SMART TRAFFIC CONTROLLING SYSTEM

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

The two most significant reasons generating traffic congestion in cities are population growth and a rise
in the number of vehicles on the road. The emergence of twisted urbanisation has resulted in roads that
are neither wide enough or linear The enough to allow for rapid traffic flow. As a result, we get traffic
jams, long lines, and irate drivers. Every day, the number of vehicles entering traffic grows. Existing
roadways are insufficient, and traffic congestion is increasing. People should be informed, particularly
about traffic, and cautioned about driving. Of course, numerous studies and initiatives have been
conducted on this topic. Roads are being renovated, new roads are being built, and many other investments
are being made to improve traffic. We may use an IR sensor to count the number of vehicles, alter the time
delay, and warn drivers about traffic through display boards placed at traffic intersections. To construct a
practical and proficient automated framework utilizing IR Technology and also the Round Robin
Algorithm at the junction for movement of vehicles and the transmission of signals. Priority for the
emergency vehicles are given using transmission and reception concept. Smart traffic lights, also known
as intelligent traffic lights, are a vehicle traffic management system that intelligently routes car and
pedestrian traffic by combining standard traffic signals with an array of sensors and artificial intelligence.
They can be integrated into a larger intelligent transportation system. A smart traffic light technology
developed by Carnegie Mellon University is currently being used in a pilot project in Pittsburgh to help
cut automobile emissions. Unlike other dynamic control signals, this system combines existing technology
with artificial intelligence to adjust the timing and phasing of lights according to limits set in controller
programming. To limit the amount of time that cars spend idling, the signals communicate with one
another and adjust to changing traffic circumstances. The new device analyses vehicle counts and makes
modifications in real time to minimise congestion wherever possible, using fibre optic video receivers
similar to those used in dynamic control systems. The pilot study's preliminary findings are encouraging:
cars spent 40 percent less time idling at signals, and travel times across the city were decreased by 25
percent. The fact that most vehicles on the road are unable to interact with the computer systems that town
and city authorities employ to manage traffic signals is the biggest stumbling barrier to their broad
. However, the above-mentioned trial in Harris County, Texas, employs a simple system based on signals
received from drivers' cell phones, and it has discovered that even if just a few drivers have their phones
turned on, the system can still give reliable traffic density data. Smart traffic signals could be used
extensively in public transportation networks.

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The signals may be programmed to detect approaching buses or trams and modify the signals in their
favour, increasing the speed and efficiency of sustainable transportation modes. On Tuesday, July 30,
2019, a team of researchers from Unical and the innovative start-up SOMOS conducted the first
experiment of a traffic signal governed by 100 percent "connected" automobiles at the University of
Calabria using typical commercial smart phones. Attempts are frequently attempted to coordinate traffic
signals such that drivers meet a green wave, or a lengthy succession of green lights. It's crucial to
understand the difference between coordinated and synchronised communications. Drivers can now travel
long distances without seeing a red light because to new synchronised signal systems. Only one -way
streets with relatively stable traffic levels make this coordination easy. To hasten the heavier volume
direction, two-way streets are frequently arranged to correlate with rush hours. Congestion, on the other
hand, might throw off any synchronisation. Even more complex approaches have recently been used. To
deal with changing traffic patterns, traffic lights are sometimes centrally controlled by monitors or
computers. Video cameras or sensors embedded in the pavement can be used to monitor traffic patterns
across a city. Pedestrian crossings with signalised crossings clearly demarcate when each form of traffic
is permitted to use the crossing. Pedestrians are frequently aided by unsignalized crossings, which usually
prioritise pedestrians depending on the location.

1.1 Idea to the project

To guarantee that vehicles and pedestrians proceed as smoothly and safely as possible, traffic signals
require more than just eye control and synchronisation. To accomplish this, a range of control systems are
used, ranging from simple clockwork mechanisms to complex computerised control and coordination
systems that self-adjust to minimise the time persons utilising the juncture are delayed. In 1954, innovators
Leonard Casciato and Josef Kates devised the first automated traffic signal control system, which was
deployed in Toronto. Adding battery backups to traffic controller systems in regions where power outages
are common can improve the safety of vehicles and pedestrians. In the past, a bigger capacity of
uninterruptible power supply was required to keep traffic signals employing incandescent lights
operational. Such a system would be too expensive. It is now possible to incorporate battery backups into
traffic light systems, thanks to newer types of traffic signals that employ LED lights that require 85-90
percent less electricity. The battery backups would be housed in the same cabinet as the traffic co ntroller
or in a separate cabinet next to it. A well-balanced mix of additional public transit alternatives,
telecommuting, varied hubs within the metro area, and electronic tolls is the solution to metro traffic.
Commuters will be able to get at work safely and stress-free thanks to public transportation.

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1.2 Overview of the project

Normally, signal improvement along a road is a difficult and costly task since traffic monitoring has been
confined to inductive loops, cameras, or manual counting. Portable devices with Bluetooth and Wi -Fi
connectivity are becoming more prevalent as a result of recent improvements in information technology,
allowing for real-time continuous traffic monitoring and modifications. The technology can correctly
detect and record how long it takes a car to drive along a corridor, segment by segment and in total, by
installing sensors along roadways and tracking Bluetooth and Wi-Fi devices in passing automobiles. This
not only gives historical data for traditional timing methods, but it also allows for real-time feedback on
changes in signal programmes as well as the capacity to detect traffic.

1.3 Conclusion

The most aggravating aspect of living in a city is dealing with excessive traffic. A well-balanced mix of
additional public transit alternatives, telecommuting, varied hubs within the metro area, and electronic
tolls is the solution to metro traffic. Several systems are capable of tracking traffic arrivals and modifying
timings based on the information gathered. The system uses an microcontroller based network of hybrid
RFID and IR sensors that can be readily deployed to any area outside of the city. In order to maximise the
performance of the IR and extend its durability and robustness, our system uses an efficient and effective
cluster tree self-organization technique. The proposed system includes innovative services that allow
drivers to view traffic rates and available parking spaces to their destination remotely via an A ndroid
mobile application, allowing them to avoid traffic jams and take a different route to avoid getting stuck,
as well as making it easier for drivers to find a free parking space to avoid unnecessary trips.

