Electric Machine (Chapter 4)

14/04/2020
ELECTRIC MACHINES
Chapter Four: Asynchronous (Induction)
Machines
Outline
Chapter Four: Asynchronous Machines
Construction and Different types

Characterization of the three-phase motor
D-q modeling
Operation as three-phase asynchronous generators
Operation as single-phase motor
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An induction motor is an AC electric motor in which
the electric current in the rotor needed to produce torque is
induced by electromagnetic induction from the magnetic field
of the stator winding.
Construction and Different types cross section of induction motor
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Construction and Different types Stator of a three-phase induction

motor
The rotor, mounted on a shaft, is a hollow laminated core having slots on

its outer periphery. The winding placed in these slots (called rotor
winding) may be one of the following two types:
•Squirrel cage rotor: It consists of a laminated cylindrical core having

parallel slots on its outer periphery. One copper or aluminum bar is
placed in each slot. All these bars are joined at each end by metal rings
called end rings. This forms a permanently short-circuited winding which
is indestructible. The entire construction (bars and end rings) resembles a
squirrel cage and hence the name.
The rotor is not connected electrically to the supply but has current
induced in it by transformer action from the stator.
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Squirrel cage rotor:
•Wound rotor: It consists of a laminated cylindrical core and

carries a 3- phase winding, similar to the one on the stator. The
rotor winding is uniformly distributed in the slots and is
usually star-connected. The open ends of the rotor winding are
brought out and joined to three insulated slip rings mounted on
the rotor shaft with one brush resting on each slip ring.
There are other mechanical components which constitute the
motor. The main ones are:
• The two bearings mounted on the stator and having the
function to support the motor shaft;
• The chassis which dissipates the heat produced especially by
the stator and which houses also the connection terminals box;
• The fan, which provides cooling.
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Wound rotor:
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION:
When the stator winding of a three-phase induction motor
is connected to a three phase power source, it produces a
magnetic field that is constant in magnitude and revolves
around the periphery of the rotor at the synchronous speed. If
f is the frequency of the current in the stator winding and P is
the number of poles, the synchronous speed of the revolving
field
nS
in revolutions per minute (rpm), or

s in radians per second.
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Basic Equations
Slip
s ns n ng
ns ns
Relationship between the freq. of the rotor and the stator
f2 sf1
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Linkage flux is represented by leakage reactance x1 (Steinmetz )
resistance r1 is added to stator winding and magnetizing reactance Xm.
Power losses in Induction

machines
• Copper losses
– Copper loss in the stator (PSCL) = I12R1
– Copper loss in the rotor (PRCL) = I22R2
• Core loss (Pcore)
• Mechanical power loss due to friction and
windage
• How this power flow in the motor?
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Power flow in induction motor
Power relations
Pin 3 VL I L cos 3 Vph I ph cos
PSCL 3 I12 R1
PAG Pin ( PSCL Pcore )
PRCL 3I 22 R2
Pconv PAG PRCL
Pconv
Pout Pconv ( Pf w Pstray ) ind
m
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Equivalent Circuit
• We can rearrange the equivalent circuit as
follows
Resistance
Actual
equivalent to
rotor
mechanical load
resistance
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DC Test
Vdc
r1
2 I dc
No-load Test Pnl P1 P2 SCLnl Pfwc
SCLnl 3I nl2 r1
Pfwc Pnl 3I nl2 r1
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No-load Test We can determine Xm after finding x1.
Vnl Vnl
Z nl x1 X m Xm x1
3I nl 3I nl

Blocked rotor Test
VBR
Z BR X BR Z BR sin BR x1 x2
3I BR
PBR
RBR 2
r1 r2
3I BR
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Blocked-rotor test
x1 and x2 as function of XBR
Rotor Design x1 x2
Wound rotor 0.5 XBR 0.5 XBR
Design A 0.5 XBR 0.5 XBR
Design B 0.4 XBR 0.6 XBR
Design C 0.3 XBR 0.7 XBR
Design D 0.5 XBR 0.5 XBR
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Circle diagram
Absorbed power ,
Mechanical loss,
Joule effect of stator,
Joule effect loss rotor,
Output power ,
Developed torque,
Starting torque,
Slip,
Efficiency,
Power factor
Procedure :
1 – plot straight lineV1m

