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CPS Module II

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C Programming for Problem Solving (17CPS13/23): Module Il__ Santhosh Kumar D K Module II Managing Input and output operations, Conditional Branching and Loops STATEMENT > A statement is also called instruction. > As the name indicates, instruction is used to instruct computer to perform a particular task like adding two numbers reading data from keyboard. Example: sum=atb; scanf ("sd ", &n); In, the semicolon (;) is a statement terminator. ‘Compound Statement or Block: ‘The sequence of statement enclosed within a pair of braces { and } is called a compound statement, Example: t a=l*b; printf ("area =d", a); 3 Managing Input and output operations ‘There are 2 types of I/O Functions as shown below: Console Input/Output functions ] Formatted functions ‘Unformatted functions Type | Input | Ourpur Type | Input — | Output char] seanfi) | printf() char [eeteh() | puteh() getche() | putchar( ) getchar() int | seanfi) | printf) int - 5 float | seanf() | printf) float = 5 String | seanfi) | printf) string [ ges) __| pu) UNFORMATTED VO. Unformatted 1/0 refers to an /O data has not been arranged in any order and user don’t have control on the arrangement of data. Dept of CSE, Canara Engineering College. Page 60 C Programming for Problem Solving (17CPS13/23): Module Il__ Santhosh Kumar D K Reading a character getchart ): > Read a character from the keyboard and store this character into a memory-location, ‘You have to press ENTER key after typing a character. Syntax variable_name=getchar( ); char name; name= getchart ); Example: Writing a character putchar( ): > Displays a character stored in the memory-location on the screen, Syntax ‘putchar(variable_name); putchar(name ); Example: Program example to read a character and display it. #include Void main() t char x; printf("enter one letter terminated by ENTER key \n”); x = getchar(); putchar(‘\n’); putchar (x) ; 3 Output: enter one letter terminated by ENTER key a a Disadvantage of Unformatted 1/0 It is not possible to read/print any other data except characters ie. it is not possible to read/print integer numbers, floating point numbers ete, The “ctype.h” supports for character with many inbuilt function and the table 4.1 lists the some of the functions available in it. Dept of CSE, Canara Engineering College. Page 61 C Programming for Problem Solving (17CPS13/23):Module Il __ Santhosh Kumar D K Table 4.1 Character Test Functions ere Is c an alphanumeric character? isal Is can alphabetic character? isdigit(c) Isca digit? islower(c) Isc lower case letter? 'sprint(c) \s ca printable character? ispunct(c) oe ‘| ls ca punctuation mark? isspace(c) _ | Is ca white space character? isupper(c) ___| Is can upper case letter? FORMATTED VO scanf(): The scanf( ) standard library function is used to read one or more values from the standard input (keyboard) and assign them to specified variables. Syntax: seanf(“ControlString or format specifier Example: sant "“fod fF Ge", &ex, &y, &z); Table 4.2 Commonly used scanf Format Codes read a single character, read a decimal integer read a floating point value read a floating point value read an unsigned decimal integer read a hexadecimal integer read a string of word(s) The following letters may be used as prefix for certain conversion characters. for short integers | for long integers or double for long double > A scant) always contains a control string or format string in quotation marks. > Each value to be printed needs a conversion specification like Yed to hold its place in the control string Dept of CSE, Canara Engineering College. Page 62 C Programming for Problem Solving (17CPS13/23):Module Il __ Santhosh Kumar D K > There should be a comma ( , ), between the control string and the addresses of variables. printf() ‘The printf () standard library function is used to print the values of expressions on standard output (ie, display) in a specified format. Syntax: 18 li les or express Example printf("%ed %ef Se", x, y, 2.95 printf ( jalways contains a control string or format string in quotation marks. The control string may or may not be followed by some variables or expressions whose value we want printed. > Each value to be printed needs a conversion specification like %d to hold its place in the control string, > There should be a comma (,) between the control string and the list of variables. > The symbol “\n” (called newline character) in the control string tells the machine to jump to a new line, If there are variables or expressions to be printed, commas are used to separate them form the control string and each other. vv Table 4.3 Commonly used printf Format Codes print a single character print a decimal integer print a floting point value in exponent form print a floating point value without exponent print floating point vale either e-type or type depending on i print a signed decimal integer %0 print an octal integer, without leading zero %s print sting | %u print an unsigned decimal integer x ____| print 2 hexadecimal integer, without leading Ox Dept of CSE, Canara Engineering College. Page 63 C Programming for Problem Solving (17CPS13/23):Module Il __ Santhosh Kumar D K VARIATIONS IN OUTPUT FUNCTION Table 4.4 Commonly used Output Format Flags See Ssracemaccoesece one oe oo Causes a decimal pointto be presentin all floating point numbers, even if itis whole # (with 0 oF x) # (with e, forg) Format printie%67-4F-y) printie%7-2F-y) printi%-7.2F.y) printes6Fy) printf(%10.2e",y) - printi-%11.40"-y) Et 2] printt(“%-10.2e"y) T-Tetetel-lo17| print%e"y) CI a ‘specification Format Output printt(‘%d”, 9876) s[8 [7 [5 ad printf(“%6d", 9876) o[s|7l|sé printf("%2d", 9876) 9[s|[7|6 printf(“%06d" 9876) PARSE e printf("%06d" 9876) 0. | 0: [29s | Semler Page 64 Dept of CSE, Canara Engineering College. C Programming for Problem Solving (17CPS13/23): Module Il__ Santhosh Kumar D K CONTROL STRUCTURES A program is nothing but the execution of sequence of one or more instructions. > Quite often, it is desirable to change the order of execution of statements based on certain conditions or This involves a kind of decision making to see whether a particular condition has occurred or not and direct the computer to execute certain statements accordingly. Based on application, it is necessary / essential To alter the flow of a program Test the logical conditions Control the flow of execution as per the selection these conditions can be placed in the program using decision-making statements. v vv ov vv C SUPPORTS MAINLY FOUR TYPES OF CONTROL STATEMENTS 1. Decision making statements i. if-statement ii, if else statement nested if statement else if ladder ¥. switch statement 2. Loop control statements i. while loop ii, for loop iii, do-while loop 3. Conditional control (jump) statements i. break statement ii, continue statement 4. goto statement (unconditional jump) BASIC CONCEPT OF DECISION STATEMENTS > Decision making is critical to computer programming. > There will be many situations when you will be given 2 or more options and you will have to select an option based on the given conditions. > The following flow diagram shows how conditions work in C. Dept of CSE, Canara Engineering College. Page 65 C Programming for Problem Solving (17CPS13/23): Module Il__ Santhosh Kumar D K 1. Decision making statements i, THE if STATEMENT is is basically a “one-way” decision statement. isis used when we have only one alternative. The syntax is shown below: if (expression) t True part statement; 2 Rest of the code; > Firstly, the expression is evaluated to true or false. Only if the expression is true then true part statements will be executed. The flow diagram is shown below: false statement rest of the code Program to illustrate the use of if statement. #include void main() { int n; printf ("Enter any non-zero integer: \n”) ; scanf("$d”, &n); if (n>0) printf ("Number is positive number ”); 4£(n<0) printf ("Number is negative number “); J Output : Enter any non-zero integer: 7 Number is positive number Dept of CSE, Canara Engineering College. Page 66 C Programming for Problem Solving (17CPS13/23): Module Il__ Santhosh Kumar D K ‘THE if-else STATEMENT > This is basically a “two-way” decision statement. > This is used when we must choose between two alternatives. ‘The syntax is shown below: if (expression) £ True part Statement1; } else f False part Statement2; , Rest of the code; > Firstly, the expression is evaluated to true or false. Only if the expression is true then true part statements will be executed otherwise false part statements are executed. The flow diagram is shown below: ¥ ~ true << expression > ;_—— statement2 statement rest of the code Program to illustrate the use of if else