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CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 Automatic Vehicle Counting For IOT Based Smart Traffic Management System
for Indian Urban Settings

This paper proposes a method for counting the vehicles. Based on that, the traffic on the road will be
managed The IR Sensor is used to detect the motion of the vehicles and it also note down the count by
itself. Depending upon the density of the vehicles the traffic is adjusted. The controller is placed about a
certain distance near the junction. The sensor sends the data to the micro controller and it consists of
CPUs with memory and programmable input and output peripherals. In order to make the decision the
micro controller gives the signal and the vehicles proceed further to their destinations. The advantage of
this is the traffic is controlled and it is adjusted by using sensors and the number of vehicles.

Fig 1: Block Diagram

Disadvantage:

The time delay is long for the vehicles which stay back in the traffic jam as the sensor used in this allow
the vehicles to pass through based on the certain time intervals.

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2.2 Smart Traffic Management System Using Internet of Things

The paper focuses on to avoid the congestion on the roads. In order to tackle the situation a smart traffic
management is used for managing the traffic on the roads and help the higher officials for proper planning.
The detectors are used to detect the traff ic jam and inform the central control unit. The control unit takes
the decision based on the situation and allows the vehicles to pass through the junction. The paper also
focus on the Vehicle number plate recognition, it is mainly used to identify the veh icles which broke the
signal by using OCR. In some countries such as Pakistan the people are using cycles, donkey carts which
has no number plates even when they break the signal one cannot identify them and it causes a lot of traffic
jam this is the drawback of the number plate recognition model. Another drawback is by using the sensors;
the readings may change with the variation in the temperature. Sensors keep on transmitting the infrared
light and it also monitors the reflected light from the vehicle. RFID Technology is used to detect the
emergency vehicles such as Ambulance, Fire Engine etc.,

Drawbacks:

1.Without identification number it is hard to trace the vehicles.

2.Temperature Effect will lead to variation in sensor readings.

Fast Track Technology is used to give priority to the emergency vehicles as the sensor detects the vehicle
at a certain distance and it adjusts the signals based on that and allows the vehicle to pass through it. The
paper also uses the camera surveillance in order to watch the vehicle at a particular location. The
disadvantage of this method is when crowd is heavy it becomes very complex to identify the vehicle.

Fig 2: RFID Technology

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2.3 Dynamic Timing Based on Smart Traffic Management System for Urban Cities

The purpose of this work is to determine the successive distance between two traffic lights and to alter
the traffic signal timing so that traffic can be regulated to a large extent. Because of the dynamic time
period change, traffic jams are avoided. For example, if traffic on the south is heavy, the time delay is
likewise high, implying that the car would take longer to pass through that junction; conversely, if traffic
is light, the time delay is low, implying that the vehicle will pass through the junction in less time. As a
result, the latency in this method is not fixed. The time period is changed based on the density of the
vehicles. This strategy allows the traveller to save a significant amount of time in getting to their
destination. Congestion on the roads will also cost the country a lot of money. Congestion can also be
caused by road construction and traffic accidents. Spectral efficiency is also discovered using this
strategy. A series of countermeasures for avoiding traffic congestion.

Moreover in this a multi agent system is used to monitor traffic on the road. In this method
communication abilities are used to optimize both globally and locally waiting times of vehicles. This
method also reduces the number of stops and improves the traffic capacity.

Fig 3: Dynamic Timing

Drawback:

Variations in delay causes some setbacks like wasting of road user time.

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2.4 Techniques for Smart Traffic Control - In depth Review

The steady increase in the population is giving rise to more number of vehicles. This paper focuses on
different types of systems, wireless networks and artificial neural networks. A.I is the intelligence
exhibited by machines unlike the humans and animals. It exhibits the traits such as problem solving and
learning similar to humans. Artificial Intelligence is of many types but mainly narrow A.I is used for
different applications. Several traffic management systems have been deployed in recent years to control
and manage the problem of urban traffic in cities and to overcome the limits of traditional traffic signal
systems, employing various communication and surveillance technologies. Based on wireless sensor
networks, a novel intelligent traffic monitoring and traffic light management system (S5) has been
developed. These sensor nodes are placed on the roadways that make up a road intersection. The data
collected by the sensors is forwarded to a two-traffic signal controller, which uses it to assess traffic
congestion on each route at an intersection and forecast traffic bottlenecks.

Fig 4: Artificial Intelligence

Drawback:

1.Initial Costs are high

2. Less Flexible

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CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
The traffic light management centre is in charge of managing and controlling traffic lights at road
intersections in order to reduce traffic congestion and maintain traffic flow in the city. This centre is based
on the use of sensor networks to gather data on the density and quantity of cars circulating on each route
that forms a crossroads in order to make a decision when predicting the green signal. The global
information and management centre is a database that stores all of the data generated from all of the city's
sensors, offers a broad picture of available parking spaces, and operates traffic signals to improve traffic
flow. Sensor nodes are used in the proposed system to detect the presence of cars and send detection states
to the corresponding gateway, which then transmits them to the global information and management
centre. Several systems employ various types of sensors, including as magnetic sensors, ultrasonic
sensors, light sensors, and others, to detect the presence of cars. The use of wireless communication
technology is critical for improved parking space management and traffic control in the city, as it ensures
the system's dependability and efficiency while exchanging data between the various sensors and the
gateway. Several key factors hinder wireless communication between sensors, including autos, their
noise, and external interference, among others. Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, and ZigBee are the most prevalent
wireless communication technologies used in sensor networks.

