What Is A Tissue? Ans:: Class: 9 (Science) Tissues Chapter - 2

CLASS: 9TH (SCIENCE) TISSUES CHAPTER - 2
PAGE: 179
1. What is a tissue?
ANS: A tissue is defined as a cluster of cells which are similar in structure and work together
to perform a particular function.
2. What is the utility of tissues in multicellular organisms?
ANS: The use of tissues in multicellular organisms is to provide structural and mechanical
strength as well as to allow division of labour.
PAGE: 184
1. Name types of simple tissues.
ANS: The types of simple tissues are as follows:
➢ Parenchyma
➢ Collenchyma
➢ Sclerenchyma
2. Where is apical meristem found?
ANS: In plants, apical meristem are typically found at:
• The tip of the shoot
• Root of the plant
3. Which tissue makes up the husk of coconut?
ANS: The Sclerenchymatous tissue, which is a type of permanent tissue makes up the husk
of the coconut. These tissues causes the plant to become stiff and hard. The cells of this tissue
are dead and their cell walls are thickened because of the presence of lignin.
Compiled by : Mr. Abid Sir 1 | 21 Cell: 9596023152

4. What are the constituents of phloem?
ANS: The phloem constitutes of the following four elements, they are:
➢ Sieve tube
➢ Companion cells
➢ Phloem parenchyma
➢ Phloem fibres
PAGE: 190
1. Name the tissue responsible for movement of our body.
ANS: Two tissues jointly are responsible for the movement of our body, namely:
➢ Muscular tissue
➢ Nervous tissue
2. What does a neuron look like?
ANS: A neuron is a nerve cell consisting of the cell body with a nucleus and cytoplasm from
which a long and thin hair like structure emerges. Every neuron has one elongated part known
as the axon, and several short and small branched structures known as dendrites. A single
neuron can even be a meter long.

3. Give three features of cardiac muscles.
ANS: The cardiac muscles are specialized tissues that are evolved to pump blood throughout
the body. The following are the features of the cardiac muscles:
➢ They are cylindrical in shape.
➢ Striated muscle fibres.
➢ They are uninucleated and branched.
➢ These muscles are involuntary in nature.
4. What are the functions of areolar tissue?
ANS: Areolar tissues are typically observed in animals. They are connective tissues and are
found in between skin and muscles. They are also located around blood vessels and nerves
and are present in the bone marrow. The space inside the organs is filled with these tissues.
They support the delicate internal organs and assist in tissue repair in case of damage.
PAGE: 191
1. Define the term 'tissue'?
ANS: A tissue is defined as a cluster of cells which are similar in structure and work together
to perform a particular function.
2. How many types of elements together make up the xylem tissue? Name
them.
ANS: The xylem tissue is made up of four main elements, namely:
➢ Vessels
➢ Tracheids
➢ Xylem fibres
➢ Xylem parenchyma

3. How are simple tissues different from complex tissues in plants?
ANS: The following are the differences:
Simple tissues Complex tissues

They are made up of a single type of cell that They are made up of more than one kind of
performs only one common function a cell that coordinate to perform one
particular function
4. Differentiate between parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma on the

basis of their cell wall.
ANS: The following are the differences based on cell wall between different tissues:
Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma

Cell walls are thin and made Cell walls are thick at the Cell walls are thick due to the
up of cellulose edges due to the deposition deposition of lignin
of pectin
5. What are the functions of the stomata?
ANS: Stomata are the tiny pores present on the outer layer of the cells, the epidermis.
Stomata bring about the exchange of gases and transpiration.
6. Diagrammatically show the difference between the three types of muscle

fibres.
ANS: There are three types of muscle fibres, they are:
1. Cardiac muscles
• Present in the heart.
• Involuntary in nature.
• They have 1 nucleus.

• The muscle fibers are branched.
2. Smooth muscles
• Found in lungs and alimentary canal.
• Involuntary in nature.
• They have 1 nucleus.
• They are spindle shaped.
3. Striated muscles
• They are connected with bones
• Voluntary in nature.
• They are long and cylindrical muscle fibers.
• They possess many nuclei.
• Striated muscles are unbranched.

