x-°% + 0 4x70? ‘Atx = 5: Convective accel. = 2.4(5)-®* + 0.4(5)-®? = 1.204 LIT? If the fluid is incompressible, because the velocity increases the flow must be converging.4.123 412.4 4.12.5 4.12.6 Sec, 4.12, Prob. 4.11 79 A flow field is defined by u = 2x, v = y. Derive expressions for the x and y components of acceleration. Find the magnitude of the velocity and acceleration at the point (3,2). Specify units in terms of L and T. au ou, yu S20, Bg. 4.28: a =u + yH a wtonde < y ay av av , av ; 8% 21, Ba. 4.280: yy Muorn < i Eq. ay ug HD Ob omy MQ2 u=%=6; v=y=2; V= (OF =632LT < and a= 4 = 12; y= 2 = VF = I7LT? < A flow field is defined by u = 2y, v = x. Derive expressions for the x and y components of acceleration. Find the magnitude of the velocity and acceleration at the point (3,1). Specify units in terms of L and T. =2 By. 48a: a, = 3 + oS 0+ 20m Oe < a 662m: gant eM ane ony < ely ele ele ele AtG,I): w= =2u=x=3, Va VPP = 361LT 4 and 2 = 6; = 2 = 2 a= (EP =6RLT? < A flow field is defined by u = 2y, v = xy. Derive expressions for the x and y components of acceleration. Find the magnitude of the velocity and acceleration at the point (2,3). Specify units in terms of L and T. ou, au rey not aay 4 2. Eg. 4.280: a, = x. Eq, 4.28: a, = ele ole ao ao ety a te < 23) usd =6; vey =6; Va \OrO= s4oLT < @, = Dry = 12; a, = 29° + xy = 2G) + QB) = 18 + 12 = 30 a= iF =323L7? < B= ele ele The velocity along a circular streamline of radius 4 ft is 2.2 fps. Find the normal and tangential components of the acceleration if the flow is steady. 2 pat Bq. 4.19: a= 4 = 22 = i210 flee? Flow is steady (given), so V, = const, a,80 Sec. 4.12, Prob. 4.12 4.12.7 st 4128 ‘The velocity along a circular streamline of radius 1.5 m is 0.75 mis. Find the normal and tangential ‘components of the acceleration if the flow is steady. 2 Bq. 4.19: a, = = 0375 mst < 15 Flow is steady (given), so V, = const, = 0 A large tank contains an ideal liquid which flows out of the bottom of the tank through a 4-in-diameter hole. The rate of steady outflow is 5 cfs. Assume that the liquid approaches the center of the hole radially. Find the velocities and convective accelerations at points that are 2.5 and 5 ft from the center of the hole. ‘Area through which (steady) flow occurs is a hemispherical surface, of area 2° (Table A.8) 4.46: ¥,= 2-5, H.-S A At = 25h Vy = 11S) Bele) 8 3s = 0.01297 ft/sec? 4; a, = 0.000405 ft/sec? 1273 fps 4; Atty = Sit: ¥, = 0.0318 fps 4 Sec 4.12: Velocity and Acceleration in Steady Flow ~ Problems 4/2 4.18 412 st ‘An ideal liquid flows out the bottom of a large tank though a 100-mm-diameter hole at a steady rate of 0.80 ‘nels, Assume the liquid approaches the center of the hole radially. Find the velocities and convective ‘accelerations at points 0.75 and 1.5 m from the center of the hole. (steady) flow occurs is a hemispherical surface, of area 2a? (Table A.8) 080 | directed only along r. Bar : 7 Qo +. From Eq. 4.23: Comenive a = 4 =~ 5-8 Atr= 075m: V=0226m/s 4; a=0.1366m/s! Atr= LS m: V = 0.0566 m/s a= 0.00427 mst <4.33 414 45 Sec. 4.12, Prob. 4.15 81 A flow field is defined by u = 3y, v = 2xy, w = Sz. Derive expressions for the x, y, and z components of ‘acceleration Find the magnitude of the velocity and acceleration at the point (1,2,1). Specify units in 