Fig 5: Block Diagram for Traffic control system

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3.1 Description of Microcontroller 8051

The AT89S52 is a CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8Kbytes of in-system programmable Flash memory
that is low-power and high-performance device is produced. It's compatible with the industry-standard
80C51 microcontroller and uses Atmel's high-density non-volatile memory technology. The programme
memory can be reprogrammed in-system or with a non-volatile memory programmer thanks to the on-
chip Flash. The Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller that combines a configurable 8 -bit CPU
with in-system programmable flash on a single monolithic chip.

Fig 6 : Internal configuration of 8051 Microcontroller

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The AT8051 includes the following features as standard: 8K Flash, 256 RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog
timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, full duplex serial interface, on-chip oscillator, and
clock circuits Furthermore, the AT89S52 features static logic for operation at low frequencies and two
software-selectable power-saving modes. The CPU is turned off in Idle Mode, while the RAM
timers/counters, serial port, and interrupt system continue to work. The RAM contents are saved in Power-
down mode, but the oscillator is frozen, blocking all other chip functions until the next interrupt or
hardware reset.

Pin description of 8051 Controller

VCC: Supply voltage

GND: Ground

Port 0: Port 0 is a bi-directional 8-bit open drain I/O port. Each pin can sink eight TTL inputs as an
output port. The pins on port 0 can be used as high impedance inputs when 1s are written to them.
During accesses to external programme and data memory, Port 0 can also be set as the multiplexed low
order address/data bus. P0 features internal pull-ups in this mode. During Flash programming, Port 0
also gets the code bytes and outputs them during programme verification. During programme
verification, external pull-ups are required.

Port 1: Interface 1 has internal pull-ups and is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port. Four TTL inputs can be
sunk or sourced via the Port 1 Output buffers. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, the internal pull-ups
pull them high, allowing them to be used as inputs. Furthermore, P1.0 and P1.1 can be set as the
timer/counter 2 external count input.

Table 1: Pin specifications

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Port 2: Port 2 is an internal pull-up 8-bit bi-directional I/O port. Four TTL inputs can be sink/source in
the Port 2 output buffers. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins, the internal pull-ups pull them high, allowing
them to be used as inputs. During fetches from external programme memory and accesses to external data
memory that use 16-bit addresses, Port 2 emits the high-order address byte. When emitting 1s, Port 2 uses
powerful internal pull-ups. Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register during 8 -bit
address accesses to external data memory (MOVX @ RI). During Flash programming and verification,
Port 2 additionally gets the high-order address bits and various control signals.

Port 3: Port 3 is an internal pull-up 8-bit bi-directional I/O port. Four TTL inputs can be sunk or sourced
using the Port 3 output buffers. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins, the internal pull-ups pull them high,
allowing them to be used as inputs. Because of the pull-ups, Port 3 pins that are externally pulled low will
source current as inputs.

Table 2: Port 3 pin specifications

RST: Input should be reset. While the oscillator is functioning, a high on this pin for two machine cycles
resets the device.

PSEN: The read strobe to external programme memory is called Program Store Enable (PSEN). PSEN is
activated twice each machine cycle when the AT89S52 is running code from external programme
memory, with two PSEN activations ignored during each access to external data memory.

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ALE: The Address Latch Enable (ALE) output pulse is used to latch the low byte of the address during
external memory accesses. During Flash programming, this pin also serves as the programme pulse input
(PROG). ALE is released at a steady rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency in normal operation and can be
used for external timing or clocking. However, with each access to external data Memory, one ALE pulse
is skipped. Setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH to 0 disables ALE functioning if desired. ALE is only active
when the bit is set via a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is lifted high but weakly. If the
microcontroller is in external execution mode, setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect.

EA/VPP: External Access is turned on. If lock bit 1 is configured, EA will be internally latched on reset
and must be strapped to GND in order for the device to acquire code from external programme memory
addresses starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. For internal programme execution, A should be attached to
VCC. This pin is also where the 12-volt power comes in. During Flash programming, programming
enables voltage (VPP).

3.2 LED

In the simple LED circuit, a light-emitting diode is a semiconductor diode that generates light when an
electrical current is applied in the forward direction of the device. Electroluminescence is used to describe
the effect. where the p-n junction emits incoherent and narrow-spectrum light.

LEDs are widely used as indicator lights on electronic devices, and they are increasingly being used in
higher power applications such as flashlights and area lighting. An LED is typically a small light source
with optics added to the chip to shape the radiation pattern and aid in reflection. The color of the emitted
light is determined by the composition and state of the semiconductive material used, and it can be
infrared, visible, or ultraviolet. Aside from lighting, UV-LEDs can be used to sterilize water and disinfect
devices, as well as a grow light to boost photosynthesis in plants.

Basic Principle

The LED, like a regular diode, is made up of a chip of semi-conducting material that has been doped with
impurities to generate a p-n junction. Current flows freely from the p-side, or anode, to the n-side, or
cathode, as it does in other diodes, but not in the opposite direction. Electrons and holes, charge carriers,
flow into the junction from electrodes with varying voltages. When an electron clashes with a hole, it lose
energy in the form of a photon and falls into a lower energy level.

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The band gap energy of the materials composing the p-n junction affects the wavelength of the light
emitted, and thus its color. Because these are indirect band gap materials, the electrons and holes in silicon
and germanium diodes recombine through a non-radiative transition which creates no visual emission .

The LED's materials have a linear band gap, which corresponds to near-infrared, visible, or near-
ultraviolet light. Infrared and red LEDs constructed of gallium arsenide were the first to be developed.
Materials science innovations have enabled the creation of devices with ever-shorter wavelengths that
emit light in a range of colors. LEDs are typically made from an n-type substrate with a p-type layer
placed on its surface and an electrode attached to it. While P-type substrates are less prevalent, they do
exist. Many commercial LEDs, particularly those based on GaN, have sapphire plates.