7. What is the specific function of the cardiac muscle?

ANS: The cardiac muscles are branched and cylindrical. They are uninucleated and are
involuntary in nature. Throughout one's lifetime, the cardiac muscles bring about the
rhythmic contraction and relaxation.
8. Differentiate between striated, un-striated and cardiac muscles on the

basis of their structure and site/location in the body.
ANS: The following are the differences between different types of muscles based on their
structure and location in the body.
Character Striated muscles Un-striated muscles Cardiac muscles

Shape/Structure Long, cylindrical, Long and tapering. Cylindrical and non –
non – tapering. They They are un – tapering. They are
are un-branched. branched. branched.
Location in body Hands, legs and Wall of stomach, Heart

skeletal muscles intestine, ureter and
bronchi
Dark and light bands Present Absent Present but less
prominent
10. Name the following.

(a) Tissue that forms the inner lining of our mouth.
ANS. The epithelial tissue, Squamous epithelium.
(b) Tissue that connects muscle to bone in humans.
ANS. Tendon
(c) Tissue that transports food in plants.
ANS. Phloem

(d) Tissue that stores fat in our body

ANS. Adipose tissue
(e) Connective tissue with a fluid matrix
ANS. Blood, it is a fluid connective tissue
(f) Tissue present in the brain
ANS. Nervous tissue
11. Identify the type of tissue in the following:

Skin, bark of tree, bone, lining of kidney tubule, vascular bundle.
ANS. ➢ Skin: Striated squamous epithelial tissue

➢ Bark of tree: Protective tissue and cork
➢ Bone: Connective tissue
➢ Lining of kidney tubule: Cuboidal epithelial tissue
➢ Vascular bundle: Conducting tissue (xylem and phloem). Complex permanent tissue.
12. Name the regions in which parenchyma tissue is present.

ANS: The parenchyma is found in:
• The pith of stems and roots
• When parenchyma contains chlorophyll it is called as chlorenchyma, it is found in green
leaves
• Parenchyma found in aquatic plants has large air cavities which enables them to float and
are hence called aerenchyma.
13. What is the role of epidermis in plants?

ANS: The epidermis in plants forms an uninterrupted and continuous layer that has no
intercellular spaces. It provides protection.
14. How does the cork act as a protective tissue?

ANS: Cork cells are dead. The arrangement of cells is so dense, that there is no intercellular
space. Deposition of suberin is observed on the walls of the cells that make them impervious
to water and gases.

ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS
PLANT TISSUES:
Plants body is composed of different types of tissues to perform different functions. Various
types of plants tissue are discussed under:
A) Meristematic Tissue:
(Gk. Meritos = divided) Meristematic tissues, or simply meristems is the tissue in most plants
containing undifferentiated cells (meristematic cells), found in zones of the plant where
growth can take place. Meristematic cells give rise to various organs of a plant and are
responsible for growth. Differentiated plant cells generally cannot divide or produce cells of
a different type. Meristematic cells are incompletely or not at all differentiated, and are
capable of continued cellular division. Therefore, cell division in the meristem is required to
provide new cells for expansion and differentiation of tissues and initiation of new organs,
providing the basic structure of the plant body.
They are small, cubical cells covered by thin cell walls (Primary cell wall) made up of cellulose
The cells may be spherical, oval, polygonal or rectangular in shape
They are compactly arranged without Intercellular spaces.

They have dense cytoplasm with large centrally located nuclei
Vacuoles are small, sometimes almost absent.
They are young cells with dividing capacity. Thus they help plants to divide throughout the
life.
Functions of Meristematic tissue:
Meristematic tissues have the ability to divide, hence they continuously produce new cells
which keep differentiating to form specialized cells of the plant.
The cells at the root and shoot tip bring about an increase in the length of the plants.
The cells in the lateral region i.e. cabium bring about an increase in the girth (thickness) of
the plant.
Types of Meristematic tissue:
Depending upon positions of meristematic tissue in plant body, meristematic tissues are of
following types.
1. Apical Meristem: These are present at the tips of main and lateral shoots and roots and
help in the growth and elongation of roots and stem. Elongation of root and shoot occurs due
to shoot apical meristem (SAM) and root apical meristem (RAM) – Primary Growth
2. Intercalary Meristem: This meristem is located in between the regions of permanent

