SSMTh2: Basic Calculus

Engr. Aaron John A. Moriones

La Salle College Antipolo Senior High School Department Basic Calculus
 Objectives
• Derive the differentiation rules
• Apply the differentiation rules in computing the derivative of an
algebraic and transcendental functions
• Illustrate the Chain Rule of differentiation
• Solve problems using the Chain Rule
• Compute higher-order derivatives of functions

La Salle College Antipolo Senior High School Department Basic Calculus

 DERIVATIVE
NOTATION

La Salle College Antipolo Senior High School Department Basic Calculus

 Derivatives Notations
There are many ways to denote the derivative of a function, 𝑦 − 𝑓(𝑥).
Besides 𝑓′(𝑥), the most common notations are the following:
Symbol Read as … Explanation

𝑦′ “y prime” or “f prime of x” Nice and brief but does not name

𝑓′(𝑥) the independent variable
𝑑𝑦 “𝑑𝑦Τ𝑑𝑥”, or “the derivative of y in terms of x” Names both variables and uses d
𝑑𝑥 for derivatives
𝑑𝑓 " 𝑑𝑓 Τ𝑑𝑥" 𝑜𝑟 “the derivative of f in terms of x” Emphasizes the function’s name
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 " 𝑑 Τ𝑑𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑓 𝑎𝑡 𝑥“ or “the derivative of f at x” Emphasizes the idea that
𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 differentiation is an operation
performed on f

La Salle College Antipolo Senior High School Department Basic Calculus

 RULES ON
DIFFERENTIATION FOR
ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS
• Polynomial Functions
• Rational Functions
• Radical Functions

La Salle College Antipolo Senior High School Department Basic Calculus

 Rule No.1 PROOF:
The Constant Rule Given: 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒄, where c is a constant
If ′
𝒇 𝒙 + ∆𝒙 − 𝒇(𝒙)
𝒇 𝒙 = lim
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒄 ∆𝒙→𝟎
𝒄 − 𝒄 ∆𝒙
where c is a constant 𝒇′ 𝒙 = lim = lim 𝟎 = 𝟎
∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙 ∆𝒙→𝟎
then
𝒅𝒚
𝒇’ 𝒙 = =𝟎
𝒅𝒙

The derivative of a constant

is equal to zero.

La Salle College Antipolo Senior High School Department Basic Calculus

 Rule No.2 PROOF:
Given: 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐
The Power Rule 𝒇 𝒙 + ∆𝒙 − 𝒇(𝒙)
′
If 𝒇 𝒙 = lim
∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝒏 𝟐 𝟐
(𝒙 + ∆𝒙) −𝒙
where 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁 𝒇′ 𝒙 = lim
∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙
Then, 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙∆𝒙 + ∆𝒙 − 𝒙
𝒇′ 𝒙 = 𝒏𝒙𝒏−𝟏 𝒇′ 𝒙 = lim
∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙
𝟐
𝟐𝒙∆𝒙 + ∆𝒙
𝒇′ 𝒙 = lim = lim 𝟐𝒙 + ∆𝒙
∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙 ∆𝒙→𝟎
𝒇′ 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟎 = 𝟐𝒙

La Salle College Antipolo Senior High School Department Basic Calculus

 Example
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥5 1
𝑓 𝑥 = 3
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 5 ∙ 𝑥 5−1 𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 −3
𝒇′ 𝒙 = 𝟓𝒙𝟒
𝑓′ 𝑥
= −3𝑥 −3−1
𝒇′ 𝒙 = −𝟑𝒙−𝟒
or
′ 𝒙
𝟑
𝒇 =− 𝟒
𝒙
La Salle College Antipolo Senior High School Department Basic Calculus
 Rule No.3 PROOF:
The Constant Given: 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙𝟐
Multiple Rule ′
𝒇 𝒙 + ∆𝒙 − 𝒇(𝒙)
𝒇 𝒙 = lim
If ∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒂𝒙𝒏 𝟐(𝒙 + ∆𝒙)𝟐
−𝟐𝒙𝟐
𝒇′ 𝒙 = lim
where 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁 ∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙
𝟐𝒙 𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙∆𝒙 + 𝟐∆𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐
Then,
𝒇′ 𝒙 = (𝒂 ∙ 𝒏)𝒙𝒏−𝟏 𝒇′ 𝒙 = lim
∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙
𝟐
𝟒𝒙∆𝒙 + 𝟐∆𝒙
𝒇′ 𝒙 = lim = lim 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟐∆𝒙
∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙 ∆𝒙→𝟎
𝒇′ 𝒙 = 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟐(𝟎) = 𝟒𝒙

La Salle College Antipolo Senior High School Department Basic Calculus

 Example
𝑓 𝑥 = 4𝑥 3 1
𝑓 𝑥 = 4
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 4(3) ∙ 𝑥 3−1 2𝑥
1 −4
𝒇′ 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥
2
1
𝑓′ 𝑥 = ∙ −4 𝑥 −4−1
2
𝟐
𝒇′ 𝒙 −𝟓
= −𝟐𝒙 = − 𝟓
𝒙