Fig 7 : Light Emitting Diode

When it is desired to eliminate the complexity of external circuitry, flashing LEDs are employed as
attention getting indicators. Flashing LEDs look like normal LEDs, but they have an included
multivibrator circuit that causes the LED to flash with a one-second duration. This appears as a little black
dot in diffused lens LEDs. Most flashing LEDs emit light of a single color, but more sophisticated devices
can flash between multiple colors and even fade through a color sequence using RGB color mixing.
Lumileds' high-power LEDs are set on a star-shaped heat sink. HPLEDs (high-power LEDs) can be
powered at more than one ampere of current and produce a lot of light.

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Because any LED can be destroyed by overheating, HPLEDs must be extremely efficient to avoid
generating excessive heat, and they are frequently mounted on a heat sink to allow for heat dispersion. If
the heat from a HPLED is not removed the device will burn out in seconds. In a flashlight, a single HPLED
can often replace an incandescent bulb, or an array of HPLEDs can be used to create a strong LED lamp.
LEDs have been created that can operate without the use of a DC converter and can be energized straight
from the mains. For each half cycle part of the LED diode emits light and part is dark, and this is reversed
during the next half cycle. Current efficiency is 80 lm/W. . A "bi-color LED" is actually two LEDs
combined into one package. It comprises of two dies connected in o pposing directions to the same two
leads. When current flows in one way, one color is produced, and when current flows in the opposite
direction, the other color is produced. When the two colors are alternated with enough frequency, a third
color appears.

A "tri-color LED" has two LEDs in one casing, however the two LEDs are connected to different leads,
allowing them to be controlled individually and lighted at the same time. RGB LEDs use a four-wire
connection with one common and contain red, green, and blue emitters. Ever light, a Taiwanese LED
company, has released a 3 watt RGB package that can drive each die at 1 watt. Seven-segment and
starburst LED displays are both available. All numbers and a limited set of letters are handled by seven-
segment displays. All letters can be displayed on starburst displays.

Seven-segment LED displays were popular in the 1970s and 1980s, but the popularity of numeric and
alphanumeric LED displays has waned as liquid crystal displays have become more popular due to their
lower power consumption and more display flexibility.

3.3 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY

A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a flat, thin display device with any number of colo r or monochrome
pixels arranged in front of a light source or reflector. Each pixel is made up of a column of liquid crystal
molecules hanging between two transparent electrodes, as well as two polarizing filters with
perpendicular polarization axes. Light travelling through one would be blocked by the other if there were
no liquid crystals between them. The polarization of light entering one filter is twisted by the liquid
crystal, allowing it to pass through the other.

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In order for a programme to connect with the outside world, it must use input and output devices that
communicate directly with humans. An LCD display is one of the most frequent devices connected to a
controller. In order to connect with the outside world, a software must use input and output devices that
interface directly with humans. An LCD display is one of the most frequent accessories for a game
controller. There are several different LC technologies available. Over the earlier "twisted nematic" kinds,
"supertwist" types, for example, offer improved contrast and viewing angle. Back illumination is offered
on some modules, allowing them to be viewed in low-light situations. Back lighting can be either "electro-
luminescent," which requires a high-voltage inverter circuit, or basic LED lighting.

Fig 8: Electrical Block Diagram

Most LCDs with 1 controller has 14 Pins and LCDs with 2 controller has 16 Pins manually entering letters
and commands in hexadecimal rather than binary is much easier. It is required to replace the dil. switch
pack and rewire the system. When the switches are turned to the zero position, all four outputs are shorted
to the common pin, and when they are turned to position “F,” all four outputs are open circuit.

If the power conditions for the normal operation of the internal reset circuit are not satisfied, then
executing a series of instructions must initialize LCD .

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Fig 9: LCD

EN: "Enable" is the name of the line. This control line is used to inform the LCD that data is being sent
to it. To send data to the LCD, make sure this line is low before setting the other two control lines and/or
sending data on the data bus. Bring EN high and wait for the least length of time allowed by the LCD
datasheet before bringing it low again.

RS: The "Register Select" line is the one you want to pay attention to. The data should be considered as
a command or special instruction when the RS is low. The data sent when RS is high is text data that
should be shown on the screen. Setting RS high, for example, will display the letter "T" on the screen.

RW: The "Read/Write" control line is on this line. The information on the data bus is written to the LCD
when RW is low (0). The software essentially queries (or reads) the LCD when RW is high (1). Only one
instruction is a read command. Because all of the other operations are write commands, RW will nearly
always be low. Finally, the data bus consists of 4 or 8 lines. In the case of an 8 -bit data bus, the lines are
referred to as DB0, DB1, DB2, DB3, DB4, DB5, DB6, and DB7.

Logic status on control lines:

• E - 0 Access to LCD disabled & 1 Access to LCD enabled

• R/W - 0 Writing data to LCD & 1 Reading data from LCD

• RS - 0 Instructions & 1 Character

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Writing data to the LCD:

1) Set R/W bit to low

2) Set RS bit to logic 0 or 1 (instruction or character)

3) Set data to data lines (if it is writing)

4) Set E line to high

5) Set E line to low

Read data from data lines on LCD:

1) Set R/W bit to high

2) Set RS bit to logic 0 or 1 (instruction or character)

3) Set data to data lines (if it is writing)

4) Set E line to high

5) Set E line to low

Table 3: Pin specifications of LCD

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3.4 POWER SUPPLY

A source of electrical power is referred to as a power supply. A power supply unit, or PSU, is a device or
system that provides electrical or other forms of energy to an output load or set of loads. The word is most
typically used to describe electrical energy sources, with mechanical energy sources being used less
commonly and others being used extremely infrequently. This power supply section is necessary to
convert an AC signal to a DC signal while also lowering the signal's loudness. The mains voltage signal
is 230V/50Hz, which is an AC voltage, however for various applications, DC voltage (no frequency) with
amplitudes of +5V and +12V is required.

As illustrated in the circuit design below, the transformer and bridge rectifier are linked serially, while
the voltage regulators for +5V and +12V are connected parallel through a capacitor. Each voltage
regulator output is then linked to a series of capacitors of varying values, via which the matching output
is taken into account.