tissues. The intercalary Meristems are usually present at the base of node, base of internode
or at the base of leaf. They are responsible for growth of leaves and internodes.
3. Lateral Meristem: It is located in the stems and roots on the lateral side. It increases the
thickness of the plant (Secondary growth)
B) Permanent Tissues:
A permanent tissue is a group of cells in which the growth has either stopped completely or
for the time being. These cells may be dead or alive thin-walled or thick walled.
Permanent tissues have been classified as:
Simple tissues
Complex tissues
Simple permanent tissue:
Simple permanent tissue is a group of cells which are all alike in origin, form and function. The
following are the main types of simple permanent tissue:
a) Parenchyma b) Collenchyma c) Sclerenchyma
Parenchyma:
Structure:
Parenchyma cells are isodiametric i.e. more or less equally expanded on all sides.
They could be oval, spherical or polygonal in shape.
They have thin cell walls. Their cell walls are made up of cellulose.
There may or may not be intercellular spaces between them.
They are living cells.
The cells have a distinct nucleus and a large central vacuole.
Location:
Parenchyma is the most common and the least specialised tissue. It is regarded as the
fundamental or ground tissue. It is widely distributed in the stem, root, leaves, flowers and
fruits. It is present in all soft parts of the plant like pith and cortex of stem and in the roots
and mesophyll of leaves.
Functions:
The main function of parenchyma is storage of food material. For example, potato tubers
store starch in amyloplasts.
It basically forms the packing tissue between more specialised tissues.
By maintaining the turgidity of cells, they give mechanical strength to the stems of herbaceous
plants.
Being thin walled, they allow transport of water and mineral salts in plants.
In certain plants, parenchymatous cells store waste products like tannins, essential oils,
resins, gums, mineral crystals etc.
In leaves, spongy parenchymas have number of intercellular spaces between them allowing
exchanges of gases.
Parenchyma cells of leaves contain chlorophyll and are called chlorenchyma. They carry
photosynthesis and manufacture sugar and starch.
Collenchyma:
Structure:
Collenchyma consists of somewhat elongated cells with corners which may be circular, oval
or polygonal in a cross-section.
They have thin cell walls but are irregularly thickened at the corners where numbers of cells
join together.
These corners are thickened due to extra deposition of cellulose and pectin.
There is no intercellular space between the cells.
Their cell walls may have simple pits here and there.
Like parenchyma, they are living cells and have a distinct nucleus and dense cytoplasm.
They often contain chloroplasts.
Location:
They are generally distributed in the peripheral portions of stems and leaves. They frequently
occur in regions of the plants which are growing rapidly and need to be strengthened. They
are present below the epidermis in dicot stems and in the petiole and midrib of dicot leaves.
“They are absent in dicot-root, and in monocot stems, roots and leaves.”
Functions:
Their primary function is to give mechanical support to herbaceous plants and leaves.
They provide tensile strength and flexibility to the organ in which they occur.

Since they contain chloroplast, they also manufacture sugar and starch.
Sclerenchyma:
Structure:
Unlike parenchyma and collenchyma’s, sclerenchyma cells when mature are dead and
without any protoplasm.
They are long, narrow and thick walled cells with tapered ends.
They have thick walls due to deposition of a waterproof material called lignin.
Often depositions on the walls are so heavy that they almost fill the entire cell and so the cell
cavity or lumen is nearly absent.
They have simple, often oblique pits in their cells. Pits are the places where lignin is not
deposited.
Sclerenchymatous cells are closely packed without intercellular spaces.
Location:
1. The sclerenchyma cells are found in abundance in stems, roots, veins of leaves, seeds and
nuts.
2. They occur collectively in patches and are packed into bundles.
3. Fibres are aggregated into stands. Jute and coir are obtained from thick bundles of fibres.
Functions:
Their main function is to give mechanical support to the plant.
They give rigidity to the plant and enable it to withstand various strains like when strong winds
or other forces bend the plants, they prevent tearing of then plant body.
Fibres being strong and flexible are used in the manufacture of ropes and textiles. Jute and
coir are obtained from thick bundles of fibres.
Sclereids impart toughness to seed coats and shell and grittiness to fruit pulp.

