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CHAP. 71 Block Diagram Algebra and Transfer Functions of Systems

This document discusses unity feedback systems and the superposition of multiple inputs in linear systems. It defines a unity feedback system as one where the primary feedback is equal to the controlled output. For linear, unity feedback systems, the characteristic equation is determined from 1 + G = 0, where G is the system's transfer function. When multiple inputs are applied simultaneously to a linear system, the output can be found by treating each input independently and algebraically adding the responses. The document also describes how to reduce complicated block diagrams to their canonical form through a series of transformations, in order to analyze the system response and transfer functions.

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1K views6 pages

CHAP. 71 Block Diagram Algebra and Transfer Functions of Systems

This document discusses unity feedback systems and the superposition of multiple inputs in linear systems. It defines a unity feedback system as one where the primary feedback is equal to the controlled output. For linear, unity feedback systems, the characteristic equation is determined from 1 + G = 0, where G is the system's transfer function. When multiple inputs are applied simultaneously to a linear system, the output can be found by treating each input independently and algebraically adding the responses. The document also describes how to reduce complicated block diagrams to their canonical form through a series of transformations, in order to analyze the system response and transfer functions.

Uploaded by

Ian Udhili
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CHAP.

71 BLOCK DIAGRAM ALGEBRA AND TRANSFER FUNCTIONS OF SYSTEMS 157

Fig. 7-6
158 BLOCK DIAGRAM ALGEBRA AND TRANSFER FUNCTIONS OF SYSTEMS [CHAP. 7

Fig. 7-6 Continued

7.6 UNITY FEEDBACK SYSTEMS

Definition 7.7: A unity feedback system is one in which the primary feedback b is identically equal
to the controlled output c.

EXAMPLE 7.6. H = 1 for a linear, unity feedback system (Fig. 7-7).

Fig. 7-7
Any feedback system with only linear time-invariant elements can be put into the form of a unity
feedback system by using Transformation 5.

EXAMPLE 7.7.

Fig. 7-8
CHAP. 71 BLOCK DIAGRAM ALGEBRA AND TRANSFER FUNCTIONS OF SYSTEMS 159

The characteristic equation for the unity feedback system, determined from 1 & G = 0, is
DG$NG=O (7.7)
where DG is the denominator and NG the numerator of G.

7.7 SUPERPOSITION OF MULTIPLE INPUTS


Sometimes it is necessary to evaluate system performance when several inputs are simultaneously
applied at different points of the system.
When multiple inputs are present in a linear system, each is treated independently of the others.
The output due to all stimuli acting together is found in the following manner. We assume zero initial
conditions, as we seek the system response only to inputs.
Step 1: Set all inputs except one equal to zero.
Step 2 Transform the block diagram to canonical form, using the transformations of Section 7.5.
Step 3: Calculate the response due to the chosen input acting alone.
Step 4: Repeat Steps 1 to 3 for each of the remaining inputs.
Step 5: Algebraically add all of the responses (outputs) determined in Steps 1 to 4. This sum is the
total output of the system with all inputs acting simultaneously.
We reemphasize here that the above superposition process is dependent on the system being linear.

EXAMPLE 7.8. We determine the output C due to inputs U and R for Fig. 7-9.

Fig. 7-9
Step 1: Put U = 0.
Step 2 The system reduces to

Step 3: By Equation (7.3), the output C, due to input R is C, = [G1G2/(1 + GlG2)]R.


Step4a: Put R = 0 .
Step 4 b Put - 1into a block, representing the negative feedback effect:

Rearrange the block diagram:


160 BLOCK DIAGRAM ALGEBRA AND TRANSFER FUNCTIONS OF SYSTEMS [CHAP. 7

Let the - 1block be absorbed into the summing point:

Step 4c By Equation (7.3), the output C , due to input U is C , = [G2/(1 + G1G2)]U.


Step 5: The total output is

C=C,+C,= [ ~ 1+ G 2 G 2 ] + [ A][ A]= IGIR +

7.8 REDUCTION OF COMPLICATED BLOCK DIAGRAMS


The block diagram of a practical feedback control system is often quite complicated. It may include
several feedback or feedforward loops, and multiple inputs. By means of systematic block diagram
reduction, every multiple loop linear feedback system may be reduced to canonical form. The
techniques developed in the preceding paragraphs provide the necessary tools.
The following general steps may be used as a basic approach in the reduction of complicated block
diagrams. Each step refers to specific transformations listed in Fig. 7-6.
Step 1: Combine all cascade blocks using Transformation 1.
Step 2 Combine all parallel blocks using Transformation 2.
Step 3: Eliminate all minor feedback loops using Transformation 4.
Step 4: Shift summing points to the left and takeoff points to the right of the major loop, using
Transformations 7, 10, and 12.
Step 5: Repeat StepsJ to 4 until the canonical form has been achieved for a particular input.
Step 6 Repeat Steps 1 to 5 for each input, as required.
Transformations 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, and 11 are sometimes useful, and experience with the reduction
technique will determine their application.

EXAMPLE 7.9. Let us reduce the block diagram (Fig. 7-10) to canonical form.

Fig. 7-10
Step 1:
CHAP. 71 BLOCK DIAGRAM ALGEBRA AND TRANSFER FUNCTIONS OF SYSTEMS 161

Step 2

Step 3:

Step 4: Does not apply.


Step 5

Step 6 Does not apply.

An occasional requirement of block diagram reduction is the isolation of a particular block in a


feedback or feedforward loop. This may be desirable to more easily examine the effect of a particular
block on the overall system.
Isolation of a block generally may be accomplished by applying the same reduction steps to the
system, but usually in a different order. Also, the block to be isolated cannot be combined with any
others.
Rearranging Summing Points (Transformation 6) and Transformations 8, 9, and 11 are especially
useful for isolating blocks.

EXAMPLE 7.10. Let us reduce the block diagram of Example 7.9, isolating block H I .
Steps 1 and 2
162 BLOCK DIAGRAM ALGEBRA AND TRANSFER FUNCTIONS OF SYSTEMS [CHAP. 7

We do not apply Step 3 at this time, but go directly to Step 4, moving takeoff point 1 beyond block G2 + G,:

We may now rearrange summing points I and 2 and combine the cascade blocks in the forward loop using
Transformation 6 , then Transformation 1:

Step 3:

Finally, we apply Transformation 5 to remove l/(G2 + G,) from the feedback loop:

Note that the same result could have been obtained after applying Step 2 by moving takeoff point 2 ahead of
+
G2 + G3, instead of takeoff point I beyond G2 G,. Block G2 + G, has the same effect on the control ratio C/R
whether it directly follows R or directly precedes C.

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