Fig 10: Circuit Diagram

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Circuit Explanation
1.Transformer

A transformer is a device that uses inductively linked electrical conductors to transmit electrical
energy from one circuit to another. A changing current in the first circuit produces a changing magnetic
field, which in turn causes a changing voltage in the second circuit. Current can flow in the transformer
by adding a load to the secondary circuit, moving energy from one circuit to the other. The secondary
induced voltage VS , of an ideal transformer, is scaled from the primary VP by a factor equal to the ratio
of the number of turns of wire in their respective windings:

Principle of Transformer:

The transformer works on two principles: first, an electric current may generate a magnetic field
(electromagnetism), and second, a changing magnetic field within a coil of wire produces a voltage
between the coil's ends (electromagnetic induction). The intensity of the magnetic field in the primary
coil is changed by altering the current in the primary coil; since the changing magnetic field reaches into
the secondary coil, a voltage is induced across the secondary.

Below is a simplified transformer design. A magnetic field is created by a current flowing through the
primary coil. The primary and secondary coils are wrapped around a core with a high magnetic
permeability, such as iron, ensuring that the majority of the magnetic field lines created by the primary
current are contained inside the iron and flow through both the primary and secondary coils.

Induction law

The voltage induced across the secondary coil may be calculated from Faraday's law of induction,
which states that:

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Where VS is the instantaneous voltage, NS is the secondary coil's number of turns, and equals the magnetic
flux across one turn of the coil. The flux is the product of the magnetic field strength B and the area A
through which it cuts if the coil's turns are aligned perpendicular to the magnetic field lines. The area is
constant, equal to the transformer core's cross-sectional area, but the magnetic field fluctuates with time
depending on the primary's excitation. Because the main and secondary coils of a perfect transformer share
the same magnetic flux, the instantaneous voltage across the primary winding equals

Taking the ratio of the two equations for VS and VP gives the basic equation for stepping up or
stepping down the voltage

Fig 11: Ideal step down transformer

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Ideal power equation

Electrical power is transported from the primary circuit to the secondary circuit if the secondary coil is
connected to a load that enables current to flow. The transformer is ideal in that it converts all incoming
energy from the main circuit to the magnetic field and then into the secondary circuit. The entering electric
power must match the departing power if this condition is satisfied.

Pincoming = IPVP = Poutgoing = ISVS

giving the ideal transformer equation

Fig 12:Induction

If the voltage is increased (stepped up) (VS > VP), then the current is decreased (stepped down) (IS < IP)
by the same factor. Transformers are efficient so this formula is a reasonable approximation.

If the voltage is increased (stepped up) (VS > VP), then the current is decreased (stepped down) (IS < IP)
by the same factor. Transformers are efficient so this formula is a reasonable approximation.

The impedance in one circuit is transformed by the square of the turns ratio. For example, if an impedance
ZS is attached across the terminals of the secondary coil, it appears to the primary circuit to have an
impedance of

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This relationship is reciprocal, so that the impedance ZP of the primary circuit appears to the secondary
to be

The core of an ideal transformer is generally assumed to have low reluctance, with two zero -resistance
windings. A tiny current runs when a voltage is supplied to the primary winding, pushing flux around the
magnetic circuit of the core. The magnetizing current is the current necessary to generate the flux; because
the ideal core is supposed to have near-zero resistance, the magnetizing current is minimal, but it is still
required to create the magnetic field.

Each winding experiences an electromotive force (EMF) as the magnetic field changes. Because the ideal
windings have no resistance and therefore no voltage drop, the voltages VP and VS measured at the
transformer's terminals are identical to the corresponding EMFs. The primary EMF is also referred to as
the "back EMF" since it acts in opposition to the primary voltage. This is owing to Lenz's law, which
stipulates that the induction of EMF will always be such that any such change in magnetic field will be
opposed.

2. Bridge Rectifier

A diode bridge, also known as a bridge rectifier, is a bridge configuration of four diodes that gives the
same polarity of output voltage for any polarity of input voltage. A bridge rectifier is a device that converts
alternating current (AC) input to direct current (DC) output in its most frequent use. A bridge rectifier
enables full-wave rectification from a two-wire AC input, resulting in cheaper cost and weight than a
center-tapped transformer design, but it has two diode drops instead of one, resulting in lesser efficiency
for the same output voltage than a center-tapped design.

Basic Operation

When the input linked at the diamond's left corner is positive in relation to the one connected at the right,
current flows to the right via the upper colored route to the output, then back to the input supply via the
lower colored path

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When the right hand corner is positive relative to the left hand corner, current flows along the upper
colored path and returns to the supply via the lower colored path.

Fig 13: Bridge Rectifier 1

The upper right output remains positive in relation to the lower right output in each scenario.
Because this is true regardless of whether the input is AC or DC, this circuit may provide "reverse polarity
protection" in addition to producing DC power when supplied with AC power. That is, when batteries are
placed backwards or the DC input-power supply wiring "has its wires crossed," it allows proper operation.

Until integrated electronics were available, a bridge rectifier was always made up of discrete
components. Since around 1950, a single four-terminal component comprising the four diodes linked in
a bridge arrangement has become a common commercial component, with different voltage and current
ratings currently available.

Fig 14: Bridge Rectifier 2

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3. VOLTAGE REGULATOR

A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage

level.

The 78xx series of integrated circuits is a set of self -contained fixed linear voltage regulators. Due
to their ease of use and low cost, the 78xx family is a common choice for m any electrical circuits that
require a regulated power supply. The xx is substituted by a two-digit number when describing individual
ICs in this family, which specifies the output voltage the device is meant to deliver. The 78xx series of
voltage regulators are positive voltage regulators, which means they are designed to generate a voltage
that is positive in relation to a common ground. A similar range of 79xx devices, known as complementary
negative voltage regulators, is also available.78xx and 79xx ICs can be used in combination to provide
both positive and negative supply voltages in the same circuit, if necessary.