(reference).
2-O (origin) with appropriate
scale of current, plot Inl lagging
V1m by angle of no-load power
factor, resulting in the point O’.
3- from points O and O’, we
can plot the lines OAA’ and O’Q,
each one is perpendicular to V1m.
4-from point O, represent the
current I1BR lagging V1m by an
angle of blocked rotor power
factor. We can place the point H.
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Procedure :
5–From terminal Inl to end of

I1BR, plot O’H = I2BR. Measure
I2BR.
6-From point H, plot a line

parallel to V1m and perpendicular to
OAA’ and O’Q, which gives
intersections A’ and F.
7-For I2BR and r1, calculate FG,
Plot the line O’G,
FG I 22BR r1
V1 m
8-construct an mediator perpendicular to O’H, we can plot the circle

with P is its center and O’P or PH as diameter.
Procedure :
V1m O
1 – plot straight lineV1m (reference).
2-O (origin) with appropriate scale of
O’
current, plot Inl lagging V1m by angle of no-
load power factor, resulting in the point O’.
A E
B C D
3- from points O and O’, we can plot the
lines OAA’ and O’Q, each one is
perpendicular to V1m.
4-from point O, represent the current I1BR
lagging V1m by an angle of blocked rotor
power factor. We can place the point H.
P
5–From terminal Inl to end of I1BR, plot O’H
= I2BR. Measure I2BR.
6-From point H, plot a line parallel to V1m and H
A’
perpendicular to OAA’ and O’Q, which gives F G S=1
intersections A’ and F.
7-For I2BR and r1, calculate FG, Plot the line O’G,
FG I2BR r1
2
V1m
8-construct an mediator perpendicular to O’H, we can plot the
circle with P is its center and O’P or PH as diameter. Q
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Using circle diagram
|AE= absorbed power

|AB=mechanical loss
|BC=Joule effect of stator
3V1mx|CD=Joule effect loss rotor
|DE =output power

|CE/ws= developed torque
|GH/ws=starting torque
CD/CE = the slip

DE/AE= efficiency
AE/OE= the power factor
Torque, power and Thevenin’s Theorem
• Thevenin’s theorem can be used to transform the network

to the left of points ‘a’ and ‘b’ into an equivalent voltage
source VTH in series with equivalent impedance RTH+jXTH
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jX M XM
VTH V | VTH | | V |
R1 j( X1 X M ) R12 ( X 1 X M )2
RTH jX TH ( R1 jX 1 ) // jX M
• Since XM>>X1 and XM>>R1

XM
VTH V
X1 X M
• Because XM>>X1 and XM+X1>>R1

2
XM
RTH R1
X1 X M
X TH X1
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VTH VTH
I2
ZT R2
2
RTH ( X TH X 2 )2
s
Then the power converted to mechanical (Pconv)
R2 (1 s)
Pconv 3I 22
s
And the internal mechanical torque (Tconv)
R2
Pconv Pconv 3I 22
s PAG
ind
m (1 s) s s s

2
3 VTH R2
ind
s R2
2 s
RTH ( X TH X 2 )2
s
R2
3VTH2
1 s
ind 2
s R2
RTH ( X TH X 2 )2
s
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Torque-speed characteristics
Typical torque-speed characteristics of induction motor
Comments
1. The induced torque is zero at synchronous speed.

Discussed earlier.
2. The curve is nearly linear between no-load and full load.
In this range, the rotor resistance is much greater than the
reactance, so the rotor current, torque increase linearly
with the slip.
3. There is a maximum possible torque that can’t be
exceeded. This torque is called pullout torque and is 2 to
3 times the rated full-load torque.
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Comments
4. The starting torque of the motor is slightly higher than its

full-load torque, so the motor will start carrying any load
it can supply at full load.
5. The torque of the motor for a given slip varies as the
square of the applied voltage.
6. If the rotor is driven faster than synchronous speed it will
run as a generator, converting mechanical power to
electric power.
Complete Speed-torque c/c
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Maximum torque
• Maximum torque occurs when the power transferred to

