Wireless Sensor Networks
Wireless Sensor Networks
Wireless Sensor Networks
CHAPTER 2
CHAPTER 3
PROTOCOLS USED FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS
This necessity for energy efficient operation
of a WSN has prompted the development of new protocols in
all layers of the communication stack.
protocols like
Bellman-Ford, Ad-Hoc on-Demand Routing (AODV),
Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), Dynamic MANET
On-demand Protocol (DYMO)
Type of Cast
Another type of classification can be done via, type caste
property. i.e, whether they use
· Unicast
· Geo-cast
· Multicast
· Unicast: Unicast forwarding means one to one
communication. i.e, one source transmits data packets to
a single destination.
· Geo-cast: The main aim of Geo-cast is to deliver the data
to a group of nodes situated inside a specified
geographical area [10].
· Multicast: Multicast means one to many i.e, when a node
needs to send same data to multiple destinations.
Bellman-Ford Routing Protocol
Bellman-Ford Routing Algorithm, also known as
Ford-Fulkerson Algorithm, is used as a distance vector
routing protocol. Routers that use this algorithm have to
maintain the distance tables, which tell the distances and
shortest path to sending packets to each node in the network.
The information in the distance table is always updated by
exchanging information with the neighbouring nodes.
Destination Based Routing:
Ad-Hoc on-Demand Routing
AODV is a modification of the DSDV algorithm. When a
source node desires to establish a communication session, it
initiates a path-discovery process to locate the other node.
The source node broadcasts a RREQ packet with its IP
address, Broadcast ID (BrID), and the sequence number of
the source and destination [11]. While, the BrID and the IP
address is used to uniquely identify each request, the sequence
numbers are used to determine the timeliness of each packet .
CHAPTER 4
Sensor Networks
ZigBee is a specification for a suite of high level communication protocols
using small, low-power digital radios based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard
for Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs). ZigBee is targeted at RF
applications that require a low data rate, long battery life, and secure
networking. These networks are aimed at automation, remote control, and
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) applications. The IEEE 802.15.4 standard
defines the physical layer (PHY) and Medium Access Control sublayer
(MAC) specifications as the wireless communication standard for low-power
consumption, Low-Rate WPAN (LR-WPANs).
ZigBee PHY
The QualNet ZigBee PHY is based on the IEEE 802.15.4-2006 standard
The PHY layer provides an interface between the MAC layer and the
physical radio channel. It provides two services, accessed through two
service access points (SAPs). These are the PHY data service and the PHY
management service. The PHY layer is responsible for the following tasks:
•Activation and deactivation of the radio transceiver
Turn the radio transceiver into one of the three states,(i.e., transmitting,
receiving, or off (sleeping)) according to the request from MAC sublayer.
The turnaround time from transmitting to receiving, or vice versa, should
be not more than 12 symbol periods.
•Energy Detection (ED) within the current channel
It is an estimate of the received signal power within the bandwidth of an
IEEE 802.15.4 channel. No attempt is made to identify or decode signals
on the channel in this procedure. The energy detection time shall be equal
to 8 symbol periods. The result from energy detection can be used by a
network layer as part of a channel selection algorithm, or for the purpose of
clear channel assessment (CCA) (alone or combined with carrier sense).
•Link Quality Indication (LQI) for received packets
Link quality indication measurement is performed for each received
packet. The PHY layer uses receiver energy detection (ED), a signal-to-
noise ratio, or a combination of these to measure the strength and the
quality of a link from which a packet is received. However, the use of LQI
result by the network or application layers is not specified in the standard.
• Clear Channel Assessment (CCA) for Carrier Sense Multiple Access
with Collision Avoidance (CSMA-CA)
The PHY layer is required to perform CCA using energy detection,
carrier sense, or a combination of these two. In energy detection mode, the
medium is considered busy if any energy above a predefined energy
threshold is detected. In carrier sense mode, the medium is considered busy
if a signal with the modulation and spreading characteristics of IEEE
802.15.4 is detected. And in the combined mode, both conditions
aforementioned need to be met in order to conclude that the medium is
busy.
•Channel frequency selection
Wireless links under 802.15.4 can operate in 27 different channels (but a
specific network can choose to support part of the channels). Hence the
PHY layer should be able to tune its transceiver into a certain channel upon
receiving the request from MAC sublayer.
•Data transmission and reception
This is the essential task of the PHY layer. Modulation and spreading
techniques are used in this part. The 2.4 GHz PHY employs a 16-ary quasi-
orthogonal modulation technique, in which each four information bits are
mapped into a 32-chip pseudo-random noise (PN) sequence. The PN
sequences for successive data symbols are concatenated and modulated onto
the carrier using offset quadrature phase shift 3 keying (O-QPSK). The
868/915 MHz PHY employs direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) with
binary phase shift keying (BPSK) used for chip modulation and differential
encoding used for data symbol encoding. Each data symbol is mapped into a
15-chip PN sequence and the concatenated PN sequences are then modulated
onto the carrier using BPSK with raised cosine pulse shaping.
Features and Assumptions
Implemented Features
•800, 900, and 2400 MHz multiple frequency bands support.
•Multiple combinations of modulation schemes and spread spectrum
support.
•BER based reception quality estimation.
•Energy detection.
•Link quality indication.
•Clear channel assessment
Omitted Features
•Multiple interface support
Assumptions and Limitations
•PHY layer supports only a single channel
Supplemental Information
None.
ZigBee MAC
The QualNet ZigBee MAC is based on the IEEE 802.15.4-2006 standard
The MAC sublayer of 802.15.4 defines how the medium should be accessed
by devices participating in a WPAN. It provides two types of services: MAC
data service through MAC Common Part Sublayer (MCPS) and MAC
management service through MAC sub-Layer Management Entity (MLME).
The main features of a MAC sublayer are beacon management, channel
access, Guaranteed Time Slot (GTS) management, frame validation,
acknowledged frame delivery, association and disassociation, and device
security. The MAC layer provides an interface between the Service Specific
Convergence Sublayer (SSCS) and the PHY layer. Like the PHY layer, the
MAC layer also provides two services, namely, the MAC data service and
the MAC management service
CHAPTER 5
•Model Fidelity
QualNet uses highly detailed standards-based implementation of protocol
models. It also includes advanced models for the wireless environment to
enable more accurate modeling of real-world networks.
•Portability
QualNet and its library of models run on a vast array of platforms,
including Windows and Linux operating systems, distributed and cluster
parallel architectures, and both 32- and 64-bit computing platforms. Users
can now develop a protocol model or design a network in QualNet on their
desktop or laptop Windows computer and then transfer it to a powerful
multi-processor Linux server to run capacity, performance, and scalability
analyses.
•Extensibility
QualNet can connect to other hardware and software applications, such as
OTB, real networks, and third party visualization software, to greatly
enhancing the value of the network model.
QualNet Graphical User Interface (GUI)
QualNet GUI consists of Architect, Analyzer, Packet Tracer, and File Editor.
•Architect is a network design and visualization tool. It has two modes:
Design mode and Visualize mode.
In Design mode, you can set up terrain, network connections, subnets,
mobility patterns of wireless users, and other functional parameters of
network nodes. You can create network models by using intuitive, click
and drag operations. You can also customize the protocol stack of any of
the nodes. You can also specify the application layer traffic and services
that run on the network. Design mode of Architect is described in Chapter
3.
In Visualize mode, you can perform in-depth visualization and analysis
of a network scenario designed in Design mode. As simulations are
running, users can watch packets at various layers flow through the
network and view dynamic graphs of critical performance metrics. Real-
time statistics are also an option, where you can view dynamic graphs
while a network scenario simulation is running. Visualize mode of
Architect is described in Chapter 5.
You can also assign jobs to run in batch mode on a faster server and view
the animated data later. You can perform “what-if” analysis by setting a
range of values for a particular protocol parameter and comparing the
network performance results for each of them.
•Analyzer is a statistical graphing tool that displays hundreds of metrics
collected during simulation of a network scenario. You can choose to see
pre-designed reports or customize graphs with their own statistics. Multi-
experiment reports are also available. All statistics are exportable to
spreadsheets in CSV format. Analyzer is described in Chapter 6.
•Packet Tracer provides a visual representation of packet trace files
generated during the simulation of a network scenario. Trace files are text
files in XML format that contain information about packets as they move
up and down the protocol stack. Packet Tracer is described in Chapter 7.
•File Editor is a text editing tool that displays the contents of the selected file
in text format and allows the user to edit files. File Editor is described in
CHAPTER 6
STUDIED SCENARIO
The above figure depicts the scenario of Zigbee network and
CHAPTER 7
RESULTS OBSERVED