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STUDENT SOLUTIONS MANUAL

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
and BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEMS
Computing and Modeling

3E

EDWARDS
&PENNEY
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STUDENT SOLUTIONS MANUAL

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
and BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEMS
Computing and Modeling

3E

EDWARDS
&PENNEY
PEARSON
Prentice
Hall

Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

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PEARSON © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Pearson Prentice Hall
Prentice Pearson Education, Inc.
Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any
means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

Pearson Prentice Hall® is a trademark of Pearson Education, Inc.

The author and publisher of this book have used their best efforts in preparing this
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and programs to determine their effectiveness. The author and publisher make no
warranty of any kind, expressed or implied, with regard to these programs or the
documentation contained in this book. The author and publisher shall not be liable
in any event for incidental or consequential damages in connection with, or arising
out of, the furnishing, performance, or use of these programs.

Printed in the United States of America

10 987654321

ISBN D-13-D47S7cl-3
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CONTENTS

1 FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

1.1 Differential Equations and Mathematical Modeling 1
1.2 Integrals as General and Particular Solutions 5
1.3 Slope Fields and Solution Curves 9
1.4 Separable Equations and Applications 16
1.5 Linear First-Order Equations 24
1.6 Substitution Methods and Exact Equations 28
Chapter 1 Review Problems 35

2 MATHEMATICAL MODELS
AND NUMERICAL METHODS
2.1 Population Models 37
2.2 Equilibrium Solutions and Stability 45
2.3 Acceleration-Velocity Models 53
2.4 Numerical Approximation: Euler's Method 57
2.5 A Closer Look at the Euler Method 62
2.6 The Runge-Kutta Method 69

3 LINEAR EQUATIONS OF HIGHER ORDER

3.1 Introduction: Second-Order Linear Equations 76
3.2 General Solutions of Linear Equations 79
3.3 Homogeneous Equations with Constant Coefficients 83
3.4 Mechanical Vibrations 87
3.5 Nonhomogeneous Equations and the
Method of Undetermined Coefficients 92
3.6 Forced Oscillations and Resonance 98
3.7 Electrical Circuits 106
3.8 Endpoint Problems and Eigenvalues 110

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4 INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS
OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
4.1 First-Order Systems and Applications 115

4.2 The Method of Elimination 120

4.3 Numerical Methods for Systems 131

5 LINEAR SYSTEMS OF
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
5.1 Linear Systems and Matrices 137

5.2 The Eigenvalue Method for Homogeneous Linear Systems 142

5.3 Second-Order Systems and Mechanical Applications 159

5.4 Multiple Eigenvalue Solutions 165

5.5 Matrix Exponentials and Linear Systems 173

5.6 Nonhomogeneous Linear Systems 178

6 NONLINEAR SYSTEMS AND PHENOMENA

6.1 Stability and the Phase Plane 184

6.2 Linear and Almost Linear Systems 188

6.3 Ecological Applications: Predators and Competitors 198

6.4 Nonlinear Mechanical Systems 207

6.5 Chaos in Dynamical Systems 213

7 LAPLACE TRANSFORM METHODS

7.1 Laplace Transforms and Inverse Transforms 219

7.2 Transformation of Initial Value Problems 222

7.3 Translation and Partial Fractions 227

7.4 Derivatives, Integrals, and Products of Transforms 231

7.5 Periodic and Piecewise Continuous Forcing Functions 235

7.6 Impulses and Delta Functions 242

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8 POWER SERIES METHODS

8.1 Introduction and Review of Power Series 247

8.2 Series Solutions Near Ordinary Points 251

8.3 Regular Singular Points 257

8.4 Method of Frobenius: The Exceptional Cases 265

8.5 Bessel's Equation 270

8.6 Applications of Bessel Functions 273

9 FOURIER SERIES METHODS

9.1 Periodic Functions and Trigonometric Series 277

9.2 General Fourier Series and Convergence 283

9.3 Fourier Sine and Cosine Series 290

9.4 Applications of Fourier Series 297

9.5 Heat Conduction and Separation of Variables 300

9.6 Vibrating Strings and the One-Dimensional Wave Equation 303

9.7 Steady-State Temperature and Laplace's Equation 306

10 EIGENVALUES AND
BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEMS
10.1 Sturm-Liouville Problems and Eigenfunction Expansions 312

10.2 Applications of Eigenfunction Series 319

10.3 Steady Periodic Solutions and Natural Frequencies 324

10.4 Cylindrical Coordinate Problems 332

10.5 Higher-Dimensional Phenomena 339

APPENDIX
Existence and Uniqueness of Solutions 340

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PREFACE

This is a solutions manual to accompany the textbook DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND

BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEMS: Computing and Modeling (3rd edition, 2004) by C.

Henry Edwards and David E. Penney. We include solutions to most of the odd-numbered problems

in the text.

Our goal is to support learning of the subject of elementary differential equations in every way that

we can. We therefore invite comments and suggested improvements for future printings of this

manual, as well as advice regarding features that might be added to increase its usefulness in

subsequent editions. Additional supplementary material can be found at our textbook Web site

listed below.

Henry Edwards & David Penney

[email protected]
[email protected]

www.prenhall.com/edwards

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CHAPTER 1

FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

SECTION 1.1 *

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND MATHEMATICAL MODELING

The main purpose of Section 1.1 is simply to introduce the basic notation and terminology of
differential equations, and to show the student what is meant by a solution of a differential
equation. Also, the use of differential equations in the mathematical modeling of real-world
phenomena is outlined.

Problems 1-12 are routine verifications by direct substitution of the suggested solutions into the
given differential equations. We include here just some typical examples of such verifications.

3. If y,=cos2x and y2=sin2x, then y| = -2sin2x and y\-2cos 2x so

y" = -4cos2x = -4 y} and y" = -4sin2x = -4 y2.

Thus y" + 4y} = 0 and y" + 4 y2 = 0.

5. If y = ex-e~xi then y' = ex+e~x so y'-y = (ex +e~x)-(ex-e~x) = 2e"x. Thus

y = y + 2e~x.

11. If y = y}= x-2 then y' = -2x~3 and y" = 6x~4, so

x2y" + 5xy' + 4y = x2 (6x~4) + 5x(-2x_3) + 4(x“2) = 0.

If y = y2 = x~2 lnx then y' = x-3 -2x“3lnx and y" = -5x~4 +6x-4 lnx, so

x2y' + Sxy' + 4y = x2(-5x-4 + 6x~4 lnx) + 5x(x~3 - 2x~3 lnx)+ 4(x~2 lnx)

= (-5x~2 + 5x~2 ) + (6x-2 - 10x-2 + 4x-2 jinx = 0.

Section 1.1 1
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13. Substitution of y = erx into 3y' = 2y gives the equation 3rerx = 2 erx that simplifies
to 3r = 2. Thus r- 2/3.

15. Substitution of y = erx into y" + y' - 2y = 0 gives the equation r2erx + r erx -2erx = 0
that simplifies to r +r- 2 = (r + 2){r -1) = 0. Thus r = —2 or r— 1.

The verifications of the suggested solutions in Problems 17-26 are similar to those in Problems
1-12. We illustrate the determination of the value of C only in some typical cases. However,
we illustrate typical solution curves for each of these problems.

17. C = 2

19. If ^(x) = Cex -1 then y(0) = 5 gives C-l = 5, so C = 6.

Chapter 1
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