This document discusses dimensional analysis of equations for non-isothermal systems. Key points:
1) Dimensional analysis of these systems' equations results in numerous dimensionless groups that are useful for analyzing heat transfer problems.
2) Important dimensionless groups include the Reynolds number, Prandtl number, Grashof number, and Brinkman number, which compare various forces in the system.
3) These dimensionless groups are widely used in correlations to predict heat transfer coefficients in different conditions.
This document discusses dimensional analysis of equations for non-isothermal systems. Key points:
1) Dimensional analysis of these systems' equations results in numerous dimensionless groups that are useful for analyzing heat transfer problems.
2) Important dimensionless groups include the Reynolds number, Prandtl number, Grashof number, and Brinkman number, which compare various forces in the system.
3) These dimensionless groups are widely used in correlations to predict heat transfer coefficients in different conditions.
This document discusses dimensional analysis of equations for non-isothermal systems. Key points:
1) Dimensional analysis of these systems' equations results in numerous dimensionless groups that are useful for analyzing heat transfer problems.
2) Important dimensionless groups include the Reynolds number, Prandtl number, Grashof number, and Brinkman number, which compare various forces in the system.
3) These dimensionless groups are widely used in correlations to predict heat transfer coefficients in different conditions.
This document discusses dimensional analysis of equations for non-isothermal systems. Key points:
1) Dimensional analysis of these systems' equations results in numerous dimensionless groups that are useful for analyzing heat transfer problems.
2) Important dimensionless groups include the Reynolds number, Prandtl number, Grashof number, and Brinkman number, which compare various forces in the system.
3) These dimensionless groups are widely used in correlations to predict heat transfer coefficients in different conditions.
Dr. R. P. Ram Associate Professor Department of Chemical Engineering Institute of Engineering and Technology, Lucknow
LECTURE # 11
➢ DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE EQUATIONS OF CHANGE
FOR NONISOTHERMAL SYSTEMS
Now that we have shown how to use the equations of change for non-isothermal systems to solve some representative heat transport problems, we discuss the dimensional analysis of these equations. We shall see, how, the dimensional analysis of non-isothermal systems provides a large number of dimensionless groups. For the sake of simplicity, we restrict ourselves to a fluid with constant µ,
k, and Cp. The density is taken to be 𝜌 = 𝜌̅ 𝛽̅ (𝑇 − 𝑇̅) in the ρg term in the
equation of motion, and 𝜌 = 𝜌̅ everywhere else (the "Boussinesq
approximation"). The equations of change then become with p + ρgh expressed as P,
We now introduce quantities made dimensionless with the characteristic
quantities (subscript 0 or 1) as follows- • Here lo, v0, and Po are the reference quantities such as characteristic length lo, a characteristic velocity v0 and a characteristic modified pressure Po = p0 + ρgh, (for example, these might be a tube diameter, the average flow velocity, and the modified pressure at the tube exit). • T0 and T1 are temperatures appearing in the boundary conditions. In Eq. 2 ̅ is the temperature around which the density ρ was expanded. the value T
In terms of these dimensionless variables, the equations of change in Eqs. 1 to 3
take the forms-
• The characteristic velocity can be chosen in several ways, and the
consequences of the choices are summarized in Table 1. • The dimensionless groups appearing in Eqs. 7, 8 and 9, along with some combinations of these groups, are summarized in Table 2. • Further dimensionless groups may arise in the boundary conditions or in the equation of state. • These dimensionless groups are used widely in correlations of heat transfer coefficients.
Table 1- Dimensionless Groups in Equations 7, 8 and 9
• It is sometimes useful to think of the dimensionless groups as ratios of
various forces or effects in the system, as shown in Table-3. • For example, the inertia1 term in the equation of motion is 𝜌[𝑣. ∇𝑣] and the viscous term is 𝜇∇2 𝑣. • To get "typical" values of these terms, replace the variables by the characteristic "yardsticks" used in constructing dimensionless variables. • Hence replace 𝜌[𝑣. ∇𝑣] by 𝜌 𝑣02 ⁄𝑙0 and replace 𝜇∇2 𝑣 by 𝜇𝑣0 ⁄𝑙02 to get rough orders of magnitude. The ratio of these two terms then gives the Reynolds number, as shown in the table. • The other dimensionless groups are obtained in similar way. Table -2 Dimensionless Groups Used in Nonisothermal Systems
Table 3- Physical Interpretation of Dimensionless Groups
➢ A low value for the Reynolds number means that viscous forces are large in comparison with inertial forces. ➢ A low value of the Brinkman number indicates that the heat produced by viscous dissipation can be transported away quickly by heat conduction. ➢ When Gr /Re2 is large, the buoyant force is important in determining the flow pattern.