La Salle College Antipolo Senior High School Department Basic Calculus

 Rule No.4 PROOF:
The Sum and
Given: 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙
Difference Rule 𝒇 𝒙 + ∆𝒙 − 𝒇(𝒙)
′
If 𝒇 𝒙 = lim
∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒈 𝒙 ± 𝒉(𝒙) [(𝒙 + ∆𝒙) 𝟐
+(𝒙 + ∆𝒙)] − (𝒙𝟐
+𝒙)
′
Then, 𝒇 𝒙 = lim
′ ′
∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒈 𝒙 ± 𝒉′(𝒙) 𝒙 𝟐
+ 𝟐𝒙∆𝒙 + ∆𝒙 𝟐
+ 𝒙 + ∆𝒙 − (𝒙 𝟐
+ 𝒙)
′
𝒇 𝒙 = lim
∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙
𝟐
′
𝟐𝒙∆𝒙 + ∆𝒙 + ∆𝒙
𝒇 𝒙 = lim = lim 𝟐𝒙 + ∆𝒙 + 𝟏
∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙 ∆𝒙→𝟎
𝒇′ 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟎 + 𝟏 = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏

La Salle College Antipolo Senior High School Department Basic Calculus

 Example
𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 𝑥 4 − 5
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 2 2 𝑥 2−1 + 3𝑥 1−1 − 4𝑥 4−1 − 0
𝒇′ 𝒙 = 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟑 − 𝟒𝒙𝟑

La Salle College Antipolo Senior High School Department Basic Calculus

 Rule No.5
The Product Rule
If
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒖𝒗
Where 𝒖 and 𝒗 are 2 different functions
Then,
𝒇′ 𝒙 = 𝒖𝒗′ + 𝒗𝒖′

La Salle College Antipolo Senior High School Department Basic Calculus

 Example
𝑓 𝑥 = (2𝑥 + 5)(3𝑥 2 − 4)
Let 𝑢 = 2𝑥 + 5, and 𝑣 = 3𝑥 2 − 4
Then, 𝑢′ = 2 and 𝑣′ = 6𝑥
Therefore,
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣 ′ + 𝑣𝑢′
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 5 6𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 − 4 2
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 12𝑥 2 + 30𝑥 + 6𝑥 2 − 8
𝒇′ 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟖𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝟎𝒙 − 𝟖
La Salle College Antipolo Senior High School Department Basic Calculus
 Example
𝑓 𝑥 =𝑥 𝑥

La Salle College Antipolo Senior High School Department Basic Calculus

 Rule No.5
The Quotient Rule
If
𝒖
𝒇 𝒙 =
𝒗
Where 𝒖 and 𝒗 are 2 different functions
Then,
′
′
𝒗𝒖 − 𝒖𝒗′
𝒇 𝒙 =
𝒗𝟐

La Salle College Antipolo Senior High School Department Basic Calculus

 Example
3𝑥 − 5
𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥+1
Let 𝑢 = 3𝑥 − 5, and 𝑣 = 𝑥 + 1
Then, 𝑢′ = 3 and 𝑣′ = 1
Therefore,
′
′
𝒗𝒖 − 𝒖𝒗′
𝒇 𝒙 =
𝒗𝟐
′
𝒙 + 𝟏 (𝟑) − (𝟑𝒙 − 𝟓)(𝟏)
𝒇 𝒙 =
𝒙+𝟏 𝟐
La Salle College Antipolo Senior High School Department Basic Calculus
 Example
3𝑥 − 5
𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥+1
′
𝑥 + 1 (3) − (3𝑥 − 5)(1)
𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥+1 2
′
(3𝑥 + 3) − (3𝑥 − 5) 3 − (−5)
𝑓 𝑥 = 2
=
𝑥+1 𝑥+1 2
′
𝟖
𝒇 𝒙 =
𝒙+𝟏 𝟐

La Salle College Antipolo Senior High School Department Basic Calculus

 Example
𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6
𝑓 𝑥 =
2𝑥 + 1

La Salle College Antipolo Senior High School Department Basic Calculus

 RULES ON
DIFFERENTIATION FOR
TRANSCENDENTAL
FUNCTIONS
• Exponential Functions
• Logarithmic Functions
• Trigonometric Functions
La Salle College Antipolo Senior High School Department Basic Calculus
 RULES ON DIFFERENTIATION
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
REAL NUMBER BASE EULER’S NUMBER BASE
If If
𝑓 𝑢 = 𝑎𝑢 𝑓 𝑢 = 𝑒𝑢
Where 𝑢 is a function of 𝑥 Where 𝑢 is a function of 𝑥
Then Then
𝑓′(𝑢) = 𝑎𝑢 ∙ ln 𝑎 ∙ 𝑢′ 𝑓 ′ 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢 ∙ 𝑢′

