Exercise 2.

3
1. Evaluate:
3
i) [2] [2 −4 3]
1
3(2) 3(−4) 3(3) 6 −12 9
= [2(2) 2(−4) 2(3)] = [4 −8 6]
1(2) 1(−4) 1(3) 2 −4 3

4
ii) [2 −1 3] [3] = [2(4) – 1(3) + 3(1)]
1
= [8 – 3 + 3] = [8]

−1 1 1 2 1 4
2. A =[ 2 3 0], B = [3 0 2] State whether AB = BA? Justify your
1 −3 1 1 2 1
answer.
Solution:
−1 1 1 2 1 4
AB = [ 2 3 0] [3 0 2]
1 −3 1 1 2 1
−1(2) + 1(3) + 1(1) −1(1) + 1(0) + 1(2) −1(4) + 1(2) + 1(1)
[ 2(2) + 3(3) + 0(1) 2(1) + 3(0) + 0(2) 2(4) + 3(2) + 0(1) ]
1(2) − 3(3) + 1(1) 1(1) − 3(0) + 1(2) 1(4) − 3(2) + 1(1)
−2 + 3 + 1 −1 + 0 + 2 −4 + 2 + 1
=[ 4+9+0 2+0+0 8+6+0 ]
2−9+1 1−0+2 4−6+1
2 1 −1
= [ 13 2 14 ] (1)
−6 3 −1
2 1 4 −1 1 1
BA = [3 0 2] [ 2 3 0]
1 2 1 1 −3 1
 2(−1) + 1(2) + 4(1) 2(1) + 1(3) + 4(−3) 2(1) + 1(0) + 4(1)
[3(−1) + 0(2) + 2(1) 3(1) + 0(3) + 2(−3) 3(1) + 0(0) + 2(1)]
1(−1) + 2(2) + 1(1) 1(1) + 2(3) + 1(−3) 1(1) + 2(0) + 1(1)
−2 + 2 + 4 2 + 3 − 12 2+0+4
= [−3 + 0 + 2 3 + 0 − 6 3 + 0 + 2]
−1 + 4 + 1 1 + 6 − 3 1+0+1
4 −7 6
= [−1 −3 5] (2)
4 4 2
From (1) and (2), AB  BA

−2 3 −1 1 3 −1
3. Show that AB = BA, where A = [−1 2 −1], B = [2 2 −1]
−6 9 −4 3 0 −1

1 0 1 2 −2
4. Verify A(BC) = (AB)C, if A = [2 3 0], B = [−1 1 ],
0 4 5 0 3
3 2 −1
C=[ ]
2 0 −2

Solution:
2 −2
3 2 −1
BC = [−1 1 ] [ ]
2 0 −2
0 3
2(3) − 2(2) 2(2) − 2(0) 2(−1) − 2(−2)
= [−1(3) + 1(2) −1(2) + 1(0) −1(−1) + 1(−2)]
0(3) + 3(2) 0(2) + 3(0) 0(−1) + 3(−2)
6−4 4 − 0 −2 + 4 2 4 2
= [−3 + 2 −2 + 0 1 − 2 ] = [−1 −2 −1]
0+6 0+0 0−6 6 0 −6
1 0 1 2 4 2
 A(BC) = [2 3 0] [−1 −2 −1]
0 4 5 6 0 −6
 2−0+6 4−0+0 2−0−6
=[4−3−0 8−6+0 4−3−0]
0 − 4 + 30 0 − 8 + 0 0 − 4 − 30
8 4 −4
 A(BC) = [ 1 2 1 ] (1)
26 −8 −34
1 0 1 2 −2
AB = [2 3 0] [−1 1 ]
0 4 5 0 3
2 + 0 + 0 −2 + 0 + 3 2 1
= [4 − 3 + 0 −4 + 3 + 0] = [ 1 −1]
0 − 4 + 0 0 + 4 + 15 −4 19
2 1
3 2 −1
 (AB)C = [ 1 −1] [ ]
2 0 −2
−4 19
6+2 4 + 0 −2 − 2
=[ 3−2 2 − 0 −1 + 2]
−12 + 38 −8 + 0 4 − 38
8 4 −4
 (AB)C = [ 1 2 1 ] (2)
26 −8 −34
From (1) and (2), A(BC) = (AB)C