R2/s is maximum.
• This condition occurs when R2/s equals the magnitude of
the impedance RTH + j (XTH + X2)
R2 2
RTH ( X TH X 2 )2
sTmax
R2
sTmax
2
RTH ( X TH X 2 )2
Maximum torque
• The corresponding maximum torque of an induction motor
equals
1 3VTH2
max
2 s RTH 2
RTH ( X TH X 2 )2
The slip at maximum torque is directly proportional to the rotor

resistance R2
The maximum torque is independent of R2
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Maximum torque
• Rotor resistance can be increased by inserting external
resistance in the rotor of a wound-rotor induction motor.
The value of the maximum torque remains unaffected

but
the speed at which it occurs can be controlled.
Maximum torque
Effect of rotor resistance on torque-speed characteristic
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D-q modeling
The performance of three-phase AC machines are described by their

voltage equations and inductances.
It is well known that some machine inductances are functions of

rotor speed.
The coefficients of the differential equations, which describe the

behavior of these machines, are time varying except when the rotor
is stalled.
A change of variables is often used to reduce the complexity of these
differential equations.
D-q modeling
Clarke’s Transformation and Park’s Transformation
•A change of variables is often used to reduce the complexity

of these differential equations.
• Using Clarke and Park transformations, many properties of
electric machines can be modeled and studied without complexities in
the voltage equations.
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D-q modeling
D-q modeling
Clarke’s Transformation and Park’s Transformation
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D-q modeling : Clarke’s Transformation
•The transformation of stationary circuits to a stationary reference frame

was developed by E. Clarke.
• The stationary two-phase variables of Clarke’s transformation are
denoted as and , -axis and -axis are orthogonal.

In order for the transformation to be invertible, a third variable,
known as the zero-sequence component, is added.
The resulting transformation is :
The transformation matrix T
where f represents voltage, current, flux linkages, or electric charge;
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The inverse transformation is given by
where the inverse transformation matrix is presented

by :
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D-q modeling
Park’s Transformation
•In the late 1920s, R.H. Park introduced a new approach to electric
machine analysis.
• He formulated a change of variables associated with fictitious windings
rotating with the rotor.
• He referred the stator and rotor variables to a reference frame fixed on
the rotor.
• From the rotor point of view, all the variables can be observed as
constant values.
• Park’s transformation, a revolution in machine analysis, has the unique
property of eliminating all time varying inductances from the voltage
equations of three-phase ac machines due to the rotor spinning.
D-q modeling : Park’s Transformation
Park’s transformation is a well-known three-phase to two-phase

transformation in synchronous machine analysis.
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The Park’s transformation equation is of the form
is the angular displacement of Park’s reference frame
It can be shown that for the inverse transformation we can

write
where the inverse of Park’s transformation matrix is given by
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•The angular displacement must be continuous, but the angular velocity

associated with the change of variables is unspecified.
• The frame of reference may rotate at any constant, varying angular
velocity, or it may remain stationary.
• The angular velocity of the transformation can be chosen arbitrarily to
best fit the system equation solution or to satisfy the system constraints.
• The change of variables may be applied to variables of any waveform
and time sequence;
• however, we will find that the transformation given above is
particularly appropriate for an a-b-c sequence.
Park’s Transform is usually split into CLARKE transform and one

rotation;
CLARKE converts balanced three phase quantities into balanced
two phase orthogonal quantities;
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D-q modeling
D-q modeling
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D-q modeling
Single-phase asynchronous Motors
Single-phase induction motor cannot develop a rotating

magnetic field
Needs an “auxiliary” method
That method is another (auxiliary) winding
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Operation Single-phase asynchronous Motors
Provides “direct” flux
Start
winding
Provides
quadrature
flux
Ensures phase difference between winding currents
ECE 441 63
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Split-phase induction motor

• Single-phase motors do not have the same
inherent rotating magnetic field as three-
phase motors.
• Single-phase motors require some method
of creating a rotating magnetic field. This
can be achieved by having two windings
that are out of phase with each other.