La Salle College Antipolo Senior High School Department Basic Calculus

 Example
𝑓 𝑥 = 22𝑥−1
Let 𝑎 = 2, and 𝑢 = 2𝑥 − 1
Then, 𝑢′ = 2
Therefore,
𝑓′(𝑢) = 𝑎𝑢 ∙ ln 𝑎 ∙ 𝑢′
𝑓′(𝑢) = 23𝑥−1 ∙ ln 2 ∙ 2
𝑓′(𝑢) = 2 3𝑥−1 +1 ∙ ln 2
𝑓′(𝑢) = 23𝑥 ln 2

La Salle College Antipolo Senior High School Department Basic Calculus

 RULES ON DIFFERENTIATION
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
REAL NUMBER BASE EULER’S NUMBER BASE
If If
𝑓 𝑢 = log 𝑎 𝑢 𝑓 𝑢 = ln 𝑢
Where 𝑢 is a function of 𝑥 Where 𝑢 is a function of 𝑥
Then Then
𝑢′ ′
𝑢′
𝑓′(𝑢) = 𝑓 𝑢 =
𝑢 ln 𝑎 𝑢

La Salle College Antipolo Senior High School Department Basic Calculus

 Example
𝑓 𝑥 = ln(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1)
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1
Then, 𝑢′ = 2𝑥 − 2 = 2(𝑥 − 1)
Therefore,
𝑢′′
𝑓 𝑢 =
𝑢
′
2(𝑥 − 1) 2(𝑥 − 1) 𝟐
𝑓 𝑢 = 2 = 2
=
𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 1 𝑥−1 𝒙−𝟏

La Salle College Antipolo Senior High School Department Basic Calculus

 RULES ON DIFFERENTIATION
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Function Derivative

If 𝑓 𝑢 = sin 𝑢 Then 𝑓′(𝑢) = cos 𝑢 ∙ 𝑢′

If 𝑓 𝑢 = cos 𝑢 Then 𝑓′(𝑢) = −sin 𝑢 ∙ 𝑢′

If 𝑓 𝑢 = tan 𝑢 Then𝑓′(𝑢) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢 ∙ 𝑢′

If 𝑓 𝑢 = csc 𝑢 Then𝑓′(𝑢) = −csc 𝑢 cot 𝑢 ∙ 𝑢′

If 𝑓 𝑢 = sec 𝑢 Then𝑓′(𝑢) = sec 𝑢 tan 𝑢 ∙ 𝑢′

If 𝑓 𝑢 = cot 𝑢 Then𝑓′(𝑢) = −𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑢 ∙ 𝑢′

La Salle College Antipolo Senior High School Department Basic Calculus

 Example
𝑓 𝑥 = sin(3𝑥)
Let 𝑢 = 3𝑥
Then, 𝑢′ = 3
Therefore,
𝑓′(𝑢) = cos 𝑢 ∙ 𝑢′
𝑓′(𝑢) = cos(3𝑥) ∙ 3
𝑓′(𝑢) = 3 cos(3𝑥)

La Salle College Antipolo Senior High School Department Basic Calculus

 THE CHAIN RULE

La Salle College Antipolo Senior High School Department Basic Calculus

 RULES ON
Another way to state the Chain Rule is the following:
DIFFERENTIATION
THE CHAIN RULE
If y is a differentiable function of u defined by
Let f be a function
differentiable at c and let g be y = f(u) and u is a differentiable function of x
a function differentiable at defined by u = g(x), then y is a differentiable
f(c). Then the composition
g(f(x)) is differentiable at x function of x, and the derivative of y with
and respect to x is given by
𝑔′ 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑔′ 𝑓 𝑥 ∙ 𝑓′(𝑥)
𝑓′(𝑥) = 𝑓′(𝑢) ∙ 𝑢′

La Salle College Antipolo Senior High School Department Basic Calculus

 Example
𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 5 5
Let 𝑢 = 3𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 5, then 𝑓 𝑢 = 𝑢5
Therefore, 𝑢′ = 6𝑥 − 5, and 𝑓 ′ 𝑢 = 5𝑢4
Finding the derivative of the function..
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 𝑓′(𝑢) ∙ 𝑢′
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 5𝑢4 ∙ (6𝑥 − 5)
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 5(3𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 5)4 ∙ (6𝑥 − 5)
′ 𝟐 𝟒
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟓 𝟔𝒙 − 𝟓 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟓
La Salle College Antipolo Senior High School Department Basic Calculus
 Example
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 ln(𝑥 2 + 4)

La Salle College Antipolo Senior High School Department Basic Calculus

 Example
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥

La Salle College Antipolo Senior High School Department Basic Calculus

 Objectives
✓Derive the differentiation rules
✓Apply the differentiation rules in computing the derivative of an
algebraic and transcendental functions
✓Illustrate the Chain Rule of differentiation
✓Solve problems using the Chain Rule
✓Compute higher-order derivatives of functions

La Salle College Antipolo Senior High School Department Basic Calculus

 The FINAL CLASSCRAFT
QUEST IS NOW AVAILABLE

La Salle College Antipolo Senior High School Department Basic Calculus

 And that class is the end of
our subject Basic Calculus

La Salle College Antipolo Senior High School Department Basic Calculus