Power System Analysis

EE432

Chapter: 4
Series and shunt impedance of TLs

IGEE, Dept. of Power & Control

Spring Semester
Dr. Kheldoun A.
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Ch4:Series and shunt impedance of TLs

Review:

In the last lecture, we have seen the following concepts :

Inductance of Transposed transmission lines

Inductance of Bundled-conductor three phase lines

Inductance of double circuit three phase lines

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 Ch4:Series and shunt impedance of TLs

Part II: Shunt impedance

1. Introduction
Goals of this part are:
1) Calculate the capacitance of transmission lines
2) Find out how the geometry of the transmission line affects this
parameter

The function of transmission lines is to transfer electric energy from

generation sites at various locations to distribution systems.

The TL has four parameters which affect its ability to fulfill this function
which are:

Resistance, Inductance, Capacitance and Conductance.

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 Ch4:Series and shunt impedance of TLs

1. Introduction

These parameters are: resistance, inductance, capacitance and

conductance.

The capacitance constitute the shunt impedance which is covered in

this chapter.

The shunt conductance is due to the leakage current flowing through

line insulators. Since the current leakage is negligible compared
to the line current, this conductance of overhead line is assumed
to be zero.

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 Ch4:Series and shunt impedance of TLs

Shunt impedance of TL, Zsh = 1/jCw

Capacitance of TL ?

TL conductors exhibit capacitance with respect to each other due to the

potential difference between them. The amount of capacitance between
conductors is function of:
- Conductor size
- Spacing
- Height above the ground
Definition: the capacitance C is the ratio of charge q to the voltage V, given by:

q
C , F 5
V
 Ch4:Series and shunt impedance of TLs
2. Potential difference between two points due to a charge
When a conductor is carrying current (flow of electric charge), a circular
magnetic field and a radial electric field result around this conductor.

Dx

x r

I(q)

All points equidistant from such a conductor are points of equipotential

and have the same electric field density. 6
 Ch4:Series and shunt impedance of TLs
2. Potential difference between two points due to a charge
All points equidistant from such a conductor are points of equipotential and have
the same electric field density.

Using Gauss’s law: D x .dA Q Dx

A
As D is always parallel to the normal x r
surface vector and constant in
magnitude at all points of distance x
from the conductor, Gauss’s law reduces I(q)
to the following:
D x .( 2 . x .l ) q .l
q
Dx C /m2 7
2 .x
 Ch4:Series and shunt impedance of TLs
2. Potential difference between two points due to a charge

D x .( 2 . x .l ) q .l
q
Dx C /m2
2 .x
Electric field intensity can be found from the Dx
relation:
x r
Dx
Ex
k
q
Ex V /m I(q)
2 k .x
Where k is the permittivity of free space,
k=8.85.10-12F/m 8
 Ch4:Series and shunt impedance of TLs

2. Potential difference between two points due to a charge

q Path of
Ex V /m k=8.85.10-12F/m integration
2 k .x
The potential difference or the voltage
Dx
drop between the two points p1 and p2 is
the integral of the electric field p1
r D1
intensity along the path of integration
between the two points: q
D2 p2
p2 D2
q
V 12 E x .dl dx
p1 D1
2 k .x
q D2
ln( )V 9
2 k D1
 Ch4:Series and shunt impedance of TLs

3. Multi-conductor case
Now assume we have a group of n conductors, each with a charge density qi
coulombs/m. The potential difference or the voltage drop between our two
points p1 and p2 is now determined by superposition :

n
V12 V12 ( q i ) q1
p1
i 1 q2 D1i X

n
1 D 2i .…..
qi
q i ln( )V q3 . .
D2i
X
p2
2 k i 1 D1i qn

Where D2i is the radial distance from point p2 to the conductor i , and D1i
is the radial distance from point p1 to the conductor i . 10
 Ch4:Series and shunt impedance of TLs

4. Capacitance of single-phase lines

Single-phase line has two conductors separated with a distance D. Conductor
1 carries a charge of q1 C/m and conductor 2 carries a charge of q2 C/m .

Assuming conductor 1 alone to have a charge of q1, the voltage between

conductors 1 and 2 is
q1 D k=8.85.10-12F/m
V12 ( q 1 ) ln( ) V
2 k r1
Assuming conductor 2 alone, having a charge of q2, the voltage between
conductors 2 and 1 is

q2 D D
V 21 ( q 2 ) ln( ) V q1
2 k r2 r1 r2 q 2

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 Ch4:Series and shunt impedance of TLs

4. Capacitance of single-phase lines

Since V12(q2) = -V21(q2), we have
D
q -q
r r
q2 r2
V12 ( q 2 ) ln( ) V
2 k D
Using the principle of superposition, the total voltage drop between the
conductors is:

q1 D q2 r
V 12 V 12 ( q 1 ) V 12 ( q 2 ) ln( ) ln( ) V
2 k r 2 k D
For a single phase line, q1 = - q2 = q and r1 =r2 =r, then we have:

q D q D q D
V12 ln( ) ln( ) V ln( ) 12
2 k r 2 k r k r
 Ch4:Series and shunt impedance of TLs

4. Capacitance of single-phase lines

D
q D q
V 12 ln( ) V r r -q
k r
The capacitance between conductors can be calculated using the
its definition, i.e. C=Q/V

Q q k
C 12 F /m
V q D D
ln( ) ln( )
k r r

q1 q2 q1 n q2

C12 C C
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 Ch4:Series and shunt impedance of TLs

