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MA 106: Linear Algebra Tutorial 4: Prof. B.V. Limaye IIT Dharwad

This document contains a tutorial for a linear algebra class covering the following topics: 1) Finding eigenvalues and eigenvectors of matrices and determining if they are diagonalizable. 2) Diagonalizing matrices using similarity transformations. 3) Properties of eigenvalues and eigenvectors, including their relationship between a matrix and its adjoint. 4) Conditions for diagonalizability and bounds on eigenvalues. 5) Norms of matrices and vectors, including proving vector norm identities like the parallelogram law.

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84 views6 pages

MA 106: Linear Algebra Tutorial 4: Prof. B.V. Limaye IIT Dharwad

This document contains a tutorial for a linear algebra class covering the following topics: 1) Finding eigenvalues and eigenvectors of matrices and determining if they are diagonalizable. 2) Diagonalizing matrices using similarity transformations. 3) Properties of eigenvalues and eigenvectors, including their relationship between a matrix and its adjoint. 4) Conditions for diagonalizability and bounds on eigenvalues. 5) Norms of matrices and vectors, including proving vector norm identities like the parallelogram law.

Uploaded by

amar Baronia
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MA 106: Linear Algebra

Tutorial 4

Prof. B.V. Limaye


IIT Dharwad

Friday, 2 February 2018

B.V. Limaye, IITDH MA 106: Tut-04


Tutorial 4 (on Lectures 10, 11, and 12)

1. Find all eigenvalues, and their geometric as well as


algebraic multiplicities of the following matrices. Are they
diagonalizable? If so, find invertible
[ P]such that P−1 AP
5 −1
is a diagonal matrix. (i) A := ,
1 3
 
3 2 1 0  
0 1 0  2 1 0
1 
(ii) A := 
0 2 −1 0 , (iii) A := 0 2 1 .
 
0 0 2
0 0 0 1/2
[ ]
cos θ − sin θ
2. Let θ ∈ (−π, π], and consider A := .
sin θ cos θ
Find an invertible matrix P such that P−1 AP is a
diagonal matrix. Verify your answer.

B.V. Limaye, IITDH MA 106: Tut-04


 
1 ··· 1
 
3. Let A :=  ... ... ...  ∈ Kn×n ,
1 ··· 1
that is, ajk = 1 for all j, k = 1, . . . , n. Find an eigenvector
of A by inspection, all eigenvalues of A, and also their
geometric and algebraic multiplicities. Find a basis for
each eigenspace of A. Show that A is diagonalizable, and
find an invertible matrix P such that P−1 AP is a diagonal
matrix. Can you find P−1 ?
 
2 a b
4. Let A := 0 1 c  ∈ K3×3 . Find a necessary and
0 0 2
sufficient condition on a, b, c for A to be diagonalizable.

B.V. Limaye, IITDH MA 106: Tut-04


5. Let k ∈ N and
 
0 −1 0 0 0 ··· ··· 0
1 0 0 0 0 ··· ··· 0 
 
0 0 0 −1 0 · · · · · · 0 
 
0 0 1 0 0 · · · · · · 0 
 
A :=  ..  ∈ K2k×2k ,
 0 0 0 0 0 . · · · 0 
. . .. 
 .. .. .. .. .. ..
. . . .
..
. . 
 
0 · · · · · · 0 0 0 0 −1
0 ··· ··· 0 0 0 1 0
that is, A has all diagonal entries 0, the subdiagonal
entries are 1, 0, 1, 0 . . . , 1, 0, and the superdiagonal entries
are −1, 0, −1, 0, . . . , −1, 0. Find the characteristic
polynomial of A, all eigenvalues of A, and their algebraic
as well as geometric multiplicities.

B.V. Limaye, IITDH MA 106: Tut-04


6. Let λ ∈ K. Show that λ is an eigenvalue of A if and only
if λ is an eigenvalue of A∗ , but their eigenvectors can be
very different.
7. Let A ∈ Kn×n . Show that 0 is an eigenvalue of A if and
only if 0 is an eigenvalue of A∗ A, and its geometric
multiplicity is the same.
 
2 i 1+i
8. Let A :=  −i 3 1 . Show that no eigenvalue
1 − i −1 8
of A is away from√ one of the diagonal entries of A by
more than 1 + 2.
9. A square matrix A := ∑[ajk ] is called strictly diagonally
dominant if |ajj | > k̸=j |ajk | for each j = 1, . . . , n. If A
strictly diagonally dominant, show that A is invertible.

B.V. Limaye, IITDH MA 106: Tut-04


10. Let A ∈ Kn×n
{∑. Define α2 := max{∥Ax∥ } : ∥x∥ = 1},
α∞ := max{ ∑ k=1 |ajk | : j = 1, . . . , n} and
n

j=1 |ajk | : k = 1, . . . , n , where A := [ajk ].


n
α1 := max
Show that |λ| ≤ min{α2 , α∞ , α1 } for every eigenvalue λ.
11. Let x, y ∈ Kn×1 . Prove the parallelogram law:

∥x + y∥2 + ∥x − y∥2 = 2∥x∥2 + 2∥y∥2 ,

and the cosine law for nonzero x and y:

∥x − y∥2 = ∥x∥2 + ∥y∥2 − 2∥x∥∥y∥ cos θ,

where the angle θ ∈( [0, π] between nonzero


) x and y is
defined to be cos−1 R ⟨x, y⟩/∥x∥∥y∥ .

B.V. Limaye, IITDH MA 106: Tut-04

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