Addis college

department of construction technology and

management
Water Supply and treatment B.Sc. Program

Quantity of water

Semester III, 2019/A.Y. prepared by Sisay T.

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WHY DEVELOPMENT OF WATER SUPPLY SOURCES?

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 Course Outline
 Introduction
 Estimation of demand
 Population density
 Varies types of consumption
 Factors affecting per capita demand
 Fluctuation in rate of demand
 Design periods
 Population forecasting

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  References
 Ratnayaka et al (2009). Water Supply, 6th ed. Elsevier Ltd.
 Qasim et al (2000). Waterworks Engineering: Planning,
design & operation
 Water supply by Twort
 Evaluation
 50% continuous assessment
 50% Final exam
 Assignments (in group- No. in each group will be
decided later)
 Completeness
 Genuine attempts and Originality
 Good reporting style

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 QUANTITY Of WATER

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 1. Introduction
 Water is the second most urgent body need
after air
 Only 1% of the earth's water is freshwater that
is readily available for water supply using
traditional treatment methods—we should
take more care of it!
 By the year 2025, as much as two-thirds of the
world population may be subject to moderate
to high water stress

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  Body composition

 Body, 50- 65% water (adult)

 75-78% water (infants)

Water loss:
1-2% thirst; 4-5% hallucinations; 10-15% death

 Basic requirements for safe water

 Drinking: 2–3 liters/day

 Minimum acceptable standard for living (WHO)

 20–50 liters/capita/day for cooking and basic hygiene

 Emergency situation
15-20litre

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 Access to water-supply services
is defined as
 The availability of at least 20 liters per person per day

from an "improved" source within 1 kilometer of the

user's dwelling.

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 Improved Water Source

“Improved” source is one that is likely to provide

"safe" water, such as a household connection, a
borehole, etc.

An improved water supply is defined as a water

supply at:

• Household connection
• Public standpipe
• Borehole
• Protected dug well
• Protected spring
• Rainwater collection

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Access to Safe Water

 884 Million People lack access

to safe water
 2.3billion People living
without access to improved
sanitation
 Every 2 minutes a child dies
from a water-related disease
 1 M people die each year from
water, sanitation and hygiene
related diseases

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 Water Supply System Objectives
 Safe and wholesome water
 Adequate quantity
 Readily available to encourage personal and
household hygiene

Water Supply Engineering

 Planning, design, construction, operation and
maintenance of water supply systems.
 Planning should be economical, socially acceptable,
and environmentally Friendly that meets the present
as well as future requirement

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 Water Supply Components
 Source (sub surface or surface water)
 Raw water collection structures (intake structure,
transmission line)
 Treatment plant
 Distribution systems (pipes, pumps, reservoir,
different appurtenances)

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 Water Supply System Planning Involves:

 Identification of service needs

 Evaluation of options
 Determination of optimal strategy to meet
services
 Development of implementation strategies

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 The planning exercise involves:

 Collection of pertinent data

 Consideration of relevant
factors, and

 Preparation of project
documents and cost estimates

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 Factors to be considered:
Population. Factors affecting the future increase in the population

Per capita Requirement. the various factors and living standard

and the number and type of industries, number and type of the
commercial establishments in the town etc.

Public places, parks, institutions etc.

Industries. Existing industries as well as future

Sources of water. Detailed survey

Conveyance of water. From source to water treatment units

depend on the relative levels
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 Factors to be considered(cont,)
Quality of water. The analysis of the raw water quality should
be made to know the various impurities present in it, and to decide
on the required treatment processes.

Treatment works. Sizes and number of treatment units

pressure zones and storage facility should beprovided in ea
zone
Pumping units for treated water.
Storage. The entire city or town should be divided into
several area
Distribution system. The distribution system should be designed
according to the master plan of the town, keeping in mind the
future development.
Economy and reliability. Should be economical and reliable

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 1.3. Population Forecasting

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POPULATION
HOW IS POPULATION STUDIED?
ABSOLUTE POPULATION
We can count the total number of inhabitants of a place or a
country
We can measure the ratio between the number of inhabitants and
the size of the area they occupy
POPULATION DENSITY
Number of inhabitants divided by the surface area of the place
suppose Ethiopia at the time of 2019 Population estimated
112,207,101 ? area of 1,104,300 km2
Population density will be 112207101/1404303=101.49/km2
Source World Population Review.