statement. #include void main() t int n; print£("Enter any non-zero integer: \n") ; scanf("$d”, &n) if(n>0) printf (“Number is positive number”) else printf ("Number is negative number”); J Output: Enter any non-zero integer: 7 Number is positive number Dept of CSE, Canara Engineering College. Page 67 C Programming for Problem Solving (17CPS13/23): Module Il__ Santhosh Kumar D K THE nested if STATEMENT > Anif-else statement within another if-else statement is called nested if statement. > This is used when an action has to be performed based on many decisions. Hence, it is called as multi-way decision statement. The syntax is shown below: if (expr) t if (expr2) statement1; else statement2; } else f if (expr3) ‘statement3; else statement4; 2 Rest of the code; > Firstly, the expression is evaluated to true or false. Only if the expri is true then true part statements will be executed where again it checks for expr? otherwise false part statements are executed. rent of code Program to select and print the largest of the 3 numbers using nested “if-else” statements. void main() f int a,b,c; Dept of CSE, Canara Engineering College. Page 68 C Programming for Problem Solving (17CPS13/23): Module Il__ Santhosh Kumar D K printf ("Enter Three Values: \n”); scanf("$d td td”, 6a, &b, &¢); printf ("Largest Value is: ") ; if (a>b) € if (arc) print£(" 8d”, a); else print£(" $d”, ¢); 2 else £ 4f(b>c) print£(" $d", b); else printf (" $d", ¢); 2 } output: Enter Three Values: 786 Largest Value is: 8 THE else if LADDER STATEMENT. > This is basically a “multi-way” decision statement. > This is used when we must choose among many alternatives. The syntax is shown below: if (expression1) statement1; else if (expression2) statement2; else if (expression3) statement3 else if (expression4) statement4; else default statements; ‘The expressions are evaluated in order (ie. top to bottom). oy If an expression is evaluated to true, then statement associated with the expression is executed & control comes out of the entire else if ladder For ex, if exprression! is evaluated to true, then statement! is executed. vvvv If all the expressions are evaluated to false, the last statement4 (default case) is executed. Dept of CSE, Canara Engineering College. Page 69 C Programming for Problem Solving (17CPS13/23): Module _ Santhosh Kumar D K er [Nextsrarement | Program to illustrate the use of else-if-ladder statement. void main ( ) t int n; printf("Enter any integer:”) ; scanf("$d", &n) if(n>0) printf ("Number is Positive"); else if(n< 0) printf ("Number is Negative"); else if(n== 0) printf ("Number is Zero"); else printf ("Invalid input"); 2 output : Enter any integer: 7 Number is Positive ‘THE switch STATEMENT > This is basically a “multi-way” decision statement. > This is used when we must choose among many alternatives. > Here, choice can be either any integer value or a character. Dept of CSE, Canara Engineering College. Page 70 C Programming for Problem Solving (17CPS13/23): Module Il__ Santhosh Kumar D K > Based on this integer value, the control is transferred to a particular case-value where necessary statements are executed. > During executing, if break statement is encountered, then the control comes out of the switch block. » If the value of the choice does not match with any of the case values (i.e. valuel, value2, value3) then control goes to default label. ‘must be different. \gram is shown below: > All case-valu The syntax & flow switch (choice) t case 1: statement1; Soe break; case 2: statement2; ast mes break; case 3: statement3; oe — statement case i: statementi; break; S83 sotement case N: statementN; break; defeat [1 default: default statemetns; com /* Program to simulate simple calculator by performing arithmatic operations*/ #include void main() t int op1, op2, ans; char op; print£("\n Enter an arithmatic expression"); scanf ("$dictd", €op1, 6p, 6op2) ; switch (op) t case '+!:ans=opltop2; printf ("\n Sum=$d", ans); breal :ans=op1-op2; print£("\n Difference=%a",ans) ; break; sans=opl*op2; printf ("\n Product=$d", ans) ; break; 148 (op2==0) f print£("\n Division by zero is not possible"); break; Dept of CSE, Canara Engineering College. Page 71 C Programming for Problem Solving (17CPS13/23): Module Il__ Santhosh Kumar D K , ans=op1/op2; print£("\n Quotient=$d", ans) ; break; case '8':ans=opltop2; printf ("\n Remainder=td", ans) ; break; default :printf("\n