Data and Computer Communications: - Signal Encoding Techniques
Data and Computer Communications: - Signal Encoding Techniques
Communications
Chapter 5 – Signal Encoding
Techniques
Signal Encoding Techniques
Digital Data, Digital Signal
• Digital signal
• discrete, discontinuous voltage pulses
• each pulse is a signal element
• binary data encoded into signal elements
Some Terms
• unipolar
• polar
• data rate
• duration or length of a bit
• modulation rate
• mark and space
Interpreting Signals
• need to know
• timing of bits - when they start and end
• signal levels
• factors affecting signal interpretation
• signal to noise ratio
• data rate
• bandwidth
• encoding scheme
Comparison of Encoding Schemes
• signal spectrum
• clocking
• error detection
• signal interference and noise immunity
• cost and complexity
Encoding Schemes
Nonreturn to Zero-Level
(NRZ-L)
• two different voltages for 0 and 1 bits
• voltage constant during bit interval
• no transition I.e. no return to zero voltage
• such as absence of voltage for zero, constant positive voltage for one
• more often, negative voltage for one value and positive for the other
Nonreturn to Zero Inverted
• Pros
• easy to engineer
• make good use of bandwidth
• Cons
• dc component
• lack of synchronization capability
• used for magnetic recording
• not often used for signal transmission
Multilevel Binary
Bipolar-AMI
• Use more than two levels
• Bipolar-AMI
• zero represented by no line signal
• one represented by positive or negative pulse
• one pulses alternate in polarity
• no loss of sync if a long string of ones
• long runs of zeros still a problem
• no net dc component
• lower bandwidth
• easy error detection
Multilevel Binary
Pseudoternary
• one represented by absence of line signal
• zero represented by alternating positive and negative
• no advantage or disadvantage over bipolar-AMI
• each used in some applications
Multilevel Binary Issues
• Con
• at least one transition per bit time and possibly two
• maximum modulation rate is twice NRZ
• requires more bandwidth
• Pros
• synchronization on mid bit transition (self clocking)
• has no dc component
• has error detection
Modulation Rate
Scrambling
• use scrambling to replace sequences that would
produce constant voltage
• these filling sequences must
• produce enough transitions to sync
• be recognized by receiver & replaced with original
• be same length as original
• design goals
• have no dc component
• have no long sequences of zero level line signal
• have no reduction in data rate
• give error detection capability
B8ZS and HDB3
Digital Data, Analog Signal
• Amplitude Modulation
• Frequency Modulation
• Phase Modulation
Summary