COMPLEX PERMANENT TISSUE
A complex permanent tissue consists of different types of living as well as dead cells which
work together as a unit to perform a common function. These tissues include of phloem and
xylem. Xylem is valuable for the transportation of water and solvable constituents. Phloem is
valuable in the transportation of food particles.
XYLEM (Gk. xylon = wood)
Xylem is a tissue in vascular plants. Its cells have thick, hard walls. Xylem tissue dies soon after
it is formed and is the wood in the middle of a tree. The dead cells are like pipes, hollow and
rigid.
Xylem is one of two tissues in the plant which transport substances that plants need to live.
Substances that xylem transports include water and minerals obtained through the plant's
roots, as xylem runs from the roots to the stems and leaves. (Also called water conducting
tissue)
Xylem cells are present in all parts of a plant, in stems, roots, and leaves. Water is carried
against gravity by the negative pressure that builds up through the process of transpiration,
which is the evaporation of moisture in leaves.
Xylem consists of four types of cells:
1. Xylem parenchyma: They are the living parenchymatous cells which with thin cellulose
wall. They store food, and help in lateral conduction of water
2. Xylem fibres: Xylem fibres are long narrow tapering at both the ends. They are
sclerenchymatous dead cells with lignified wall. They provide mechanical strength to the plant
body. They are also called wood fibres or sclerenchymatous fibres.
3. Tracheids: They are dead, elongated cells with tapering ends. They appear like long empty
tubes. Their cell walls are very thick and lignified. They have broad non-lignified pits at certain
places. Xylem tracheid’s conduct water and minerals and give mechanical support to the
plant.
4. Xylem vessels: The xylem vessels are long tubes which help in transportation of water and
provide mechanical support. Each xylem vessel is formed by end to end union of a large
number of short, wide, lignified dead cells. In these cells both the nucleus and cytoplasm are
absent. The end walls of these cells are often completely broken to form a long distance
channel for transport of water.
PHLOEM (Gk. Phloos = bark)
In vascular plants, phloem is the living tissue that transports the soluble organic compounds
made during photosynthesis and known as photosynthates, in particular the sugar sucrose to
parts of the plant where needed. This transport process is called translocation. In trees, the
phloem is the innermost layer of the bark.
Phloem consists of four types of cells.
1. Sieve tubes or Sieve elements (Conducting cells) :They are the main conducting part of the
phloem and are living cells. These are cylindrical cells arranged in vertical rows, joined end to
end. The mature cells are without nucleus but with thin cell walls and perforated by minute
pores. These perforated end walls are called sieve plates.
2. Companion Cells : These are living cells usually associated with sieve tubes. The sieve tube
elements and companion cells arise from same initial cell and therefore form a single
functional unit (also called sister cells). These cells are elongated, thin walled living
parenchyma cells, having dense cytoplasm and a prominent nucleus.
3. Phloem Parenchyma: It is formed of thin walled living unspecialised parenchyma cells.

These cells store food.
4. Phloem fibers: These are dead sclerenchyma fibers formed of elongated lignified cells.
These provide mechanical strength.
Difference between Xylem and Phloem
Xylem Phloem
Conducts water and minerals from root to Translocates prepared food from leaves to
leaves. different parts of the plant.
Only one type of cell that is xylem Have three types of living cells sieve tubes,
parenchyma is living cells. companion cells and phloem parenchyma.

The main conducting cells the vessels are The main conduction cells – the sieve tubes
dead cells. are living cells.
Also provide mechanical strength to the Do not provide mechanical strength to the
plant. plant.
Animal Tissues
Animal have different kinds of tissue to perform different body functions. The main animal
tissues are:
Epithelial tissue:
The epithelial tissue forms the covering on external body surface and internal body organs
and lines the body cavities and cavities of hollow body organs blood vessels and ducts. The
term epithelium (epi-upon, thelio-to grow) was used by Dutch Anatomist Raysch. The cells of
epithelial tissue are closely packed and form continuous sheets. Epithelial cells possess power
of regeneration. Epithelial tissue is of following types:
a) Simple epithelial tissue b) stratified (multilayered) or Compound