Invalid operator") ; } i BASIC CONCEPT OF LOOP > Let's consider a situation when you want to write same message N times. > C language provides a concept called loop, which helps in executing one or more statements up to desired number of times. > Loops are used to execute one or more statements repeatedl > Every loop statements has three main part in it, ie. Loop init condition and Loop update. ‘The flow diagram is shown below: Start lization, Loop test- Program continues. THE while LOOP A while loop statement can be used to execute a set of statements repeatedly as long as a given condition is true. ‘The syntax is shown below: Loop-initialization; while (test-condition) f Loop-update; statement; statement2; Firstly, the expression is evaluated to true or false. If the expression is evaluated to false, the control comes out of the loop without executing the body of the loop. > If the expression is evaluated to true, the body of the loop (ie. statement) is executed. vv Dept of CSE, Canara Engineering College. Page 72 C Programming for Problem Solving (17CPS13/23): Module Il__ Santhosh Kumar D K > After executing the body of the loop, control goes back to the beginning of the while statement and expression is again evaluated to true or false. This cycle continues until expression becomes false. ‘The flow diagram is shown below: 1 Test Expression free Body of white loop | Program to display N natural numbers. #include void main() t aint i=1, n; print£("\n Enter the W value"); scanf("$d", &n); while (i<=n) f printé("sd\t", i); #¢_{ Exit while loop itt; } , Output: Enter the N value 5 12 3 4 «5 THE do whi When we do not know exactly how many times a set of statements have to be repeated, do- while statement can be used, ‘The syntax is shown below: STATEMENT Loop-initialization; do { Loop-upda' statement1; Jwhile (test-condition) ; Dept of CSE, Canara Engineering College. Page 73 C Programming for Problem Solving (17CPS13/23): Module Il__ Santhosh Kumar D K > Firstly, the body of the loop is executed. ie. the body of the loop is executed at least once. > Then, the expression is evaluated to true or false. > If the expression is evaluated to true, the body of the loop (i.e. statement!) is executed > After executing the body of the loop, the expression is again evaluated to true or false. This eycle continues until expression becomes false. ‘The flow diagram is shown below: Body of loop Test False Expression (Exit white loop True Program to find HCF (GCD) and LCM (Euclidian Technique) #include void main() { int a, b, x, y, t, ged, lem; printf ("Enter two integers\n"); scanf("$did", &x, &y); asx bay while (b != 0) f t=b; beat; ast; } ged =a; Jem = (x*y)/ged; printf ("Greatest common divisor of 8d and #d = %d\n", x, y, ged); printf ("Least common multiple of $d and 8d = d\n", x, y, lem); 2 output: Enter two integers 9 24 Greatest common divisor of 9 and 24 = 3 Least common multiple of 9 and 24 = 72 Dept of CSE, Canara Engineering College. Page 74 C Programming for Problem Solving (17CPS13/23): Module _ Santhosh Kumar D K THE for LOOP > A for loop statement can be used to execute s set of statements repeatedly as long as a given condition is true. The syntax is shown below: for (Loop-initialization; test-condition; Loop-update) t statement1; Firstly, Loop-initialization is evaluated. It is executed only once ‘Then, fest-condition is evaluated to true or false. If loop-update is evaluated to the control comes out of the loop without executing the body of the loop. If test-condition is evaluated to true, the body of the loop (ie. statementl) is executed. After executing the body of the loop, loop-update is evaluated. ‘Then test-condition is again evaluated to true or false. This cycle continues until expression becomes false. ‘The flow diagram is shown below: vvyv v vv ntthlization ‘statement [statenent just [below for Ht Program to find the factorial of N number. #include void main() t int i, n, fact=1; print£("\n Enter the N value"); scanf("$d", &n); for (i=l; i The break statement is jump statement which can be used in loops. > ‘The break statement works as shown below: > If break is executed in a switch block, the control comes out of the switch block and the statement following the switch block will be executed. > If break is executed in a loop, the control comes out of the loop and the statement following the loop will be executed. at