4 −2 −1 1
5. Verify that A(B + C) = AB + AC, if A = [ ], B = [ ] and
2 3 3 −2
4 1
C=[ ]
2 −1
Solution:
−1 1 4 1 3 2
B+C=[ ]+[ ]=[ ]
3 −2 2 −1 5 −3
4 −2 3 2
 A(B + C) = [ ][ ]
2 3 5 −3
12 − 10 8 + 6
=[ ]
6 + 15 4 − 9
2 14
=[ ] (1)
21 −5
4 −2 −1 1
AB = [ ][ ]
2 3 3 −2
 −4 − 6 4 + 4 −10 8
=[ ]=[ ]
−2 + 9 2 − 6 7 −4
4 −2 4 1
AC = [ ][ ]
2 3 2 −1
16 − 4 4 + 2 12 6
=[ ]=[ ]
8+6 2−3 14 −1
−10 8 12 6
 AB + AC = [ ]+[ ]
7 −4 14 −1
2 14
=[ ] (2)
21 −5
From (1) and (2), A (B + C) = AB + AC

1 2
4 3 2
6. If A =[ ] , B = [−1 0 ] show that matrix AB is non singular.
−1 2 0
1 −2
Solution:
1 2
4 3 2
AB = [ ] [−1 0 ]
−1 2 0
1 −2
4−3+2 8+0−4
=[ ]
−1 − 2 + 0 −2 + 0 + 0
3 4
=[ ]
−3 −2
|AB| = | 3 4
| =  6 + 12 = 6  0
−3 −2
 AB is non-singular.

1 2 0
7. If A + I =[5 4 2 ] , find the product (A + I) (A – I).
0 7 −3
Solution:
1 2 0
A + I =[5 4 2]
0 7 −3
A – I = (A + I) – 2I
 1 2 0 1 0 0
= [5 4 2 ]  2[0 1 0]
0 7 −3 0 0 1
1 2 0 2 0 0
= [5 4 2 ]  [0 2 0]
0 7 −3 0 0 2
−1 2 0
=[ 5 2 2 ]
0 7 −5
1 2 0 −1 2 0
 (A + I) (A – I) = [5 4 2 ] [ 5 2 2 ]
0 7 −3 0 7 −5
−1 + 10 + 0 2+4+0 0+4+0
= [−5 + 20 + 0 10 + 8 + 14 0 + 8 − 10 ]
0 + 35 − 0 0 + 14 − 21 0 + 14 + 15
9 6 4
 (A + I) (A – I) = [15 32 −2]
35 −7 29

1 2 2
8. If A =[2 1 2] , show that A2 – 4A is a scalar matrix.
2 2 1
Solution:
1 2 2
A =[2 1 2]
2 2 1
A2 = A  A
1 2 2 1 2 2
= [2 1 2] [2 1 2]
2 2 1 2 2 1
1+4+4 2+2+4 2+4+2
= [2 + 2 + 4 4 + 1 + 4 4 + 2 + 2]
2+4+2 4+2+2 4+4+1
9 8 8
= [8 9 8]
8 8 9
 1 2
2 4 8 8
4A = 4 [2 2] = [8 4 8]
1
2 2
1 8 8 4
9 8 8 4 8 8 5 0 0
 A – 4A = [8 9 8] − [8 4 8] = [0
2
5 0]
8 8 9 8 8 4 0 0 5
 A2 – 4A is a scalar matrix.

1 0
9. If A =[ ] , find k so that A2 – 8A – kI = O, where I is a 2  2 unit
−1 7
and O is null matrix of order 2.
Solution:
A2 = A  A
1 0 1 0
=[ ][ ]
−1 7 −1 7
1+0 0+0 1 0
=[ ]=[ ]
−1 − 7 0 + 49 −8 49
1 0 8 0
8A = 8 [ ]=[ ]
−1 7 −8 56
1 0 k 0
kI = k [ ]=[ ]
0 1 0 k
A2 – 8A – kI = O given
1 0 8 0 k 0 0 0
[ ]−[ ]−[ ]=[ ]
−8 49 −8 56 0 k 0 0
1−8−𝑘 0−0−0 0 0
[ ]= [ ]
−8 + 8 − 0 49 − 56 − 𝑘 0 0
−7 − 𝑘 0 0 0
[ ]= [ ]
0 7 − 𝑘 0 0
 By equality of matrices
7 – k = 0
 k = 7

3 1
10. If A =[ ], prove that A2 – 5A + 7I = 0, where I is 2  2 unit matrix.
−1 2
 1 2 2 𝑎
11. If A =[ ], B = [ ] and if (A + B)2 = A2 + B2, find value of a
−1 −2 −1 𝑏
and b.

