‫‪FLOW FROM A HOLE IN THE SIDE OF A TANK‬‬

‫تحت إشراف الدكتور‪/‬‬

‫االسم‪ /‬أحمد خالد عبده الجبري‬ ‫د‪.‬م ‪ /‬عادل عبد الجليل‬

‫الرقم االكاديمي‪293/2011/‬‬
 CONTENT
INTRODUCTION -1

OBJECT OF EXPERIMENT -2

Equipment- 3

Procedure -4

Configurations -5

THEORY -6

Set Up and Procedure Steps -7

RESULT -8

DISCUSSION -9

CONCULISION -10
Introduction:

Water turbines are widely used throughout the world to generate power.
In the type of water turbine referred to as a Peltonwheel, one or more
water jets are directed tangentially on to vanes or buckets that are
fastened to the rim of the turbine disc. The impact of the water on the
vanes generates a torque on the wheel, causing it to rotate and to develop
power. Although the concept is essentially simple, such turbines can
generate considerable output at high efficiency. Powers in excess of 100
MW, and hydraulic efficiencies greater than 95%, are not uncommon. It
may be noted that the Pelton wheel is best suited to conditions where the
available head of water is great, and the flow rate is comparatively small.
For example, with a head of 100 m and a flow rate of 1 m3/s, a Pelton
wheel running at some 250 rev/min could be used to develop about 900
kW. The same water power would be available if the head were only 10
m and the flow were 10m3/s, but a different type of turbine would then be
needed.

To predict the output of a Pelton wheel, and to determine its optimum

rotational speed, we need to understand how the deflection of the jet
generates a force on the buckets, and how the force is related to the rate
of momentum flow in the jet. In this experiment, we measure the force
generated by a jet of water striking a flat plate or a hemispherical cup,
and compare the results with the computed momentum flow rate in the
.jet

:Objectives

1. To determine the force produced by a water jet when it

strikes a flat vane and a hemispherical cup.
2. To compare the results measured with the theoretical values
calculated from the momentum flux in the jet
 :Equipment
 The F1-10 Hydraulic Bench, and the F1-17a Orifice Discharge.

 A volumetric tube and a stopwatch are needed to find the flow

rate.
The F1-17a Orifice Discharge device consists mainly of a cylindrical
tank with a small orifice near the bottom of the tank. There is an
adjustable overflow pipe near the top of the tank through which the
level of water in the tank can be perfectly maintained. There are two
inlet hoses one connected to the overflow pipe and the other to the
tank, through which the tank is filled and supplied with water. The
tank is mounted on a frame ‘F1-10’ along with a recording system that
is used to measure the jet of water produced from the orifice when in
use. The recording system consists of a clipboard and adjustable
pointers. The pointers can be adjusted in height to correspond with the
arc of the water jet. Paper can be mounted against the clipboard and
.the position of the tips of the pointers can be recorded on the paper
 

:Procedure

 -Stand the
apparatus on the
hydraulic bench,
with the drainpipe
immediately above
the hole leading to
the weighing tank.
Connect the bench
supply hose to the
inlet pipe on the
apparatus, using a hose-clip to secure the connection.
 -Fit the flat plate to the apparatus. If the cup is fitted, remove it by
undoing the retaining screw and lifting it out, complete with the
loose cover plate. Take care not to drop the cup in the plastic
cylinder.
 -Fit the cover plate over the stem of the flat plate and hold it in
position below the beam. Screw in the retaining screw and tighten
it.
 -Set the weigh-beam to its datum position. First set the jockey
weight on the beam so that the datum groove is at zero on the scale.
Turn the adjusting nut, above the spring, until the grooves on the
tally are in line with the top plate .This indicates the datum
position to which the beam must be returned, during the
experiment, to measure the force produced by the jet.
 -Switch on the bench pump and open the bench supply valve to
admit water to the apparatus. Check that the drainpipe is over the
hole leading to the weighing tank.
 -Fully open the supply valve and slide the jockey weight along the
beam until the tally returns to record the reading on the scale
corresponding to the groove on the jockey weight.
 -Measure the flow rate by limiting the collection of water in the
bench-weighing bank.
 -Move the jockey weight inwards by 10 to 15mm and reduce the
flow rate until the beam is approximately level. Set the beam to
 exactly the correct position (as indicated by the tally) by moving
the jockey weight, and record the scale reading. Measure the flow
rate.
 -Switch of the bench pump and record the mass m of the jockey
weight, the diameter d of the nozzle, and the distance s of the vanes
from the outlet of the nozzle.