white (test expression) ( statenent/s atenent/# iF (test expression) ( AF (eest expression) ( aed % ‘statenent/s Statenent/s > nite (tote expression) Ly for (Antiat expression; test expression; update expression) ( seatonent/s Af (east expression) ( breaks statenents/ ) L, Program to find the given number is prime or not. #include void main() { int i, n, prime=1; printf("\n Enter the N value"); scanf("$d", &n); for (i=2; ixen/2 € if(n8i == 0) itt) if( prime printf("\n Given number $d is a prime number", n); else printf("\n Given number $d is not a prime number", n); } Output: Enter the N value 5 Given number 5 is a prime number Dept of CSE, Canara Engineering College. Page 77 C Programming for Problem Solving (17CPS13/23): Module Il__ Santhosh Kumar D K THE continue STATEMENT > During execution of a loop, it may be necessary to skip a part of the loop based on some condition. In such cases, we use continue statement > The continue statement is used only in the loop to terminate the current iteration. ‘The syntax is shown below: 4 [vile (test expression) ( ‘seatenent/s statenent/ AF (Lest expression) ( 4€ (cost expression) (> continue} continues ‘statenent/s ‘Statenent/s ) ) Lipcniie (tose expression); [> for (Antiat expression; test expression; update expression) ( EF (eet expression) ( Seatenents/ > Program to read and add only positive numbers using continue statement. #include void main() t int i=1, num, sum =0; for(i=0; i < 5; i +4) t printf(* Enter an integer: scanf( “sd”, énum) ; if (num < 0) £ printf("you have entered a negative number \n”); continue ; // skip the remaining part of loop } sum=sum+num; , printf ("The sum of the Positive Integers Entered = $d”, sum); 2 output: Enter an Enter an You have entered a negative number Enter an 15 Enter an -100 You have entered a negative number Enter an integer: 30 The sum of the positive integers entered = 55 Dept of CSE, Canara Engineering College. Page 78 C Programming for Problem Solving (17CPS13/23): Module Il__ Santhosh Kumar D K THE goto statement > goto statement can be used to branch unconditionally from one point to another in the program, > The goto requires a label in order to identify the place where the branch is to be made, > A label is any valid variable name and must be followed by a colon( : ). > The label is placed immediately before the statement where the control is to be transferred. ‘The syntax is shown below: goto label; Program to find sum of N numbers using goto statement. #include void main() t int n, num, sum print£("\n Enter the N value"); scanf("$d", &n); REPEATE: if (n>0) t print£(" Enter an integer:”) scanf( “8d”, énum); sum+=num; goto REPEATE; 1 print£(" \n Sum =$d", sum); y Output: Enter the N value 3 Enter an integer: 10 Enter an integer: 15 Enter an integer: 20 Sum = 45 Dept of CSE, Canara Engineering College. Page 79 C Programming for Problem Solving (17CPS13/23): Module Il__ Santhosh Kumar D K PROGRAM EXAMPLES 1. Program to find roots of the quadratic equation #include #include void main() t float a,b,c,D, 11,12; print£("\n Enter three coefficients"); scanf ("$£8£8£", 6a, &b, &c) ; if (a==0/| b==0]/ c==0) print£("\n Invalid coefficients try again!!"); else f (b*b) ~(44atc) ; 4 £(D==0) t print£("\n Roots are equal"); xl=(-b)/ (24a); print£("\n Root1=$£ \n Root2=tf \n",r1,r1); i; else if(D>0) £ print£("\n Roots are real and distinct"); (-b) +sqrt (D))/ (24a) ; (-b) sqrt (D))/(2*a) ; print£("\n Root1=$f \n Root2=%f \n",r1,r2); , else t print£("\n Roots are real and imaginary"); 1=(-b)/(2*a) ;//Real part r2=sqrt (fabs (D))/(2*a) ;//imaginary part print£("\n Root1=8£+i8£ \n",r1,r2); print£("\n Root2=8£-i8f \n",r1,r2); , , J 2. Program to compute binomial coefficients #include define MAX 10 Void main() t int m, x, binom; print£(" mx"); for (m= 0; m <= MAX ; +4m) printé("s4d", m); Dept of CSE, Canara Engineering College. Page 80 C Programming for Problem Solving (17CPS13/23): Module Il__ Santhosh Kumar D K print£("\n~ “\n") 5 m= 0; do € print£("$2d_", m); x = 0; binom = 1; while (x <= m) f if(m == 0 || x printé ("34 else f inom = binom * (m- x + 1)/x; printf("$4d", binom) ; binom); x=xtl ) print£("\n"); m=m+1; , while (m MAX) ; print£(" } output: Durpur mx a 4 3. Program to Plot Pascal’s triangle #include void main() t int i, j,k), c7 printf("\n Enter the limit scanf("$d", én) ; print£("\n "); for (i=0; icn; i++) t Dept of CSE, Canara Engineering College. Page 81 C Programming for Problem Solving (17CPS13/23): Module Il__ Santhosh Kumar D K yj ken~i ; kt++) printe(" "); , fox (5-0; J<=d; j++) t print£(" $d ",c); fo* (4-5) / (541) ); } print£("\n"); Q 4. program to find the given number is palindrome or not #include void main() t int num, temp, rem, rev=0; print£(" Enter a number"); scant ("$d", enum) ; if (num<=0) printf ("Please enter a positive number"); else € temp=num; while (num!