Specialised Simple epithelial tissue:
It is composed of only one layer of epithelial cells. It is of following types:
Simple Squamous epithelium:- It is formed of a single layer of flattened, palte-like or scale-

like (sqiama-scale) polygonal cells. These are closely fitting like the tiles in mosaic floor.
Simple Cuboidal epithelium:- It consists of a single layer of isodiametric cubical cells with
centrally located round nucleus. It carries out the function of secretion, absorption and
excretion.
Simple Columnar epithelium:- Its cells are long and pillar like. Their height exceeds their
width. Their nuclei are also elongated and lie in the basal part.
Simple Ciliated Epithelium: - The cells bear numerous hair like outgrowths, the cilia, arising
from basal granules. Mucus secreting goblet cell also occur in ciliated epithelium. The cilia
remain in rhythmic motion and create a current to transport the materials which come in
contact with them.
Stratified or Compound Epithelium:- The compound epithelium is formed of several layers of

epithelial cells. Its innermost layer is formed of continuously dividing cells known as
germinative layer or Malphigian layer. Its outer layer is made of dead cornified cells known as
stratum corneum. The compound epithelia may be stratified and transitional.
FUNCTIONS Of Epithelial Tissue:
Protection: Surface epithelial cells protect the underlying cells from mechanical and
chemical injuries and bacterial or viral infections.
Absorption. Intestinal epithelium helps in the absorption of water and nutrients.
Secretion. Some epithelial tissues produce secretions like saliva, mucus, enzymes, etc.
Excretion. Lining of kidney tubules helps in elimination of waste products.
Sensory Perception. Sensory epithelium in the olfactory organs and taste buds receives
sensory stimuli.
Gametes Formation. Germinal epithelium that lines testes and ovaries, produce male and
female gametes.
Respiration. Epithelium of alveoli of lungs helps in the exchange of oxygen and carbon
dioxide between blood and inhaled air.
Forming Exoskeleton. It produces exoskeletal structures, such as scales, feathers, hair, nails,
claws, horns and hooves.
Regeneration. The tissue facilitates rapid healing of wounds by its power of regeneration.
Movement. Epithelial cells having cilia helps in the movement of various materials like
mucus in respiratory tract, urine in uriniferous tubules, ova in the oviduct.
Connective Tissues
It is the binding and supporting tissue. It is distributed throughout the body and forms about
30% of the body. The connective tissue is formed of three components viz., the cells, matrix
and fibres.
Cells:- Cells are found scattered in the matrix and may store fat, produce new blood cells
ingest bacteria and cell debris etc.
Matrix:- It is non-living intercellular substance. It may be homogenous, amorphous etc.
Fibres:- Fibres are elongate and found scattered in the matrix.
Types of Connective Tissues
Areolar tissue:- The areolar tissue is most abundant in the body. It forms the frame work
of all body organs and acts as packaging material between the body organs. Its matrix is thick
homogenous and transparent. It contains white and yellow fibres.
Adipose tissue:- In adipose tissue fibres are scanty. The cells are large and closely packed.
They store fat in the form of large fat globules and squeeze the cytoplasm to periphery and
nucleus to one side. The adipose tissue lies beneath the skin. It forms a padding between the
organs and around visceras. The adipose tissue contains reserve food and insulates the body
against heat loss and protects the joints against friction.

Supporting connective tissue:- The skeletal tissue forms a strong frame work. It supports
the body, protects vitae organs and provides hard surface for the insertion of muscles. The
skeletal tissue occurs in two forms i.e. bone and cartilage.
Cartilage:- It is tough transparent and homogenous formed of a special glycoprotein known