• Out of phase windings can be obtained by
having windings of different resistance and
reactance values, or by the addition of a
capacitor in series with one of the windings.
• Once the motor has reached sufficient speed,
one of the windings can be disconnected and
the motor will continue to rotate.
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The run winding has a low resistance

and a high reactance.
The start winding has a high resistance
and a low reactance.
The two windings have different phase
angles and are spaced around the
stator. This produces the rotating
magnetic field that is necessary for
starting the motor.
• The starting torque depends on the relative

strengths of the start and run fluxes and the
phase displacement between them.
• When the rotor reaches approximately 75%
of the rated speed, the start winding is
disconnected from the supply. This is
usually achieved by a centrifugal switch
connected in series with the start winding.
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• Split-phase motors have only moderate

starting torque and are typically used for:
– washing machines
– blowers
– buffing machines
– grinders
– machine tools.
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Capacitor-start motor
• The split-phase induction motor is

limited to a maximum of about
30oE between the starting and
running winding currents.
• To increase this angle and produce
improved starting characteristics, a
capacitor is connected in series
with the starting winding.
• A correctly chosen
capacitor will improve the
starting torque, but care
must be taken to avoid
resonance.
• The improved torque
derives from the greater
phase displacement
between the two winding
currents.
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• Capacitor-start motors are used in general
purpose heavy duty applications requiring
high locked rotor starting torque, such as:
– refrigerators
– air conditioners.
Capacitor-start, capacitor-run motor
• The capacitor-start,
capacitor-run motor consists
of two permanently
connected windings, the run
and auxiliary windings.
• The auxiliary winding is
connected in series with a
capacitor. During starting, a
second capacitor is
connected in parallel with
the run capacitor.
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• The starting capacitor provides the
necessary phase displacement between the
winding currents for maximum torque at
start.
• At approximately 75% of the rated speed,
the centrifugal switch disconnects the
starting capacitor.
• During operation the run capacitor ensures

the correct phase displacement between the
two currents in the windings, so providing a
constant strength rotating magnetic field.
• The run capacitor:
– increases the breakdown torque
– improves full load efficiency and power factor
– reduces operational noise
– increases locked rotor torque.
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• Reversal of the capacitor-start, capacitor-
run motor is achieved by reversing the
connections to one winding only.
• Capacitor-start, capacitor-run motors are
used for heavy duty loads requiring quiet
operation and substantial starting torque,
such as wall-mounted air conditioners.
Permanently split capacitor motor

• The permanently split capacitor motor has
two identical windings.
• A capacitor is connected in series with either
the main or the auxiliary winding at all times.
The connection is controlled by a switch.
• The direction of rotation is determined by
which winding is connected in series with the
capacitor at that time. Hence the switch
controls the direction of rotation.
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• The permanently split capacitor motor is
suitable for light applications with low
starting torque that may need to be
reversed, such as:
– ceiling fans
– blowers
– air flow regulators.
• The speed of these motors can be varied
fairly easily with series inductances.
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Shaded-pole motor
• The shaded-pole
motor has a cage rotor
with salient poles in
the stator. On one side
of each pole a slot is
cut and a copper
shading ring is
embedded in the slot.
Shaded-pole motor
• The supply current produces an alternating
flux which induces a current in the shading
ring.
• The induced flux opposes changes in the
main flux resulting in a delay in the
magnetic field at the shaded end of the
magnetic pole.
• The magnetic axis shifts across the pole
face from the unshaded part to the shaded
part of the pole.
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Shaded-pole motor
• The shifting flux is similar to a rotating magnetic
field and it produces a small torque, causing the rotor
to rotate in the direction of the flux, towards the
shaded section of the pole.
Shaded-pole motor
• The shaded-pole motor is suitable for:

– fans and blowers
– advertising signs
– damper controllers
– hair dryers.
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Equivalent Circuit
ECE 441 85
Purpose of the “Phase-Splitter”
• Make the current in the Auxiliary Winding out of

phase with the current in the Main Winding.
• This results in the quadrature field and the main
field being out of phase.
• The locked-rotor torque will be given by
T lr
k I I sin
sp mw aw
im w iaw
ECE 441 86
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Example 1
• The main and auxiliary windings of a

hypothetical 120 V, 60 Hz, split-phase
motor have the following locked-rotor
parameters:
– Rmw=2.00 Xmw=3.50
– Raw=9.15 Xaw=8.40
• The motor is connected to a 120 V system.
Determine
ECE 441 87
Example 1 continued
• The locked-rotor current in each winding
Z mw
R mw
jX mw
2.00 j 3.50 4.0311 60.2511
Z aw
R aw
jX aw
9.15 j 8.40 12.4211 42.553
ECE 441 88
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Example 1 continued
V 120 0
I T
29.8 60.3 A
Z 4.0311 60.2511
mw
mw
V 120 0
I T
9.66 42.6 A
Z 12.4211 42.5530
aw
aw
ECE 441 89
Example 1 continued
• The phase displacement angle between the main