Solution:
Given: (A + B)2 = A2 + B2
(A + B) (A + B) = A2 + B2
A2 + AB + BA + B2 = A2 + B2
AB + BA = 0
 AB = BA
1 2 2 𝑎 2 𝑎 1 2
[ ][ ] = [ ][ ]
−1 −2 −1 𝑏 −1 𝑏 −1 −2
2−2 𝑎 + 2𝑏 2−𝑎 4 − 2𝑎
[ ] = [ ]
−2 + 2 −𝑎 − 2𝑏 −1 − 𝑏 −2 − 2𝑏
0 𝑎 + 2𝑏 −2 + 𝑎 −4 + 2𝑎
[ ]=[ ]
0 −𝑎 − 2𝑏 1+𝑏 2 + 2𝑏
 By equality of matrices
2 + a = 0 and 1 + b = 0
 a = 2 and b = 1

3 −2
12. Find k, if A = [ ] and A2 = kA – 2I.
4 −2

2 𝑥
2 −1 3 3 −3 4
13. Find x and y, if {4 [ ]−[ ]}[−1] = [𝑦]
1 0 2 2 1 1
1
Solution:
2 𝑥
2 −1 3 3 −3
4
{4[ ]−[ ]}[−1] = [𝑦]
1 0 2 2 11
1
2 𝑥
8 −4 12 3 −3 4
{[ ]−[ ]}[−1] = [𝑦]
4 0 8 2 1 1
1
 2 𝑥
5 −1 8
[ ] [−1] = [𝑦]
2 −1 7
1
10 + 1 + 8 𝑥
[ ] = [𝑦]
4+1+7
19 𝑥
[ ] = [ 𝑦]
12
By equality of matrices
x =19 and y = 12

2 0 1 1 𝑥−3
1
14. Find x, y, z if {3[0 2] − 4[−1 2]} [ ] = [𝑦 − 1]
2
2 2 3 1 2𝑧
Solution:
2 0 1 1 𝑥−3
1
{3[0 2] − 4[−1 2]} [ ] = [𝑦 − 1]
2
2 2 3 1 2𝑧
6 0 4 4 𝑥−3
1
{[0 6] − [−4 8]} [ ] = [𝑦 − 1]
2
6 6 12 4 2𝑧
2 −4 𝑥−3
1
[ 4 −2] [ ] = [𝑦 − 1]
2
−6 2 2𝑧
2−8 𝑥−3
[ 4 − 4 ] = [𝑦 − 1]
−6 + 4 2𝑧
−6 𝑥−3
[ 0 ] = [𝑦 − 1]
−2 2𝑧
By equality of matrices

x – 3 = 6, y – 1 = 0, 2z = 2

 x = 3, y = 1, z = 1
15. Jay and Ram are two friends. Jay wants to buy 4 pens and 8 notebooks;
Ram wants to buy 5 pens and 12 notebooks. The price of one pen and
one notebook was Rs.6 and Rs.10 respectively. Using matrix
multiplication, find the amount each one of them requires for buying
the pens and notebooks.
Solution: Let A be the matrix of pens and notebooks and B be the
matrix of prices of one pen and one notebook.
𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑏𝑜𝑜𝑘𝑠
4 8 Jay
A=[ ]
5 12 Ram

6 𝑝𝑒𝑛
and B = [ ] 𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑏𝑜𝑜𝑘
10

The total amount required for each one of them is obtained by matrix AB
4 8 6
AB = [ ] [ ]
5 12 10
24 + 80 104
=[ ]=[ ]
30 + 120 150
 Jay needs Rs.104 and Ram needs Rs.150