78xx ICs feature three terminals and are most often found in the TO220 package, however some
manufacturers also provide smaller surface-mount and bigger TrO3 packages. These devices generally
accept an input voltage that is a couple of volts higher than the required output voltage, up to a maximum
of 35 or 40 volts, and can provide up to 1 or 1.5 amps of current.

Fig 15: Voltage Regulator

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3.5 SMOKE DETECTOR

A smoke detector detects smoke and sounds an alert when it detects it. Smoke detectors sound an alarm
to anybody within hearing range, and some can connect to a security system or alert emergency services.

History:

Since George Darby's invention in 1902, smoke detectors have come a long way. To detect fires and heat
before scientists figured out how to capture ionizing molecules in a small enclosed space, they used an
electrical system and a wedge of butter. This method consisted of two plates or electrical circuits separated
by a slice of butter, similar to today's Ionization alarms. The butter would melt when the room's heat grew
too much to bear, causing the two circuits to collapse on top of one another, triggering the alarm. Since
then, technology has developed a method of capturing light and molecules that is less expensive, more
efficient, and safer, resulting in the annual saving of millions of lives.

Two Common Types:

Ionization and photoelectric smoke detectors are the two most prevalent types of smoke detectors in
today's homes. Both of these smoke detectors detect fire, but not the same type of fire. Photovoltaic’s
Ionization detectors are faster at detecting smoldering fires than smoke detectors. Due to its ability to
detect tiny particles, smoke detectors are better at spotting burning fires.

1. Ionization Smoke Detectors:

Ionization is a type of ionization. The ionization chamber and a source of radiation are the two main
components of a smoke detector. This source of radiation is made up of a very small amount of
Americium-241, which emits alpha particles. Two plates are used in the Ionization Chamber: one is
negatively charged and the other is positively charged. A type of ionization is ionization. A smoke
detector's two basic components are an ionization chamber and a radiation source. Americium-241 emits
alpha particles, and this source of radiation is made up of a very small amount of it. In the Ionization
Chamber, two plates are used: one is negatively charged and the other is positively charged . This
attraction creates a steady electrical current inside the chamber. When smoke enters the chamber, its
particles bind to the ionized molecules and pull them away from the plate, neutralizing them. The
electrical current is disrupted, and the alarm is activated.

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Fig 16: Ionization Smoke Detcetor

Within a smoke detector, the main reaction is a chemical interaction between Americium and alpha
particles. The radioactive concentration of these detectors has raised many concerns regarding public
safety; however, there is not enough alpha radiation within the chambers to cause serious harm. In fact,
the poison released is smothered by the surrounding air particles since the content within the chambers of
this form of radiation is so little. Even yet, it is usually advised not to inhale this drug directly.

2. The Photoelectric Smoke Detector:

Ionization Smoke Detectors are less frequent and more expensive. It is made up of a chamber shaped like
the capital letter "T." The horizontal portion of this chamber contains a Light Emitting Code, which is a
type of light source. This light beam goes horizontally across this horizontal bar, but never vertically. A
photocell is located at the base of the "T," which detects light from darkness. Light from the beam is split
up and scattered away from its straight beam when smoke enters this "T" chamber. The alarm is triggered
when a particular amount of light hits the photocell, which is usually dark.

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Fig 17: Photoelectric Smoke Detector

3.6 INFRARED SENSOR

The electronic gadget that discharges some energy and used to detect some changes made in the system
accordingly is called an Infrared Sensor. It can also be used as brightness detector as it reflects more IR
light whenever it gets lightly coloured obstacle and reflect less IR light whenever it gets darker coloured
objects as obstacles. Due to this nature of IR sensor this is used to implement line follower. Radio-
frequency identification is an automatic process as it detects the tag by using the electromagnetic fields.
It also uses the low power radio waves. RFID tags are responsible for transmitting and receiving the
information. RFID Technology mainly used in the credit cards in order to avoid the theft concerns. RFID
framework is consists of two parts known as a tag and a peruse. The labels ormarks are inserted using
transmitter and a recipient. RFID segments used on the labels has two sections: First one is a microchip
that is used for storing purpose, secondly a recipient used for transmitting and getting a sign. The tag
contains the particular sequential number for one explicit article. In order to peruse the encoded data on
the tag, a two way radio transmitter known as cross examiner. The reaction in the tag will observed when
data is present in the memory bank.

Infrared light, like a flashlight, can be focused or diffused, faint or strong. The number and kind of emitters
can affect the angles and range from which your remote control can be used. Better remotes may be used
from up to thirty feet away and from nearly any angle, whereas weaker remotes must be precisely pointed
at the object to be operated.

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Fig 18: IR sensor RFID Reader

Our eyes only see a small portion of a larger spectrum of electromagnetic radiation. The ultraviolet is
found on the visible spectrum's high-energy side, whereas the infrared is found on the low-energy side.
The area of the infrared spectrum most effective for analysing organic molecules is that with a wavelength
range of 2,500 to 16,000 nm and a frequency range of 1.9*1013 to 1.2*1014 Hz, which is not immediately
contiguous to the visible spectrum.

Infrared imaging is widely employed in both military and civilian applications. Target acquisition,
surveillance, night vision, homing, and tracking are all military applications. Thermal efficiency analysis,
remote temperature sensing, short-ranged wireless communication, spectroscopy, and weather
forecasting are examples of non-military applications. Sensor-equipped telescopes are used in infrared
astronomy to penetrate dusty regions of space, such as molecular clouds, detect cool objects like planets,
and see very red-shifted objects from the universe's early days.

Fig 19: Spectrum

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Fig 20: IR QLED

For proper operation, the emitter and detector must be aligned, especially if the gap is significant. A length
of string strung between and in line with the LED and phototransistor can be used to do this. Setting the
alignment could be done with a dowel or hard wire. A laser pointer shined through one of the mounting
holes is another option for greater distances.

The height of the "beam" should be at coupler height and at an angle across the rails for best effects. In
places like buried yards, the emitter might be put above the track and the phototransistor placed between
the rails. It would be beneficial to position the emitter and detector at an angle once more.

Fig 21: Emitter/Detector Alignment

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Infrared Receiver
This device, like a TV or VCR, picks up the infrared signal from your remote control. It converts the
infrared signal into a transmission-ready signal. Receivers must be placed in the room where the remote
control will be used. The wire connecting the receiver to the connecting block must have at least three
conductors and can be hundreds of feet long. Quad wire and category 5wire are both f unctional. Here's
where you can find our infrared receivers.

Connecting Block
This is basically a location where all of the components can be plugged in or connected to. The number
of outputs is frequently used to classify connecting blocks In general, amplified connecting blocks can
accommodate more outputs. Many IR receivers can be wired in parallel using any of the connecting pieces.
Connecting blocks, as well as the power supply and emitters, are frequently situated near the equipment
to be controlled. Here's where you can find our connecting blocks.

Infrared Emitters
Infrared emitters "stick" to the front of the device you're trying to control. As a result, each device requires
its own emitter. Dual emitters have two emitters and a single connector, taking up only one jack on the
connection block. "Blink" emitters blink both infrared and visible light, making them easier to diagnose.
All emitters come with extra double-stick tape and long wires. "Blast" emitters, in which a single emitter
blinks into several devices, are less dependable, although they can be employed when the environment is
well regulated.

Fig 22: Infrared Remote setup

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3.7 Wi-Fi ESP8266

Espressif Systems, a Chinese firm, created the ESP8266 for use in Internet of Things (IoT) systems. The
ESP8266 is a complete Wi-Fi system on a chip that includes a 32-bit processor, some RAM, and between
512KB and 4MB of flash memory, depending on the vendor. This enables the chip to work as a wireless
adaptor, extending Wi-Fi capability to other systems, or as a standalone device. In addition to the Rx and
Tx pins of the UART, depending on the exact module model (ESP-1 to ESP-12 at the time of this thesis),
the module has between 0 and 7 General Purpose Input/Output (GPIO) pins, making it ideal for IoT
applications. Espressif's Software Development Kit (SDK) includes a lightweight version of a TCP/IP
control stack for Wi-Fi communications. For Application Level programming, the modules contain
libraries for optional services such as Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), Domain Name
System (DNS), JavaScript Object Notation (JSON), and Secure Socket Layer (SSL). It includes 802.11
MAC extensions for signal transmission, encapsulation, encryption, collision management, and roaming,
such as 802.11b/g/n/d/e/h/i/k/r. The chip is typically connected to a Printed Circuit Board (PCB) as part
of a module, but it is also feasible to purchase the chip alone to mak e a fully unique module. An antenna
(PCB or ceramic) or a U-FL connector, a hardware component for serial communication, and a variety of
other auxiliary components such as RFID receivers are among the module types currently available on
the market.

2 Overview and Specification

The module is available from ESP-01 to ESP-12, as well as from non-Espressif manufacturers like as
Olimex and NodeMCU. The main distinctions between these modules are their size and additional PCB
components, with some having an inbuilt PCB antenna and up to 7 GPIO pins, while others have no easy
access to GPIO and no antenna but are less expensive and have smaller module dimensions. The processor
inside the module is a Tensilica Xtensa LX, which runs at 80MHz and 32 bits. It's a DPU, which is
Tensilica's unique sort of CPU that combines the strengths of a standard CPU and a DSP to improve
performance for data-intensive activities. For this chip, there are a variety of compilation tools available,
with the ESP community even aiming to develop their own version of the GCC compiler to achieve their
goals. The quantity of programmable memory varies depending on the module manufacturer, although
most ESPs include flash memory of 512KB, 1MB, 2MB, or 4MB. The ESP8266 is interrupt-driven, with
a minimal operating system and three degrees of task priority, which means that only three user tasks can
respond to interrupts.

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Once the module has been provided with power, a function called user init() configures it. The module
used in this thesis is an Olimex MOD-WIFI-ESP8266-DEV, which includes all of the basic components
of an ESP8266, as well as a PCB antenna, crystal, and an easily accessible UART with support for SPI
and I2C, 2Mbytes of flash, and, most importantly for this thesis, all of the chip pins mapped out for easier
access.

Fig 23: wi-fi module

Power supply and consumption

This chip, like a Wi-Fi SoC, demands a significant amount of power to run its transceiver. It includes
several outstanding power management capabilities, such as highly integrated components that enable
greater optimization and efficiency. Unfortunately, its demand is still stronger than that of products based
on wireless technologies like Bluetooth or ZigBee. In terms of current draw, the official ESP8266
datasheet says:

Table 4: Datasheet of ESP2866

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However, this chart just represents the power consumption of the ESP8266EX chip; the full module,
which includes extra hardware like as LEDs, crystals, capacitors, and registers, revealed that the MOD -
Wi-Fi actual ESP8266-DEV's consumption differed substantially from this table. The module's
approximate idle current (when ready to receive packets) was measured to be 70mA, with a slightly higher
value when receiving packets. The module was also prone to high current spikes in the range of 300mA
at unpredictable points in time, often causing a full module restart. This problem does seem to have been
dealt with in most recent SDK, however most manufacturers still choose to add additional capacitances
parallel to power supply in order to prevent such instances from occurring. ESP8266 has multiple
peripherals through which it can interface with other modules in a classic embedded fashion. In this
section only the setup of the communication link will be presented, since the exact flow of bits and
communication can be achieved and was handled automatically by the module and is therefore deemed
of no immediate interest for this thesis. The traditional UART was used to decode output and encode data
to be sent to the sensor. Although serial asynchronous communication does not require a common clock,
a common baud rate must be set for both devices in order for the data to be processed correctly and at the
correct intervals. The baud rates supported by the ESPs UART component range from 9600 to 921600bps,
while the EM50 is configured for 9600bps as default.

Fig 24: Serial Communication

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CHAPTER 4: IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROJECT

In this traffic system, the IR sensors are used for the vehicle d etection and counting the number of
vehicles. The heart of the system is 8051 microcontroller, all the other components are connected to it.
The IR sensor senses the vehicle movement and LCD displays in which direction it is from, number of
vehicles in that direction and delay is displayed in LCD which is arranged near the junction. For example,
let us consider the vehicles on the EAST side, if the number of vehicles are more, then the delay is more,
if there are no vehicles the delay is less and immediately the signal moves to NORTH and the cycle
repeats for every vehicle that passes through the junction. This algorithm is known as ROUND ROBIN
ALGORITHM. The message is displayed in the phone through wi-fi module connected in the system.
Emergency vehicles are given priority through Transceiver process. In this the Transmitter is placed in
the Emergency vehicle and we have the receiver at the junction, as soon as the vehicle is near to the
junction the LED at the receiver is ON and parallelly the way is provided to the Emergency vehicle. The
same algorithm is applicable to VIP vehicles in order to save time for them.

Fig 25: Flow Chart

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In proposed framework, IR sensors and wi-fi module are given to the microcontroller and the delay and
number of vehicles are displayed on the LCD display and the signal is immediately sent to the phone as
message.

Fig 26: Hardware Implementation with IR sensors

Daily traffic congestion may be one of your city's biggest headaches. Ensuring emergency vehicles can
rapidly and effectively reach their destinations is a critical metric of success for any traffic management
system as well. In addition to dealing with these urban challenges, city managers understand the
importance of disaster preparedness in the event of a city-wide event. Despite budget constraints, Smart
Cities around the world are implementing smart traffic management technologies to improve the overall
performance of their traffic networks, with high-performance, secure, redundant, and reliable
communications solutions that can help streets and highways carry more traffic in a safer manner.

On traffic lights, a system with a microcontroller is installed to manage traffic at road intersections. To
control the timer, image processing algorithms such as Haar Cascade and Background Subtraction are
used. For the major road intersections, we built a traffic control system model.

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Fig 27: Hardware Implementation

Software :

C++: It is a programming language used to implement LCD.

MASM SOFTWARE: Masm software is assembler of the type x86 and uses Intel syntax for MS-
Windows and MS-Dos. By using this one can reduce time and memory overhead. In proposed
framework, IR sensors and wi-fi module are given to the microcontroller and the delay and number of
vehicles are displayed on the LCD display and the signal is immediately sent to the phone as message.

An assembly language is a low-level programming language designed to interface directly with the
hardware of a computer. Assembly languages, unlike machine language, which uses binary and
hexadecimal letters, are intended to be read by humans.

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CHAPTER 5: RESULT AND OUTPUT

CALCULATION OF DELAY:

By WEBSTER formula,

The delay is given as

C=(1.5*L+5)/(1.0-SYi)

C is optimum cycle length related to delay

L is number of vehicles

SYi is lane volume/phase, it is computed from the Highway Capacity Manual based on the vehicles in all
directions.

For Instance, L=5, SY i=0.4

C=1.5*5+5/1.0-0.4

C=12.5seconds

Fig 28: Traffic Junction with Output

The system should be clever enough to make flawless decisions while adjusting signal timings and
directing the car to the road with the least amount of traffic. Traffic regulation through a smart system
should give improved traffic control while also being cost-effective, so the suggested system will provide
a smart and cost-effective means to govern traffic.

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Fig 29: LCD OUTPUT WITH NUMBER OF

VEHICLES AND DELAY COUNT

Fig 30: LCD OUTPUT WITH DELAY

The system should be clever enough to make flawless decisions while adjusting signal timings and
directing the car to the road with the least amount of traffic. Traffic regulation through a smart system
should give improved traffic control while also being cost-effective, so the suggested system will provide
a smart and cost-effective means to govern traffic.

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Slower speeds, longer trip times, and higher vehicular queueing are all symptoms of traffic congestion in
transportation. Since the 1950s, traffic congestion on metropolitan road networks has risen dramatically.
Congestion occurs when traffic demand is high enough that the interaction between vehicles slows the
pace of the traffic stream. In order to know the traffic earlier a message is sent to the phone as it is already
registered at particular control station.

Fig 31: Message to phone

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CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

The controller can control the traffic movement and detect a busy and non busy road. The smart
system is more reliable than other conventional methods. However, typical supervised learning does not
apply here because existing traffic signal control systems follow pre-defined signal plans so we do not
have enough training data to differentiate good and bad traffic signal plan strategies. Instead, we have
to take actions to change the signal plans and then learn from the outcomes. This trial-and-error approach
is also the core idea of (RL) reinforcement learning. In this method communication abilities are used to
optimize both globally and locally waiting times of vehicles. This method also reduces the number of
stops and improves the traffic capacity.

LIMITATIONS

• Temperature Effect will lead to variation in sensor readings, because IR sensors are exposed to
sunlight the readings may vary so IR sensors are placed in dark region.
• Vehicle Identification is Difficult, as the large number of vehicles pass through the junction and
chances of violating the traffic rules which leads to accidents.
• Initial Costs are high because a complete system requires a bulk components which increases the
cost.
ADVANTAGES
• Delay is less because by using ROUND ROBIN algorithm the delay is adjusted based on density
of vehicles.
• Emergency vehicles and VIP vehicles are given priority this saves a lot of time and chances of
saving a life respectively.
• Fast track technology is more efficient than traditional method as it overcomes time c oncern issue
and also traffic congestion issue.
APPLICATIONS

• Transportation: Goods are transported within time as the system helps one to know the information
through the phone based on that the driver changes his route to reach the destination in time .

• Image Processing will detect vehicles through images and traffic is controlled based on that.

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FUTURE SCOPE
• Multi agent system is used to monitor traffic on the road. In this method communication abilities are
used to optimize both globally and locally waiting times of vehicles. This method also reduces the
number of stops and improves the traffic capacity.
• Vehicle number plate recognition, it is mainly used to identify the vehicles which broke the signal
using OCR.

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