:Theory of the Experiment

:From Bernoulli’s equation

)P2/ρg(+)Z2(+)u2^2/2g( =)P1/ρg(+)Z1(+)u1^2/2g(

u2=(u1^2 -2gh)

Fy = ρQ(u2cos β2 − u1)

Fy=ρQ β2 =90 1

Fy =1.5ρQ β2=120 2

A
Fy =2 ρQ β2=180 3

Q= V/ t , u=Q/A

 Diameter of hemispherical cup: 0.06m

 Diameter of nozzle: d = 0.01mA=7.853981634*10^-5 m
 Accuracy = (muo-4gX /4gX) *100%

Set Up and Procedure Steps

 Place the flowmeter test rig on the bench and ensure that it is
horizontally levelled (necessary for accurate readings from the
manometers).
 Next, connect the inlet pipe to the bench supply and the outlet pipe
into the volumetric tank.
 Then, secure the end of the pipe to prevent it from moving about.
 Start the pump and open the bench valve and the test rig flow
control valve, to flush the system.
 In order to bleed air from the pressure tapping points and
manometers, close both the bench and test rig valves.
 Open the air bleed screw and remove the cap from the adjacent air
valve.
 Connect a length of small bore tubing from the air valve to the
volumetric tank.
 Next, open the bench valve and allow flow through the manometer
tubes to purge them of air.
 Then, tighten air bleed screw and partly open the test rig flow
control valve and partly close the bench valve.
 Now open the air bleed screw slightly to allow air to be drawn into
the top of the manometer tubes.
 Re-tighten the screw when the manometer levels reach a
convenient height.
 Check that all manometer levels are on scale at the maximum flow
rate (full-scale reading on the variable area meter). These levels
can be adjusted further by using the air bleed screw or the hand
pump supplied.
  At a fixed flow rate, record all manometer heights and the variable
area meter reading and carry out a timed volume collection using
the volumetric tank.
 This is achieved by closing the ball valve and measuring (with a
stopwatch) the time taken to accumulate a known volume of fluid
in the tank, as measured from the sight-glass.
 Repeat the measurements record for different flow rates.

Results
Using eguation

Part one

√ 2hg =U
; The velocity is modivied by a velocity coefficient Cv

√ 2hg U= Cv
The travel a horizontal distance x=ut

¿g t 2
= The travel a vertical distance y
2

x2
√ 4hy
=Cv

Remark
Until now, we have been gotten the experimental values & to get the
theoretical values we will do the following step:

The solve by eguation

Firest At h=392cm

x2
√ 4hy
=Cv1

∆ x=
052 mm =X
∆ 37.11
y= mm =Y
 052 )2
√37.11
(
4 ( 0293)( )
=Cv

Cv1=0.583

Second

At h=350cm
∆ x=
052 mm =X
∆ 71.11
y= mm =Y

052 )2
√71.11
(
4 ( 0053)( )
=Cv

Cv2=0.632

Thered

At h=300cm
∆ x=
052 mm =X
∆32.01
y= mm =Y

052 )2
√
32.01
(
4 ( 0003
)( )
=Cv

Cv3=0.714

From following
vC 1+vC 2+vC 3
3
=Cv(avreg)

Cv(avreg)=0.643
 Using skech

The Experiment data

Firest

At h=392cm

Measured Data
)2/1(^)YH4( )mm( X )mm(Y )mc(H
0 0 0 293
3.915 05 2.71 293
56.805 001 5.61 293
73.594 051 56.51 293
5.874 002 6.41 293
76.654 052 3.31 293
49.044 003 4.21 293
7.773 053 1.9 293
5.623 004 8.6 293

√ 4yh Plot X versus

And find Cv from the slope of this graph
2/1(^)YH4(- susrev-X

006
005
)( raeniL
84.143 + x 87.11 = )x(f 004
40.0 = ²R
003 )( raeniL
002
mm(X

)( raeniL
001
0
21 01 8 6 4 2 0
2/1(^)YH4

From graph we have y = 0.2357x + 353.26

yd
xd
The slop can express by

yd
0.2357xd
=

Cv1=0.2357

Second

At h=350cm

Measured Data
)2/1(^)YH4( )mm(X )mm(Y )mc(H
0 0 0 053
58.784 05 71 053
79.674 001 52.61 053
38.564 051 5.51 053
44.744 002 3.41 053
66.124 052 7.21 053
48.883 003 8.01 053
69.443 053 5.8 053
984.772 004 5.5 053