as chondromucoid. The cartilage increases in size by the addition of new layer of matrix. There
are four types of cartilages.
Hyaline cartilage:- It is glassy bluish white. Its matrix is translucent homogenous, fibreless and
somewhat elastic. It occurs between ribs and sternum, in the nasal septum, larynx and
tracheal rings. Hyaline cartilage forms the embryonic skeleton. The matrix of hyaline cartilage
is called chondrin.
White fibrous cartilage:- It contains thick dense bundles of collagen fibres in the matrix. IT is
very firm. It is found between the vertebral where it acts as cushion and makes the joints
strong.
Elastic cartilage:- It contains yellow elastin fibres which provide elasticity. It is found in
external ear, eustachian tube and epiglottis. IT is firm but flexible.
Calcified cartilage:- It has calcium salts deposited in the matrix. IT is very hard and inelastic.
Bone:- Bone is very hard and rigid tissue. Its matrix is hard, formed of a protein called ossein.
It contains interlacing white collagenous fibres and is heavily deposited with salts of calcium
and phosphorous. The organic and inorganic matter in the matrix form about 30% and 70%
respectively. The bone cells are called osteocytes.
Blood: Blood is red coloured tissue. It is salty in taste, slightly basic (pH 7.3-7.5). It forms 7%
of the body weight (about 5 litres). Blood is complex transparent medium. It performs vital
pickup and delivery services for the body. It is formed of
Fluid matrix-Plasma
Blood cells-Cospuscles.
Palsma:- Plasma is a straw coloured fluid and makes up about 60% of total blood volume or
about 5% of the body weight.

It contains:
Water:- It forms 85 to 90% of the total plasma
Inorganic ions:- Constitute about 0.9% of plasma. The anions are chlorides, bicarbonates
phosphates and sulphates and cations are sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium
Organic compounds are:
Plasma proteins or seruna proteins. They make up 6-8% of plasma
Blood corpusles:- these are found suspentioned in plasma and are discussed under:
Erythrocytes:- These cells contain haemoglobin and help in transport of oxygen and to some
extent CO2. Mammalian RBCs are smaller enucleated and roughly circular and biconcave
when mature these are without nucleus, Golgi body, ER, mitochondria, ribosomes and
centrosome. Normal erythrocyte is:
Man 5 to 5.5 million RBC per cubic millimetre of blood.
Woman 4.5 to 4.8 million RBC per cubic millimetre of blood
Leucocytes:- White blood corpuscles WBCs white blood corpuscles are nucleated amoeboid
cells. These are colourless, rounded or irregular. These number 5000 to 9000 per cubic
millimetre of blood. The new WBCs are formed in lymph nodes, spleen and thymus. The
process of their formation is called leucopoiesis. Leucocytes exhibit phagocytosis and
amoeboid movement. These are describes as mobile factor of the body’s defence system.
Functions of connective tissue:
Connective tissue is basically a binding and a packaging tissue but has many other important
`functions as well.
1. It binds various tissues together like skin with the muscles and muscles with the bones.
2. The areolar tissue forms sheaths around the body organs and makes a kind of packaging
tissue.
3. The adipose tissue stores fat and insulates the body against heat loss.
4. The bones and cartilage give shape and form framework of the body.

5. The blood circulates and connects various parts of the body.
6. The lymph helps in building immunity by producing anti bodies.
Muscular Tissue:
Muscular Tissue constitutes the muscles, made up of cells, which are in the form of contractile
fibres varying in lengths. The fibres are bound together by connective tissue but they have no
intercellular substances. A muscle fibre can contain one or more nuclei. These have large
number of contractile proteinous threads, called myofibrils and are present in the cytoplasm
known as sarcoplasm. Sometimes the muscle fibre is externally covered by membrane,
termed as sarcolemma.
Functions of Muscular Tissue.
Muscles play a role in almost every activity of an organism including the movements of the
body or limbs, movement of heart, flow of blood through vessels, in female’s muscles are
required for delivering a baby.
TYPES
Smooth muscles or unstriated muscles.
Skeletal Muscle Tissue (Striped muscles or striated muscles).
Cardiac muscles
Smooth muscles or unstriated muscles:- These are also known as plain or smooth or
nonskeltal muscles. These are found in close association with the connective tissue. These
muscles form contractile portion of the wall of hollow Visceral organs digestive tract and of
the urinary and genital ducts.
Striped or striated muscles:- The striated muscles form the flesh of the body and about 80%
of the mass of soft tissue of the body. These are mostly attached to the Skelton. Hence they
are known as skeletal muscles.
Cardiac muscles:- The cardiac muscles are exclusively found in the heart. These contract
rapidly rhythmically and tirelessly, contracting endlessly form early embryonic stage until
death. The cardiac muscles are branched and form a network on the wall of heart.
Nervous Tissue:
The nervous tissue is specialized for receiving and transmitting stimuli. It consists of
Nerve cells or neurons
Nerve fibres
Neuroglia
Nerve cells:- The neurons are large polymorphic cells consisting of cell body or cyton. These
usually comprise several short dendrites and a single axis cylinder or axon. The cyton consists
of large nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm, the perikaryon. The dendrites through their
synapses with the axon endings receive nerve impulses from other neurons and carry them
to the cell body. Thus these are the chief receptive organelles of neuron.
Nerve fibres:- Each nerve fibre consists of a central core of axon, a drawn out portion of
neuroplasm which is now known as axoplasm and the encircling plasma membrane called
axolemma or neurilemma.
Neuroglia:- Associated with the neurons in the central nervous system are seen special cells
which are known as neuroglia.
Functions of Nervous Tissue:
Neurons are specialized cells which receive and conduct sensation in the form of electrical
impulses.
A nerve impulse always travels from the cell body towards the axon. The dendrites receive
the impulse and the axon takes impulse away from cell body.
2. The impulses travel from one neuron to another through junction points called synapses.
NOTE: DIAGRAM OF NEURON, BONE AND CARTILAGE ALREADY SHOWN.