0, Eq. 4.284: a,=0-+3v+0=6y 4 au a 2x; eno. Eg. 4.28: a, = ku + 2xv +0= 6 +4ry 4 0; Mans, By 42ke: = 040456 = 25 Va (OFF a8TLT < anda, = Gay = 12; a, = y+ ey = 24 + B= 32; a, = 25; a= PE = 43LT? < Sketch the flow field defined by u = 0, v = 3xy, and derive expressions for the x and y components of ‘acceleration. Find the acceleration at the point (2,2). Specify units in terms of Land T. Eq. 4.230: a, = 00) + 3x0) = 0 4 y f Bg. 4.23: a, = 0Gy) + 3nGy = 9x “r-t T MQ2): a=9@@=2LIT? < : < 2 P 1 Ls Omer eerie seed Sketch the flow field defined by u = 3y, v = 2, and derive expressions for the x and y components of ‘acceleration. Find the magnitude of the velocity and acceleration for the point having the coordinates (3,4). Specify units in terms of L and T. Bq, 4.230; a, = 390) +2G)=6L7? << Eq. 4.236: a, = 390) +20) =0 4 AGH: V= (OFF 3 s(iPPan27 < a=\@-0 =6L7 4 F <82 sec. 4.12, Prob. 4.16 4.16 (@) Sketch the flow field defined by u = —2y, v = 3x, and derive expressions for the x and y components of acceleration. (2) As in Sample Prob. 4.3, find approximase values of the normal and tangential ‘accelerations ofthe particle atthe point (2,3). Specify units in terms of Land T. (c) Compare the values of (a2 + a2)" with the computed value (a? + 4,3)". (@) Bq. 4.230: a, = -2¥(0) + 3x(-2) = -6r — Eq. 4.23b: a, = —2y(3) + 3x(0) = -6y 4 V = VO + GHP = Yay? 9x7 ALPQ3): < = 4G" +90) = 8.49 L/T a= (6x 2F + (6x 3F = 21.6 LT? oo * (@) Per Sample Prob. 4.3: From sketch of this fowfild, y, ~ 3.75 L, x ~ 3.0BL. 5-5, = 5.4L and at PQ,3): 7 = 3.3L. ALA, ty = = 0, $0 Vy = vy = 3x = 3.08.1) = +9.26L = 9.241 ACB, vp = x = 0, $0 Vp = ty = -2y = ~20.75 1) = -7.50L = 750L— av MaMa | 1SOL-9ML _ yg pt a” 5% +547 ; v2 _ 84s? 2 1425: a, = LE = BAF 91, < ag 5 ae 4s aA a, = V(aV/88) = 8.49(-0.527) = -4.47 ~ -45LT? <4 ey 2 © a = fafra? = PAS AaT = 23 = DLT Cf. a = 21.6 L/T?, these two accelerations compare well ‘Note: Answers may vary somewhat due to scaling.4aT Sec. 4.12, Prob. 4.17 83 ‘The steady flow rate in each of the four stream tubes uf Fig. 4.10 is 15 ofs per foot perpendicular to the lane of the figure. By scaling, the dimensions of the shaded “square” have been found to be 1.65 ft wide ‘on the upstream face, 1.53 ft wide on the downstream face, and 1.67 ft along the flow line through its ‘center: the radius of that flow line measures 11.1 ft. Find the normal, tangential, and resultant accelerations of a fluid particle at the center of the shaded area. At the center of the shaded "square": Width ~ (1.65 + 1.53)/2 = 1.59 f Bq. 4.6: V= QUA ~ 15/1.59 = 9.43 fps 2 Eq. 4.25: a= = 94 © 8.00 = 8.0 fer rally inward < In the shaded "square", the tube width changes from 1.65 ft to 1.53 ft over a distance of 1.67 ft, so av AS/153) - (5/1.65) _ & aA 0.427 fsee? Bg. 4.24: a, = VE = 9.49(0.427) = 4.03 ~ 4.0 sein the flow direction a, = 4.03, a = (8.02? +403? = 8.97 = 9.0 ft/sec? (downward)84 sec. 4.13, Prob. 4.18 4.18 Figure P4.18 represents a two-dimensional stream tube drawn to scale. If the flow rate is 25 m/s per meter perpendicular to the plane ofthe sketch, determine approximate values of the normal and tangential accelerations of 4 fluid particle at C. What is the resultant acceleration of a particle at C? Note to instructor: Answers will vary depending on the measured