and auxiliary currents
imw iaw
60.3 42.6 17.7
ECE 441 90
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Example 1 continued
• The locked-rotor torque in terms of the machine

constant
T lr
k I I sin
sp mw aw
T lr
k (29.8)(9.66) sin 17.7
sp
87.52k sp
ECE 441 91
Example 1 continued
• External resistance required in series with the

auxiliary winding in order to obtain a 30 phase
displacement between the currents in the two
windings.
ECE 441 92
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Example 1 continued
• Phasor diagram for the new conditions
'
iaw
60.3 30 30.3
ECE 441 93
Example 1 continued
V V 0
I ' T
I '
30.3 T
Z Z '
aw ' aw '
aw aw Z aw
Z aw
'
30.3
Z aw
'
R x
R aw
jX aw
ECE 441 94
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Example 1 continued
X
t an ' aw
R R
Z aw
aw x
X
R aw
R
t an
x ' aw
Z aw
8.40
R 9.15 14.38 9.15 5.23
t an 30.3
Example 1 continued
• Locked-rotor torque for the condition in d
T lr
k I I sin
sp mw aw
V 120 0
I I ' T
Z 9.15 5.23 j 8.40

aw aw '
aw
I '
aw
7.2 30.29
T lr
k (29.8)(7.2) sin 30
sp
107.1k sp
T lr
107.1k sp
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Example 1 continued
• % increase in locked-rotor torque due to the

adding of additional resistance
107.1k 87.52k
sp
X 100% sp
22.37%
87.52k sp
Pb 1 Test
Why?
Why?
Pb 2
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HW4
Pb 1
Find the speed, output power, and efficiency for the motor above
operating at rated voltage and frequency for a slip of 1.5 percent.
Pb 2
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Pb 3
Use this table to solve this problem
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END
104
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14/04/2020

Chapter Four: Asynchronous Machines

Construction and Different types

Construction and Different types

An induction motor is an AC electric motor in which

the electric current in the rotor needed to produce torque is

induced by electromagnetic induction from the magnetic field

of the stator winding.

Construction and Different types cross section of induction motor

Construction and Different types Stator of a three-phase induction

Construction and Different types

The rotor, mounted on a shaft, is a hollow laminated core having slots on

•Squirrel cage rotor: It consists of a laminated cylindrical core having

Construction and Different types

Squirrel cage rotor:

Construction and Different types

•Wound rotor: It consists of a laminated cylindrical core and

Construction and Different types

Construction and Different types

in revolutions per minute (rpm), or

Characterization of the three-phase motor

Characterization of the three-phase motor

Power losses in Induction

Power flow in induction motor

PAG Pin ( PSCL Pcore )

Characterization of the three-phase motor

Characterization of the three-phase motor

Characterization of the three-phase motor

No-load Test Pnl P1 P2 SCLnl Pfwc

Pfwc Pnl 3I nl2 r1

Characterization of the three-phase motor

Characterization of the three-phase motor

Characterization of the three-phase motor

Wound rotor 0.5 XBR 0.5 XBR

Design A 0.5 XBR 0.5 XBR

Design B 0.4 XBR 0.6 XBR

Design C 0.3 XBR 0.7 XBR

Design D 0.5 XBR 0.5 XBR

Characterization of the three-phase motor

1 – plot straight lineV1m

5–From terminal Inl to end of

6-From point H, plot a line

8-construct an mediator perpendicular to O’H, we can plot the circle

Using circle diagram

|AE= absorbed power

|DE =output power

CD/CE = the slip

Torque, power and Thevenin’s Theorem

• Thevenin’s theorem can be used to transform the network

Torque, power and Thevenin’s Theorem

Torque, power and Thevenin’s Theorem

• Since XM>>X1 and XM>>R1

• Because XM>>X1 and XM+X1>>R1

Torque, power and Thevenin’s Theorem

Torque, power and Thevenin’s Theorem

Typical torque-speed characteristics of induction motor

1. The induced torque is zero at synchronous speed.

4. The starting torque of the motor is slightly higher than its

Complete Speed-torque c/c