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CLASS: 9TH (SCIENCE) TISSUES CHAPTER - 2

2. What is the utility of tissues in multicellular organisms?

1. Name types of simple tissues.

ANS: The types of simple tissues are as follows:

2. Where is apical meristem found?

ANS: In plants, apical meristem are typically found at:

• The tip of the shoot

• Root of the plant

3. Which tissue makes up the husk of coconut?

Compiled by : Mr. Abid Sir 1 | 21 Cell: 9596023152

4. What are the constituents of phloem?

1. Name the tissue responsible for movement of our body.

2. What does a neuron look like?

Compiled by : Mr. Abid Sir 2 | 21 Cell: 9596023152

3. Give three features of cardiac muscles.

➢ They are cylindrical in shape.

➢ Striated muscle fibres.

➢ They are uninucleated and branched.

➢ These muscles are involuntary in nature.

4. What are the functions of areolar tissue?

1. Define the term 'tissue'?

ANS: The xylem tissue is made up of four main elements, namely:

Compiled by : Mr. Abid Sir 3 | 21 Cell: 9596023152

3. How are simple tissues different from complex tissues in plants?

ANS: The following are the differences:

Simple tissues Complex tissues

4. Differentiate between parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma on the

Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma

5. What are the functions of the stomata?

6. Diagrammatically show the difference between the three types of muscle

ANS: There are three types of muscle fibres, they are:

• Present in the heart.

• They have 1 nucleus.

• The muscle fibers are branched.

• Found in lungs and alimentary canal.

• They have 1 nucleus.

• They are spindle shaped.

• Striated muscles are unbranched.

Compiled by : Mr. Abid Sir 5 | 21 Cell: 9596023152

7. What is the specific function of the cardiac muscle?

8. Differentiate between striated, un-striated and cardiac muscles on the

Character Striated muscles Un-striated muscles Cardiac muscles

Location in body Hands, legs and Wall of stomach, Heart

10. Name the following.

Compiled by : Mr. Abid Sir 6 | 21 Cell: 9596023152

(d) Tissue that stores fat in our body

11. Identify the type of tissue in the following:

ANS. ➢ Skin: Striated squamous epithelial tissue

➢ Bone: Connective tissue

➢ Lining of kidney tubule: Cuboidal epithelial tissue

12. Name the regions in which parenchyma tissue is present.

13. What is the role of epidermis in plants?

14. How does the cork act as a protective tissue?

Compiled by : Mr. Abid Sir 7 | 21 Cell: 9596023152

They are compactly arranged without Intercellular spaces.

Compiled by : Mr. Abid Sir 8 | 21 Cell: 9596023152

They have dense cytoplasm with large centrally located nuclei

Vacuoles are small, sometimes almost absent.

Functions of Meristematic tissue: