9th Grade

Physical Quantities
and Unit

By Emilia Fandira
 9th Grade

Physical Quantities
and Unit
1.1 Physical Quantities and Unit
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
yldFcm5oVmA
 1.1 Physical Quantities and Unit
- The size of a quantity in
physical quantities we called as
magnitude
- Units MUST always be
included with physical
quantity., except for ratio,
efficiency, or refractive index.
- Estimates are a type of guess
but involve more judgement
and possibly an approximate
calculation.
- Order of magnitude of a
quantity is the power of 10 of
the magnitude of the quantity
in the given units.

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 Significant figures

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 9th Grade

Physical Quantities
and Unit
1.2 SI Units and Prefixes
Pre-Calculus
01 02 03
Homogenity of
SI UNITS equations Standard form
SI Base units and SI The SI units must be The significant figures of a
value are written as a
derived units the same on both number greater than or
sides of the equation equal to 1, and less than 10
followed by a power of 10.

04
Unit prefixes
 9th Grade

Physical Quantities
and Unit
1.3 Errors and uncertainty
INTRODUCTION
When scientists make a measurement or calculate some quantity from their data,
they generally assume that some exact or "true value" exists based on how they
define what is being measured (or calculated). Scientists reporting their results
usually specify a range of values that they expect this "true value" to fall within. The
most common way to show the range of values is:
measurement = best estimate ± uncertainty
 Experimental errors
Ex: fluctuations in meter
readings, variation outputs
from power supply

Random errors

Parallax eror Systematic

errors
happen when reading a Ex: a balance or analogue
scale. meter that has not been
set exactly to zero.
 Random: refer to random
fluctuations in the measured

Random
data due to:
▪ the readability of the
instrument
▪ the effects of something

errors
changing in the surroundings
between measurements
▪ the observer being less than
perfect
▪ Perhaps the ruler wasn’t
perfectly lined up every time. ▪
Random errors can be reduced
by averaging.
A precise experiment has small
random error.

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▪ An instrument with a zero offset
error.
▪ A meter stick might be worn off
or rounded at one end
▪ An instrument that is improperly Systematic
errors
calibrated • poor technique (e. g.
carelessness with parallax) The
observer being less than perfect in
Systematic errors is
the same way every time.
error due to the
▪ Systematic errors are usually
instrument being
difficult to detect.
“out of adjustment. ”
▪ Systematic errors can be
detected using different methods
of measurement
 Systematic error vs random error

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engineering
ACCURACY AND PRECISION

KEY POINTS:
● The accuracy of measurement describes how
close the measured value is to the true value of
the quantity.
● Precision of measurement is shown by the
agreement between repeat readings.
UNCERTAINTY We will always have
uncertainty in our
surroundings

Absolute uncertainty in a single reading =

𝟏
± 𝟐
× 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒑𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕
UNCERTAINTY We will always have
uncertainty in our
surroundings

Absolute uncertainty in repeated reading =

𝟏
± 𝟐
× 𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒑𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕
UNCERTAINTY

PERCENTAGE UNCERTAINTY
𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑦
× 100%
𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
 01 When adding or subtracting quantities, the
individual absolute uncertainties are added.

02 when multiplying or dividing quantities,

the individual percentage uncertainties are
added

Combining
Uncertainties
1.4 SCALARS AND VECTORS
Scalars and vectors

scalar quantities have

magnitude that is expressed
with a unit only
Vector quantities have a
magnitude that is expressed
with a unit and direction,
Combining Vectors Quantities (Resultant Vector)

Vector Representing
vectors as two
diagram perpendicular
components

Phytagora Determining
’s theorem perpendicular
components

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 Vector can be
moved as
key long as the
direction is
not changed.
 The Vector Resultant

Cosinus Law = ഥ
𝒃 ഥ
𝑹
2
𝑅ത = ( 𝑎ത 2 + 𝑏ത + 2 𝑎ത 𝑏ത 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
α2
α α1
𝑅ത = (𝐹1 2 + 𝐹2 2 + 2𝐹1 𝐹2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
ഥ
𝒂
Determining perpendicular components

● Magnitude : 𝐹𝑅 = 𝐹𝑥2 + 𝐹𝑦2

𝐹𝑦
● Direction: 𝛼𝑟𝑒𝑠 = tan−1 relative to x-direction
𝐹𝑥 F1
F1 sin 30
F2 sin 45 30o
No x axis y axis
F1 cos 30
1 F1 cos 30 F1 sin 30 F2
45o
F2 cos 45
2 - F2 sin 45 - F2 cos 45

Total
An object travels in uniform motion in a straight line. At first the
object moves to the west for 3 m then north for 4 m and makes a
37o turn to the west for 5 m, then stops. The resultant travel of the
object is ...
● Sketch the movement ● Drawing the motion on a
Cartesian diagram

5 m 37o
5 m 37o
4m

3m
4m

3m
 An object travels in uniform motion in a straight line. At first the
object moves to the west for 3 m then north for 4 m and makes a
37o turn to the west for 5 m, then stops. The resultant travel of the
object is ...
● Projection of motion to the x-axis and y-axis

(5 cos 37o ) m
5 m 37o
5 m 37o 4m
4m
3m
3m (5 sin 37o )m
An object travels in uniform motion in a straight line. At first the
object moves to the west for 3 m then north for 4 m and makes a
37o turn to the west for 5 m, then stops. The resultant travel of
the object is ...
No. X-axis Y-axis

1 -3 0

(5 cos 37o ) m 2 0 4
5 m 37o
4m
3 5 sin 37o = -3 5 cos 37o = 4

3m Total -6 m 8m
(5 sin 37o )m

Resultant:
−62 + 82 = 100= 10 m
 Thanks!

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