4. Capacitance of single-phase lines

q1 q2 q1 n q2

C12 C C

C12 is the line-to-line capacitance between conductors. It can be considered as

the equivalent of two capacitors between conductors and neutral connected in
series as shown in the figure.

k 1 1 1 2
C 12 F /m C 2C 12
D C 12 C C C
ln( )
r
2 k 0 . 0556
C F /m F / km
D D
ln( ) ln( ) 14
r r
 Ch4:Series and shunt impedance of TLs

4. Capacitance of three-phase lines

4.1. Symmetrical spacing line
Consider one meter length of three phase TL with 3 conductors, each with a radius r .
Assuming balanced three phase currents, we have:
r
Ia + Ib + Ic = 0 qa +qb +qc =0. The application of the multi-conductor equation: Ia
3
1 D bi
V ab q i ln( )V D D
2 k i a ,b ,c D ai

D
qa D ba qb D bb qc D bc Ic
V ab ln( ) ln( ) ln( ) Ib
2 k D aa 2 k D ab 2 k D ac
Three phase line with
qa D qb r symmetrical spacing
V ab ln( ) ln( )
2 k r 2 k D
qa D qc r
V ac ln( ) ln( ) 15
2 k r 2 k D
 Ch4:Series and shunt impedance of TLs

4. Capacitance of three-phase lines

4.1. Symmetrical spacing line

qa D qb r
Vab ln( ) ln( ) r
2 k r 2 k D Ia
qa D qc r
Vac ln( ) ln( ) D D
2 k r 2 k D
D
2q a D (qb qc ) r Ic Ib
V ab V ac ln( ) ln( )
2 k r 2 k D Three phase line with
symmetrical spacing

2qa D qa r 3qa D
Vab Vac ln( ) ln( ) ln( ) ……………….(1)
2 k r 2 k D 2 k r 16
 Ch4:Series and shunt impedance of TLs

4. Capacitance of three-phase lines

4.1. Symmetrical spacing line
-Vbn Vab
Vcn
Vab = Van – Vbn =Van 0°- Van -120°
30° Vab +Vac
=Van(3/2 + j* 3/2)= 3Van( 3/2 + j*1/2)
-30° Van
= 3Vpn 30°
Vbn
Vac = Van – Vcn =Van 0°- Van 120° -Vcn
Vac
=Van(3/2 - j* 3/2)= 3Van( 3/2 - j*1/2)
= 3Van -30°

Vab + Vac = 3Van 30° + 3Van -30°

= 3Van ( 3/2 + j* 1/2)+ 3Van ( 3/2 - j* 1/2)
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=3Van...........................(2)
 Ch4:Series and shunt impedance of TLs

4. Capacitance of three-phase lines

4.1. Symmetrical spacing line

3q a D .............(1)
Vab Vac ln( ) 3qa D qa D
2 k r 3Van ln( ) Van ln( )
Vab + Vac =3Van...........................(2) 2k r 2k r

qa 2 k 0.0556
C F /m µF / km
Van D D
ln( ) ln( )
r r
The capacitive reactance per phase to neutral is:
1
X C . m ( or µ . km ) XL w.L / m ( or m / km )
wC

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w 2. . f And f is the frequency (50 or 60 Hz)
 Ch4:Series and shunt impedance of TLs

4. Capacitance of three-phase lines

4.2. Asymmetrical spacing line
Consider one meter length of 3 phase line of three conductors each with a radius r, and
conductor spacing as shown below:

Assume that the line is transposed and the balanced

qa + qb +qc = 0

Ia 1 a c b

D1
D13
2 b a c
Ib 2
D2
3
Ic 3 c b a
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I II III
 Ch4:Series and shunt impedance of TLs
4.2. Asymmetrical spacing line

Applying the following equation to the first section of the line

3 1 D12 D22 D23
1 D
V ab q i ln( bi ) V Vab (I ) (qa .ln( ) qb ln( ) qc ln( ))
2 k i a ,b ,c D ai 2k D11 D12 D13

1 D r D
Vab ( I ) (qa . ln( 12 ) qb ln( ) qc ln( 23 ))
2 k r D12 D13

Similarly, for the second section and the third one:

1 D23 r D13
Vab (II ) (qa . ln( ) qb ln( ) qc ln( ))
2 k r D23 D12
1 D r D
Vab ( III ) ( q a .ln( 13 ) qb ln( ) q c ln( 12 ))
2 k r D13 D23
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 Ch4:Series and shunt impedance of TLs
4.2. Asymmetrical spacing line

The average value of Vab along the line is

3 D .D .D
Vab (I ) Vab (II ) Vab (III) 1 12 13 23 r D .D .D
Vab (qa .ln( ) qb ln( ) qc ln( 12 13 23 ))
3 2k r 3 D .D .D
12 13 23
D12.D13.D23

1 3 D 12 .D 13 .D 23
V ab ( qa q b ). ln
2 k r
Similarly, we find the average value of Vac as
3 D .D .D 3 D .D .D
1 12 13 23 3qa 12 13 23...................(1)
Vac (qa qc ).ln( Vab Vac ln( )
2k r 2 k r
Now for balanced three phase voltage, we have
3 D . D .D
qa 12 13 23 21
Vab + Vac =3Van...........................(2) V an ln( )
2 k r
 Ch4:Series and shunt impedance of TLs

4.2. Asymmetrical spacing line

3 D .D .D
qa 12 13 23
Van ln( )
2 k r

qa 2 k 0.0556
C F /m µF / km
Van Deq Deq
ln( ) ln( )
r r

Where Deq is the equivalent distance

Deq 3 D12 .D13 .D23

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