=0) € rem=num?10; rev=(rev*10) +rem; num=num/10; } if (temp==rev) printf("\n td is a palindrome", temp); else print£("\n %d is not a palindrome", temp); 5. Program to calculate electricity charges #include void main() t int unit; float charge=100; char name [30]; printf("\n Enter Consumer Name and number of units consumed\n"); scanf("Ss%d", name, gunit) ; if (unit<=200) charge+=0. 8*unit; else if (unit<=300) charget= (0. 8*200) +0. 9* (unit-200) ; Dept of CSE, Canara Engineering College. Page 82 C Programming for Problem Solving (17CPS13/23): Module Il__ Santhosh Kumar D K else charge+=(0.8*200) + (0. 9* (unit-200)) + (unit-300) ; Af (charge>400) charge+=(charge*0.15); print£("\n Consumer Name Number of Units Charges"); print£("\n$s\t\t\td\t\ts.2£\n", name, unit, charge) ; J 6. Program to find the square root of a number without using library function. #include void main() t float n, root, temp=0; printf("\nEnter a number") scanf ("$£", én); 4f(n<0) print£("\nPlease enter a positive number " else f root=n/2; while (root !=temp) f temp=root ; (n/root+root) /2; print£("\n Square root of %f is 8£",n, root); y 7. Program to compute sinx using Taylors series #include #include void main() t int i, degree; float x, sum=0,term, numer, deno; print£("\nEnter the values in degree"); scanf ("id", °ree) ; x=degree* (3.142/180) ; numer=x; Dept of CSE, Canara Engineering College. Page 83 C Programming for Problem Solving (17CPS13/23): Module Il__ Santhosh Kumar D K deno=deno*i* (i#1); sum=sum+term; while (fabs (term) >=0.00001) ; print£("\nThe value of sin(x) without using library function is Sin ($d) =8£\n", degree, sum) ; printf("\nThe value of sin(x) using library function is Sin($d)=8£\n", degree, sin (x)) ; p 8. Program to display Fibonacci series #include void main() t int i, n, tl = 0, t2 = 1, nextTerm; printf ("Enter the number of terms: "); seanf("%d", én); print£ ("Fibonacci Series: "); for (i = 1; i <= nj +i) f print£("$d, ", t1); nextTerm = t1 + t2; tl = t2; t2 = next Term; 1 J Dept of CSE, Canara Engineering College. Page 84 C Programming for Problem Solving (17CPS13/23): Module Il__ Santhosh Kumar D K Question Bank 1. Explain the Syntax of nested if...else statement. Write a C program to find largest of three numbers using nested if....else statement. 2. Explain the syntax of do-while statement. Write a C program to find the factorial of a number using while loop, where the number n is entered by the user. 3. Write a calculator program in C language to do simple operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Use switch statement in your program, 4, Write a C program to find the roots of quadratic equation, 5. Explain syntax of while statement. Write a C program to check the given number is palindrome or not. 6. Explain break and continue statements with respect to do-whil with suitable examples. 7. Print the following series: 1 12 123 1234 8. Explain ternary operator with suitable example. 9. Write a program to compute sinx using Taylors series. 10. Write a program to find the square root of a number without using library function, 11. Write a program to calculate electricity charges. 12, Write a program to find the given number is palindrome or not. 13, Write a program to Plot Pascal’s triangle. 14, Write a program to compute binomial coefficients. 15. Explain break, continue and goto statements with example. 16. Write the difference between while and do-while statement, 17. Write a program to find GCD and LCM of two numbers. 18, Write a program to generate Fibonacci series. 19. Explain looping statements with example. . while and for loop Referenei 1, E Balaguruswamy, Programming in ANSI C, 7th Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill Education. For more Program Examples refer my website: hutps://sites. google.com/view/dksbin/subjects/e-programming-for-problem- solving Dept of CSE, Canara Engineering College. Page 85

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