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 POPULATION FORCASTING
The present population of a town or a city can be best
determined by census.
Generally census is official surveys at some year
intervals say about 10 years.(decades)
census. surveys can be conducted by state
governments or local bodies.
These data is then used for predicting the future
population of the city
The design of water supply schemes will be done on
the projected population at the end of the design
period

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 For design of any water supply project, the knowledge of
Future population is essential
Projections – refers to estimating future populations
based on statistical models that extrapolate past and
present trends into the future.
Projections can be created through very simple or
very complex calculations. The type of calculations used is
selected based on the available data and desired use of the
projection.
Forecasts - refers to estimating future population by
including additional adjustments made to reflect
assumptions of future changes.

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 Design Period of Water Supply Components

 Design Period Is the time required to run any system unit to

its full capacity after its construction or installation
 Depends on:
 Useful life of component structures,
 Amount & availability of additional investment likely to
be incurred for additional provisions,
 Rate of interest on the borrowings and the additional
money invested,
 Ease and difficulty that is likely to be faced in
expansions to be undertaken in future dates,
 Anticipated rate of population growth, including
possible shifts of communities, industries and
commercial establishments and
 The likelihood that they will be rendered obsolete by
technological advances.
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 If this period is too long, the capital expenditure
incurred will block the money for long time without
being utilized and that present population of the
town is over taxed.
Again, if it is too short, to meet the increased
demands expansions/extensions may require and
frequent constructional activities will cause
disturbance and prevent smooth functioning of
water supply system.

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 The Design Period Water supply components are designed
to meet the requirements of the following periods
1. Storage Dams………………….........……………………….50 years
2. Infiltration works...........………………………………….30 years
3. Pumping units:
-pump house ……………………………….....................30 years
- electric motors and pumps…………………………........15 years
4. Water treatment units…………………………….................15 years
5. Pipes and appurtenances
(in mains and distribution systems) ...................30 years
6. service reservoirs..................................................30 years

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 Population Projection Methods

There are many mathematical and graphical methods

that are used to project past population data to the design

year.
Some widely employed methods are the following:

 Arithmetic increase method

 Geometrical increase method
 Incremental increase method
 Graphical method
 Comparative graphical method
 Master plan method
 Logistic curve method
 Ratio method (reading assignments on others methods)
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 Each method utilizes different assumption and, therefore,
gives different result. Selection of any one method
depends on the amount and type of data available and
whether the projections are made for the short or long term.
Two Important data are required for population projection;

1. Base Population (initial population) and

2. Growth Rate

These data could be obtained from Central Statistical

Authority (CSA) or derived from past population history of
the area

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 Three Factors
affecting
population
1.birth
2 death
3 migration

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 Arithmetic increase method
This method is suitable for large and old city with considerable
development. In this method the average increase in population
per decade is calculated from the past census reports. This
increase is added to the present population to find out the
population of the next decade. Thus, it is assumed that the
population is increasing at constant rate. Hence, dP/dt = C i.e.
rate of change of population with respect to time is constant.
Therefore, Population after nth decade will be
Pn= P + n.C
Where, Pn is the population after n decades and P is present
population.

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 Geometric Increase Method
In this method the percentage increase in population
from decade to decade is assumed to remain constant.
Geometric mean increase is used to find out the future
increment in population. Since this method gives higher
values and hence should be applied for a new industrial
town at the beginning of development for only few
decades.
The population at the end of nth decade ‘Pn’ can be
estimated as:
Pn = P (1+ IG/100) n
Where, IG = geometric mean (%)
P = Present population
n = no. of decades.

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 Incremental Increase Method
This method is modification of arithmetical increase
method and it is suitable for an average size town under
normal condition where the growth rate is found to be
in increasing order. The incremental increase is
determined for each decade from the past
population and the average value is added to the
present population along with the average rate of
increase.
Hence, population after nth decade is
Pn = P+ n.X + {n (n+1)/2}.Y

Where,
Pn = Population after nth decade
X = Average increase
Y = Incremental increase
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 Graphical Method
In this method, the populations
of last few decades are correctly
plotted to a suitable scale on
graph. The population curve is
smoothly extended for getting
future population. This
extension should be done
carefully and it requires proper
experience and judgment.
The best way of applying this
method is to extend the curve by
comparing with population curve
of some other similar cities
having the similar growth
condition.
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 Example 1: Population forecasting
Predict the population for the year 2021, 2031, and
2041 from the following population data using
Arithmetic increase method
Geometrical increase method
Incremental Increase method
Graphical method

year 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011

population 858545 1015672 1201553 1691538 2077820 2585862

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 growth rate

the arithmetic average i.e. r = r1  r2  r3  ...  rn

t
the geometric average i.e. r = t r1 * r2 * r3 * ... * rn

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 Solution
Arithmetic increase method
year population increment
1961 858545 -
1971 1015672 (1015672-858545)=157127
1981 1201553 =185881
1991 1691538 = 489985
2001 2077820 =386282
2011 2585862 = 508042
Avg=1727317/5=345463
Avg. increment per decade, C =345463
Population in year 2021 =P2021=2585862+345463 x 1= 2931325
Population in year 2031 =P2031=2585862+345463 x 2= 3276788
Population in year 2041 =P2041=2585862+345463 x 3= 3622251

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 Solution
Geometric increase method
year population increment Geometric increase(rate
of growth)
1961 858545 -
1971 1015672 157127 157127/858545=0.18
1981 1201553 185881 185881/1015672=0.18
1991 1691538 489985 489985/1201553=0.40
2001 2077820 386282 386285/1691538=0.23
2011 2585862 508042 508042/2077820=0.24

Avg. Geometric mean per decade,

AGR=(0.18x0.18x0.4x0.23x0.24)1/5
Avg. Geometric mean per decade, IG, =0.235
Population in year 2021 =P2021=2585862(1+0.235)1= 3193540
Population in year 2031 =P2031=2585862(1+0.235)2= 3944021
Population in year 2041 =P2041=2585862(1+0.235)3= 4870866
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 Solution
year Increment
population increase methodIncrement (Y)
Incremental(X)

1961 858545 - -
1971 1015672 157127 -
1981 1201553 185881 (185881-157127)= 28754
1991 1691538 489985 (489985-185881)= 304104
2001 2077820 386282 (386282-489985)= -103703
2011 2585862 508042 (508042-386282)= 121760
Total 1727317 350915
Avg =1727317/5=345463=x 350915/4= 87729=Y

Population in year 2021 =P2021=2585862+(345463 x 1)+(1(1+1)/2)x

87729=3019054
Population in year 2031 =P2031=2585862+(345463 x 2)+(2(2+1)/2)x
87729=3539975
Population in year 2041 =P2041=2585862+(345463 x 3)+(3(3+1)/2)x
87729=4148625
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 Solution
Graphical Method

Lakhs means 10000

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 Exercise

The population of 5 decades from 1960 to 2000 are given

in table below. Estimate the population the population
after one, two and three decades by incremental increase
method

Year 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Population 25,000 28,000 34,000 42,000 47,000

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 Water Demand Forecasting
To properly design a water supply system, the engineer must
evaluate the amount of water that is required, known as the
“water demand”.
Water demand is the volume of water required by users to
satisfy their needs.
Types/Categories of water demand/uses
For the purpose of estimation of total requirements of
water, the demand is calculated on an average basis
expressed in litres per capita per day (lpcd)
Capita means per person

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 Water Demand
Components

Non Losses Fire

Domestics Public uses
domestic and fighting
leakage
Commercial

Industrial

Institutional

Agricultural

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 In-door Domestic Consumption
Component Consumption l/c/d
•Drinking 2.3
•Cooking 4.5
•Ablution 18.2
•Washing of utensils and houses 13.6
•Flushing of W.C. 13.6
•Bathing 27.3

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 Outdoor Domestic Consumption
Component Consumption l/c/d
Livestock
• Cow 68.5
• Horse 45.5
• Sheep 13.6
• Goat 13.6
Municipal use
• Public park 1.4 l/m2/d
• Road watering 1-1.5 l/m2/d
• Street cleaning 4.5 l/m2/d

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 Industrial Water Use

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There are usually several categories of water demand, that can
be broadly grouped into following categories
Domestic water demand also called Residential water use:
Domestic water demand represent the typical water use in
houses and apartments including use for drinking, sanitary,
washing, bathing, and other purposes such as private
gardening.it accounts for about 50 to 60% of the total demand
Public water use:
It includes facilities such as government buildings,
governmental schools, city halls, and hospitals, etc. It also
include many other use for public services such as sprinkling,
street flushing, public parks and gardening, etc. Such services
may consume water On an average it accounts for 5-10 % of the
total municipal water demand.

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 Water Loss and Leakages

The amount is usually expressed

in percentage of the sum of the
domestic demand, public
demand, and the industrial
demand covered from the water
supply system.
The percentage usually varies
from 15 % to 50% depending on
the age of the pipelines in the
system and the size and
complexity of the distribution
network

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 Example
For a town having population of 60,000 estimate average daily
demand of water. Assume industrial use 10%, institutional &
commercial use 15 %, public use 5% and livestock 10% of
domestic demand. Take per capita consumption of 50 l/day
and5%leakage.
solution
P = 60,000
Domestic = 50 x 60,000 = 3000000 l/day= 3000 m3/day
Industrial = 0.10 x 3000 m3/day = 300 m3/day,
Ins & com. = 0.15 x 3000 m3/day = 450 m3/day
Public = 0.05 x 3000 m3/day = 150 m3/day
livestock = 0.10 x 3000 m3/day = 300 m3/day
Leakage = 0.05 x 3000 m3/day = 150 m3/day
Total average daily demand = 4350 m3/day

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 The per-capita domestic water demand varies from
one place to another depending on:

 life style,

 climatic conditions,

 living standard and

 mode and level of services

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 Water for domestic purpose can be supplied
in three modes of services:
 House Connection (HC)
 Yard Connection (YC)
Public Fountain (PF)
Before estimating the domestic water
:
demand of the area, it is important to identify
the modes of services, percentage share of
modes of services and the per-capita water
demand of each mode of service
The following table presents recommended
per- capita water demand

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 Phase PF YC HC
Immediate 20 lpcd 40 lpcd 60 lpcd
Phase I 25 lpcd 50 lpcd 75 lpcd
Phase II 30 lpcd 60 lpcd 90 lpcd

The figures presented in the table can be used for

guidance only.

It is the stakeholders who shall determine the

level of service they want and how much they are
willing or able to pay for the water supply services.

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 Estimation of Per capita water demand for piped water in
l/c/d (1997) For population of > 30,000 (Urban and Rural)

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 Estimates of Per capita water demand for rural
schemes in l/c/d (1997)

No Activity Minimum Average Maximum

1 Drinking 1.5 1.5 3.5

2 Cooking 2.5 3.5 4.5
3 Ablutions 154 5 5
4 Washing dishes 2 2 4
5 Laundry 3 3
6 House Cleaning
7 Bath and Shower
8 Toilets
Total 10 15 20

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 Institutional/ Public Water
Demand (Cont.…)
category Water
Demand per
day
Day school 5 l/pupil
Boarding school 80 l/pupil
Hospital 100 l/bed
Prison 30 l/person

Restaurants 10 l/seat
Hotels 100 l/bed
Public office 5employee
Mosques and churches 5 l/visitor
Public baths 100 l/visitor
Railway & Bus station 10 l/user
Military camps 60 l/person
Cinema houses 5 l/seat
Abattoir 300 l/cow
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 Commercial water use:
It is associated with retail businesses, offices, hotels, and
restaurants(10-20 %) of the total water demand. Industrial
water use: It is associated with manufacturing and
processing operations. Large industrial requirements are
typically satisfied by sources other than the public water
supply.
Fire demand: Besides the fluctuations in demand that
occur under normal operating conditions, water-
distribution systems are usually designed to accommodate
the large (short-term) water demands associated with
fighting fires. Numerous methods have been proposed for
estimating fire flows (AWWA, 1992), the most popular of
which was proposed by the Insurance Services Office, Inc.
(ISO, 1980).

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Generally, large industries develop their own water supply
systems.
Typical water demand of small industries is 25-35 per cent of
total municipal water demand
Irrigation water demand: It is associated with crop
consumption and irrigation processes. Irrigation water
demand is typically supplied from surface or ground water
through a separate irrigation network system.
Losses and wastes: It is the amount of water lost from the
water system due to water leakage from the supply pipe
network. In some countries especially where water systems
are old the losses can be as high as 15-50%.

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 FACTORS AFFECTING WATER CONSUMPTION
Climate conditions: Warm dry regions have higher
consumption rates than cooler regions. In addition, water
usage is affected by the precipitation levels in the region.
Size of the city. In small cities, it was found that the per
capita per day water consumption was small due to the fact
that there are only limited uses of water in those cities. Small
cities have larger area that is inadequately served by both
water and sewer systems than larger cities.
Characteristics of the population. Domestic use of water was
found to vary widely. This is largely dependent upon the
economic status of the consumers, which will differ greatly in
various sections of a city. In high value residential areas of a
city the water consumption per capita will be high
and vice versa.
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 Metering. Communities that are metered usually show a
lower and more stable water use pattern.
Water quality. Consumer perception of bad water quality
can decrease the water usage rate.
Cost of water. A tendency toward water conservation occur
when cost of water is high.
Water pressure. Rates of water usage increase with
increases in water pressure.
Water conservation. Public awareness and implementation
of water conservation programs by utilities tend to have an
impact on the water usage rate

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 Variations in Water Demand

 Seasonal
variation
 Daily variation
 Hourly
variations

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 Water Use Variation

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 Water Demands: Terminologies
Average Daily Demand (ADD) - The total volume of water
delivered to the system over a year divided by 365 days. The
average use in a single day expressed in Liters per day.
. Maximum Day Demand (MDD) - The largest volume of
water delivered to the system in a single day expressed in
liters per day. The water supply, treatment plant and
transmission lines should be designed to handle the
maximum day demand.
Peak Hourly Demand (PHD) - The maximum volume of
water delivered to the system in a single hour expressed in
liters per day. Distribution systems should be designed to
adequately handle the peak hourly demand or maximum
day demand plus fire flows, whichever is greater. During
peak hourly flows, storage reservoirs supply the demand in
excess of the maximum day demand
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 Peak Water Use Estimation
Consumption rate for max day = 180% of the annual average
daily consumption
Consumption rate for max hour = 270% of the annual average
daily consumption
Or 150% of the max day

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 Fire Demand
Fire flow is defined as the rate of water flow needed to
control a fire (AWWA, 2008).
Adequate fire flow is critical for the effective
extinguishing of a fire.
If the fire flow is over calculated, there could be a
negative impact on the water distribution systems. If the
fire flow is under calculated, a fire may result in the loss
of the building of lives

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 Fire Demand:
Some of the Methods(Empirical formulas)
Building Planning Methods
1) ISO Method (US)
2) IFC/NFPA 1 Method (US)
3) NFPA 1142 Method (US)
4) IWUIC Method (US)
5) Ontario Building Code Method
(Canada)
6) FIERA system Method (Canada)
7) TP 2004/1 and TP 2005/2 Methods

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 On Scene Methods
8) ISU Method (US)
9) Sardqvist , Thomas, and Baldwin Methods (UK,
UK, and US, respectively)
10) IIT Method (US)
11) NFA Method (US)
12) 3D Firefighting Method (UK/US/Australia

For details: Matthew E. Benfer and Joseph L. Scheffey

2014, Evaluation of Fire Flow Methodologies,
Prepared for The Fire Protection Research
Foundation, WEB: www.nfpa.org/Foundation

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 Insurance Services Office Formula (ISO, 1980)

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Maximum and Minimum Value of C:
The value of C shall not exceed
(32000L/min) for Construction Class 1 and 2
(24000L/min) for Construction Class 3, 4, 5, and 6
(24000L/min) for a 1-story building of any class of
construction
The value of C shall not be less than (2000L/min).
ISO rounds the calculated value of C to the
nearest(1000L/min

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 Needed Fire Flow (NFF)
For 1- and 2-family dwellings not exceeding 2 stories in height,
ISO prescribes the following needed fire flows based on the
distance between buildings:
500 gpm (2000L/min) where the distance is more than 100 feet
750 gpm (3000L/min) where the distance is between 31 and 100
feet
1,000 gpm (4000L/min) where the distance is between 11 and 30
feet
1,500 gpm (6000L/min) where the distance is 10 feet or less.
ISO rounds the final calculation of NFF to the nearest 250 gpm
(1000L/min) if less than 2,500 gpm (10000L/min) and to the
nearest 500 gpm (2000L/min) if greater than 2,500 gpm
(10000L/min).

1gallon=3.79liter~4Liters
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 Construction Coefficient, F

Occupancy Coefficient, O

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 Exposure coefficient (X+P): Its value range from 1.0 to
1.75 and has an average value of is 1.4

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 Example-1

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 Example-2: Estimate the flow rate and volume
required to provide adequate protection to 20
story non-combustible building. Let each floor
has an area of 1000m2. class work

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 There are some empirical formulas in
literatures to estimate the amount of fire fighting
demand: National Board of Fire Underwriters
(NBFU) (For communities less than 200, 000)

National Board of Fire Underwriters

Q = 4,637 √p(1-0.01√p) [Q in l/min]

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 Examples 1

1. Estimate the water requirements for a population of

120,000 with 610 (lpcd )of water demand. Also calculate
fire flow, the design capacity of the water treatment
plant, and design capacity of the water distribution
system Use National Board of Fire Underwriters
4637 √p(1-0.01√p) [l/min]

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 Solution:

Average day water demand =population X Lpcd

(120,000p*610lpcd)/(1000lt/m3*1440min/d) = 50.83 m3/min
The maximum day demand = 1.80*50.83 =91.50 m3/min
Peak hour demand = 1.50*91.50 = 137.25 m3/min
Fire flow =4.637√120(1-0.01√120) = 45.23 m3/min
Design capacity of water treatment plant =91.50 m3/min =
131,760 m3/d
Design capacity of water distribution system is larger of
1) peak hour flow of 137.25 m3/min
2)Fire + maximum day demand = 45.23m3/min
+ 91.50 m3/min = 136.73 m3/min
Therefore, the peak hour demand governs the design of
the distribution system
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 example 3
A water supply scheme has to be designed for a city having a
population of 100,000. Estimate the different kinds of demands
which may be required to be recorded for an average water
consumption of 250lpcd. Also determine design capacities of
the water supply system of the proposed water works system for
the city using a river as a source of supply. use national board of
fire Underwriters
(Capacity of intake, transmission mains, treatment plant ,
pumps if it operates for 8hrs and the distribution system )
Q = 4,637 √p(1-0.01√p) [l/min]

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Solution 3
Average daily demand  250*100,000 = 25 *106 litres/day
Maximum day demand  1.8*q = 1.8*(25*106)l/day =
45*106 l/day
Peak hourly demand of the maximum day
 2.7*q = 2.7*(25*106) l/day = 67.5**106 l/day
Fire flow; Q = 4,637 √p(1-0.01√p) =4,637√100(1-0.01√100)
= 4,637*10*(1-0.01*10) = 41,733 l/min
= (41,733*60*24)/ 106 = 61*106 l/day

Note: it shows that the distribution system has to be

designed for 106 mld instead of 67.5 mld, which proves
that the fire allowance considerably affects the design of
distribution system

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 Capacities of various components:
1. The intake structure should be designed for maximum
day demand i.e. 45 mld.
2. The pipe transmission mains, intake to treatment plant
and then to service reservoir, should be designed for
maximum day demand i.e. 45 mld.
3. The filters and other units at the treatment plant should
be designed for maximum daily demand plus some
reserve (say twice the average). 2*25 = 50 mld
4. The lift pumps may be designed for twice the average
daily demand. 2*25 = 50 mld. If the pumps are not
operated for all the 24 hrs, say operated for 8 hrs, then the
design demand is: 24/8* Norman design draft for pumps =
24/8*50 = 150 mld
5. The distribution system should be designed for
coincident draft with fire or maximum hourly, whichever
is more.  106 mld
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 .example 4

Calculate the water requirements for a community

that will reach a population of 120,000 at the design
year. The estimated municipal water demand for the
community is 300 l/c/d. Calculate the fire flow,
design capacity of the water treatment plant, and
design capacity of the water distribution system.
(Hint: Use NBFU formula for fire flow)

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 Given:
P = 120,000
Municipal water demand = 300 l/c/d
Solution:
Qday-avg = 300 x 120,000 =36000000 L/d = 36000
m3/d
Take PF for Q day-max = 1.6 and 2.0 for Qpeak-hr
Q day-max =1.6 x 36000= 57,600 m3
Qpeak-hr= 2.0 x 36000 = 72,000 m3
Fire flow rate
QF  231.6 P (1  0.01 P )
QF  231.6 120 (1  0.01 120 )  2259.13 m3/hr = 54219 m3/day
Design capacity of treatment plant = 57,600 m3/day
Distribution system Design capacity = max(72,000 or
57600 + 54219) = 111819 m3/day
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