dimensions. The variability of the results can be used to demonstrate the sensitivity to the accuracy of the measurements. Measure Fig. 4.18: At C, width = 2.3m, r= 14.7 m. Q_ 2 Fg. 4.6: Ve= 2 = % = 10.87 mis 46: o-5 Is T= 8.04 ~ 8.0 m/s* radially inward In the 2 m surrounding C the width changes from about 2.35 m to 2.27 m, so Y _ 25227) - 057.39) _ 9.1875 m/s per m es 2 Eq. 4.24: a, x = 10.87(0.1875) = 2.04 ~ 2.0 m/s? tangentially downward to the right e 4, a = ¥8.047+208 =8.29= 83m 4 See 4.13: Velocity and Acceleration in Unsteady Flow — Exercises (4) 413.1 N 413.2 A flow is defined by u = 2(1+1), v = 3(1-+1), w = 4(1+1). What is the velocity of flow at the point 3,24) at t = 2? What is the acceleration at that point at t = 2? Specify units in ierms of L and T. Atr= 2 sec: u = 6 L/T,v = 91/7, w= 12 Vara = VOVOHIE = 16.16LT 4, v and w are all not fonctions of x, y, oz, s0 all convective accelerations (see Ea. 4.28) are zero ‘ ou av 2, aw 2 sa,= S maim a, = 2-317 «= © = 417 LS 47°F a4 and a= YP0F6# = 539LTt < A two-dimensional flow field is given by u = 2 + xy + 3P, v = De? + 1. Find the velocity and ‘acceleration of a particle of fluid at point (2,3) at t = 4. Specify units in terms of L and T. ‘At point (2,3) with t = 4: W246 +48 = 56LT,v = 36 +4 =40L7;V= Wor = 688LT < Eq. 4.284: a, = (2 +ay + 3P)y + Qa? + Ox + OF = 272 LT? Eq. 4.280: ay = (2 +xy + 37)2y" + Qry? + Nday + 1 = 1969 LT? Finally, a = (272?+ 196 = 198817? <4.13.3 4.13.4 st Sec. 4.13, Prob. 4.19 85 The flow velocity in fps along a circular streamline of radius 3 ft is 0.6 + 1.21. Find the normal and tangential components of the acceleration when t = 1.5 sec. Att =1.3 sec: V=0.6 + 1.2(1.5) 40 fps; at any t: OV/dr = 1.2 ft/sec? Bq. 4.25: gy = Vr = 2407 = 1.900 ise? : jv, W = Ea, 4.29: H 4 HY — yo) +12 = 1200 tise? The flow velocity in m/s along a circular streamline of radius 1.5 m is 0.4 + 0.6t. Find the normal and tangential components of the acceleration when t = 1.2 5. Ate=1.2 sec: V= 0.4 + 0.6(1.2) = 1.120 mis Bq.4.25: a= Vr = 1120715 = 0.836me 4 Eq. 4.29: a= vt + z V0) + 0.6 = 0.600 mis? << ‘Sec 4.13: Velocity and Acceleration in Unsteady Flow ~ Problems 4./9— 4.21 4.19 A large tank contains an ideal liquid which flows out of the botiom through a 4-in-diameter hole. The ‘ouflow rate O = 8 ~ 0.5t, where Q is in cfs and tis in sec. Assume the liquid approaches the center of the hole radially. Find the local acceleration at a point 2 ft from the center of the hole at times ¢ = 5 sec and 10 sec. What is the total acceleration at a point 3 ft from the center of the hole at ¢ = 10 sec? ‘Area through which flow occurs is a hemispherical surface, of area 2r? (Table A.8) Eq. 4. Aer = 2 float acet = (37) < Cee ee eee . Atr = 2 ft, t= 5 sec, local accel = — 0.019 89 fi/sec? 4 and at r = 2 ft, 1 = 10 sec, local accel = — 0.019 89 ft/sec?