√ 4yh Plot X versus

And find Cv from the slope of this graph
2/1(^)YH4(- susrev-X

006
005
004 )( raeniL
94.923 + x 86.7 = )x(f
20.0 = ²R 003
)( raeniL
002
mm(X

001
0
21 01 8 6 4 2 0
)2/1(^)YH4

From graph we have y = 0.1536x + 337.17

yd
xd
The slop can express by

yd
6351.0
=
xd

Cv2 =0.1536

Thered

At h=300cm

Measured Data
)2/1(^)YH4( )mm(X )mm(Y )mc(H
0 0 0 003
66.154 05 71 003
68.834 001 50.61 003
1.724 051 2.51 003
94.204 002 5.31 003
996.473 052 7.11 003
6.823 003 9 003
33.862 053 6 003
8.702 004 6.3 003

√ 4yh Plot X versus

 And find Cv from the slope of this graph

03=H ta 2/1(^)YH4(- susrev-X

005
054
004
053 )( raeniL
84.123 + x 41.0 = )x(f 003
0 = ²R 052 )( raeniL
002
051
)mm(X

)( raeniL
001
05
0
21 01 8 6 4 2 0
)2/1(^)YH4(

From the three graphs y = 0.0028x + 321.62

yd
xd
The slop can express by

dy
=0.0028
dx
Cv3=0.0028

From following
Cv 1+Cv 2+Cv 3
Cv(avreg)= 3

0.2357+0.1536+ 0.0028
Cv= 3

Cv=0.130

Thus the summary of calculations:

= Error Experimental Theoretical Parameter

laciteroehT latnemirepxE
−
lacitroehT
 0.7967 0.1307 0.643 Cv(avreg)

0.07 0.0252 2720.0 Intercept Point

Part two
Determination of the discharge volume Q

Q=CѵCc A√(2gh)
Avc
C c= A

Aѵc The area vena contracta

π
A The area of orivice A= 4 (0.003)^2 =7.07e-6

Cc The coefficient of contraction

Cd The coefficient of discharge

Q=Cd A√ ¿ ¿) , Q= (V/t)
Q
Cd= A (2 gh¿) ¿
√
Using eguation
Q
Cd= A (2 gh¿) ¿
√
Firest

At h=392cm
1.42e-5
Cd1¿ 6.2e-5 =0.226

Second

At h=350cm
 1.35e-5
Cd2= 5.86e-5 ¿ =0.23
¿

Thered

At h=300cm
1.15e-5
Cd3= 5.42e-5 =0.212

From following
Cd 1+ Cd 2+Cd 3 0.226+0.23+0.212
Cd(avreg)= 3
= 3
=0.223

Measured Data

)mc(h Q ))hg2((√A
293
50-E24.1 50-E02.6
053
50-E53.1 50-E68.5
003
50-E51.1 50-E24.5

√ 2hg Plot Q versus

And find Cd from the slope of this graph
 Q
1.60E-05
1.40E-05
f(x) = − 0 x + 0
R² = 0.93 1.20E-05
1.00E-05
Q
8.00E-06
Q

Linear (Q)
6.00E-06
4.00E-06
2.00E-06
0.00E+00
8.00E+00 6.00E+00 4.00E+00 2.00E+00 0.00E+00
A(2gh)^0.5

From graph we have y = 0.3584x - 8E-06

yd
xd
The slop can express by

yd
0.3584=
xd

Cd=0.3584

Thus the summary of calculations:

= Error Experimental Theoretical Parameter

laciteroehT latnemirepxE
−
lacitroehT

0.6072- 0.3584 0.223 Cv(avreg)

From following in the part one and part two

 Cd
Cc= Cv

Using eguation
0.223
Cc= 0.643 =0.347

Using skech
0.3584
Cc= 0.1307 =2.74

Discussion
Source of Errors:
o Turning the adjusting nut above the spring until the grooves
on the tally are in the line with the top plate.
o Recording the reading on the scale corresponding to the
groove on the jockey weight.
o Starting timer and adding weights when beam moves to
horizontal.
o Stopping timer when beam moves to horizontal again.
o
Conclusion
The Impact of a Jet apparatus shows students the force produced by a jet
of

water as it strikes a flat plate or hemispherical cup. They can then

compare this

to the momentum flow rate in the jet.