> 4 sinc # = cont — 1, = 2% = 18-089 es or xe 7 av 4.29 at f = 10 sec, 7 = 3 ft: =v: LZ Bq. 4.29 sec, r= 3A: Towa = Vo + £20500), 8-050) _ _O5- _ 6,001 876 — 0.008 84 = -0.006 97 tse? 2as? me ag?86 sec. 4.13, Prob. 4.21 4.20 424 SI si id los tof he Bono of a age tank ‘through an 80-mm-diameter hole. The outflow rate Q = 04-0. where Q is in m’/s and t is in s. Assume the liquid approaches the center of the hole radially. Find the local, convective, and total accelerations at a point 0.5 m from the center of the hole at time t = 12s. ‘Area through which flow occurs is a hemispherical surface, of area 2nr? (Table A.8) Q _ 04-0025 14.6: V= S , directed only along r E. a om ly along (2) = 04-0025. av _ _ o01r" ar, = 2ar' From Sec. 4.13, at 7 = 0.5 m,¢ = 12s: Local accel = a¥Vfét = -0.001 $38 m/s? << and since s = const — r, convective accel = W(aV/as) = -W(aV/ar) = 0.1773 mist and, from Eq. 4.29: Total accel = 0.1773 — 0.0018 = 0.1755 mis? < Refer to the two-dimensional stream tube drawn to scale in Fig. P4.18. If the flow rate is (18 — 4) m?'/s per meter perpendicular to the plane of the skeich, with tin s, find approximate values of the normal tangential, and {otal accelerations of a fluld particle at C when ¢ = 3s. Note to instructor: Answers will vary depending on the measured dimensions. ‘The variability of the results can be used to demonstrate the sensitivity to the accuracy of the measurements. Measure Fig. 4.18: At C, width = 2.31 m,r = 14.67 m. = ot = -1732 ms oa /s (at any 0) In the 2 m surrounding C, by measurement, the width changes from about 2.35 m to 2.27 m. ee aor oh a ~ alz27 235 ‘When r= 3s: Q = 6mls, Vo = 2.60 m/s, d%G/8s = 0.0450 mis per m. 2 4.4.25: a0, 2 0.460 ~ 0.46 mvs radially inward x F442: (00, = 4 + & ~ 2.600.0450) + (-1.732) = -1.615 = 1.6 mist a = 1613+ 04GF = 1.679 = 1.68 mist 4 Note: Answers may vary somewhat due to scaling.Sec. 4.13, Prob. 4.23 87 Chapter 4: Miscellaneous — Problems 4.22 — 4.24 42 Assume that the streamlines for a two-dimensional flow of a friciontess incompressible fluid against a flat ‘plate normal to the initial velocity may be represented by the equation xy = constant and thatthe flow is symmetrical about the plane through x = 0. A diferent streamline may be plotted for each value of the constant. Plot streamlines for values of the constant of 16, 64, and 128. N < 423 For the case in Prob. 4.22, we can show that the velocity components at any point are uw = ax and v = ay, where a is a constant. Thus the actual velocity is V = a(x?+y*)¥? = ar, where r is the radius to the origin. Let a = 1/3. Draw curves of equal velocity for values of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 fps. How does the velocity vary along the surface of the plate? BG ‘Along the surface of the plate V = x/3 fps, where x ft = the distance from the origin. 488 sec. 4.13, Prob. 4.24 424 si For three-dimensional flow with the y axis as the centerline, assume that the equation for the bounding streamline of a jet impinging vertically downward on a flat plate is y = 64. (a) Plot the flow showing the ‘centerline and bounding streamlines of the jet. (e) What is the approximate average velocity in the vertical Jet at y = 10 ifthe average velocity in the vertical jet is 5.0 m/s at y = 16? (c) For the above conditions {find the approximate velocity along the plate at r = 12, 24, 36. xy = 64 y @y x 20 20 1.79 15 2.07 10 2.53 15] 5 3538 ae 3 4.62 < 2 5.66 ro} 1 8 0.444 12 : & Aty = 10, x= 64 = 2.53 6, x = 2.00 x V = Rg Vig = ARM g “i 06 Q = m64)%yq = mQ2)'S = 200 Vig = 20/64 = 3.125 mis 4 (© Atx = 12, y = 64/146 = 0.444; Ate = 24, y= O.111; Atx = 36, y = 0.0494 = Wx = 2x = Aa(L2VOAME)Y, = PAHOA, = 2n(36\0.0894)¥ ig Vg = 1.875 m/s 4 Vy =3.75ms 4 Vig =5.63ms 4