Lesson 2

Content and contextual analysis of selected primary sources, identification of the historical
importance of the text and examination of the authors’ main argument and point of view.

Learning Competencies
A. Analyze the context and perspective of different kinds of primary sources;
B. Determine the contribution of different kinds of primary sources in understanding Philippine
history; and
C. Develop critical and analytical skills with exposure to primary sources.

Learning outcome
1. Be able to understand the context and perspective of the represented by the primary
sources;
2. Be able to come up with a broad understanding of how different primary sources provide
various perspective in describing a historical event and document; and
3. Be able to appreciate and understand the intricacies of examining primary sources

1898 Philippine Declaration of Independence

Task at Hand 1
 What does the picture depict?
 What were the significant symbols first publicly viewed and heard in this occasion?

Discussion

The declaration of the Philippine independence in 1898 was the culminating of a long struggle of
Filipinos against the Spanish regime. Declaring independence on the 12 th of June 1898 signaled the end
of more than 300 centuries of Spanish rule. Emilio Aguinaldo, who was before exiled in Hong Kong,
returned to the Philippines to successfully negotiate help with the Americans and establish the First
Republic of the Philippines. Although, the First Republic of the Philippines did not last long as American
control took over the country, symbolic events and documents in this period make up an important part
of Philippine history to be examined.

Putting it in perspective:

 August 1896
o marks the beginning of the Philippine Revolution
 December 23, 2897
o Pact of Biak na Bato
 A negotiation between Spanish Colonial Governor General Fernando Primo de
Rivera and Emilio Aguinaldo was made to end the revolution.
 The Spanish forces will grant the Philippines a 3-year self-rule in exchange of
Aguinaldo receiving P800,000 (Mexican Pesos) as remuneration to the
revolutionaries and an amnesty.
 In addition, part of the agreement was to put Aguinaldo and other revolutionary
leaders in exile in Hong Kong.
 Note: Mistrust from both the Spanish and Filipino’s resulted to the failure of the
Pact.
 April 1898
o Outbreak of Spanish-American War
o American intervention in Cuba’s independence (Note: Aguinaldo in his negotiations with
America will reference the U.S. intervention in Cuba as context for U.S. intervention for
the Philippines).
o U.S. Commander George Dewey aboard U.S.S Olympia sailed from Hong Kong to
Manila after talks with the Aguinaldo and other Philippine revolutionary leaders.
 May 1898
o Battle of Manila Bay
 Emilio Aguinaldo together with other Filipino revolutionary leaders returned to
the Philippines and joined the American-Spanish war
 The Spaniards were defeated and Emilio Aguinaldo set in to motion the
preparation for the declaration of independence the Cavite.
 June 1898
o Most of the Philippines were controlled by the Filipino rebels except Manila.
o The declaration of the Philippine was made on June 12, 1898 in Kawit, Cavite. The
declaration was not recognized by the US or Spain.
 December 10, 1898
o Treaty of Paris
 A peace agreement between the Spain and US that ended the Spanish-American
War.
 Under the treaty, Cuba gained independence from Spain, and the US gained
possession of the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam.
 Spain ceded the Philippines to the US
 Start of Philippine-American War
 Aguinaldo was captured ending the Philippine-American War

Significance of the 1898 Philippine Declaration of Independence

 Signaled the end of Spanish rule in the country.

  Proclaimed and declared that the Philippines has the right to be free and independent hence
should cease any loyalty to the Crown of Spain.
 As a free nation, the Philippines shall be granted all rights of an independent country
 The event saw the first viewing of the Philippine flag made in Hong Kong by Mrs. Marcela
Agoncillo, assisted by Lorenza Agoncillo and Delfina Herboz.
 The Philippine National anthem was publicly played for the first time. It was composed by
Julian Felipe, written by Jose Palma, and was adapted from the Spanish poem Filipinas.
 The Act of Decleartion of Independence (“Acta de la proclamación de independencia del
pueblo Filipino”) was written and read by Ambrosio Rianzares Buatista.

Act of Declaration of Independence ( “Acta de la proclamación de independencia del pueblo Filipino”)

 Ambrosio Rianzares Baustista

o A lawyer and an author
o He prepared, written, and read the Act of Declaration of Independence in Spanish
o Served as Solicitor-General of the revolutionary government
o a member of the La Liga Filipina, Cuerpo de Compromisarios and La Propaganda
o Close confidant of Emilio Aguinaldo
o Helped in publishing and contributed articles in La Solidaridad and La Independencia
o According to Arnaldo Dumindin in his book Philippine-American War, 1899-1902, it was
Bautista and not Aguinaldo who waved the flag from the central window of the
mansion.
Contextual Significance
 Legal basis for the declaration of independence
 Justified the right to revolt against the exploitative Spanish regime
o “Taking into account the fact that the people of this country are already tired of bearing
the ominous joke of Spanish domination, …

…. Had resolved to start a revolution in August 1896 in order to regain the

independence and sovereignty of which the people had been deprived by Spain”
(Excerpt from the original text)

 Legitimize the appointment of Emilio Aguinaldo as head of government

o “Moreover, we confer upon our famous Dictator Don Emilio Aguinaldo all the powers
necessary to enable him to discharge the duties of Government, including the
prerogatives of granting pardon and amnesty,”
(Excerpt from the original text)
 Included a list of grievances against the Spanish government
 The Act of Declaration was signed by 98 delegates
Change of Dates
 Total independence was only granted by the Americans to the Philippine on July 4, 1946. Since
then Independence Day was celebrated every 4 th of July.
 President Diosdado Macapagal signed into law Republic Act No. 4166 in 1964 which proclaimed
June 12 as the national day of independence.
Task at Hand 2
Direction: Answer the following with no less than 3 sentences and no more than 5 sentences. Read
the full Act of Declaration for reference.

1. What does the document want to convey?

2. How did the revolutionaries regard Emilio Aguinaldo in the document?
3. According to the document, what do the symbols in the Philippine flag represent?
4. How did the Filipinos regard the United States in the document?
5. What is the importance of this document in the history of our country?

Assignment
It has been noted that a few leaders objected Aguinaldo’s move to declare the independence of
the Philippines first. They believed that reorganization of the government was more important. The
leaders were more concerned of being recognized by other foreign powers (e.g. U.S., Britain, Germany,
etc.) as a more urgent task to focus on. They wanted to prove that the Philippines has the capacity to
rule itself and does not need intervention of any foreign influence. (Note: The attributes of a state are
people, population, government, and recognition by other states.)

 What is your take on this? Was the leaders right on suggesting recognition first as urgent
matter especially what happened with the Treaty of Paris?
Philippine Cartoons: Political Caricatures of the American Era 1900-1941
by Alfred McCoy and Alfredo Roces

About the Author

 Alfred W. McCoy
o Born June 8, 1945 in Massachusetts, USA
o A professor of the Southeast Asian History at the University of Wisconsin
o Served as the Director of the Center for Southeast Asian Studies
o Spent the last 30 years writing about Southeast Asian history and politics
o His publications include:
 Philippine Cartoons (1985);
 Anarchy of Families (1994);
 Closer than Brothers: Manhood at the Philippine Military Academy (2000);
and
 Lives at the Margin (2001)
o The writings of McCoy on this region focused on two topics- Philippine political
history and global opium trafficking
o McCoy was a co-author of the book Philippine Cartoons were a total of 377 cartoons
are compiled that offers a comprehensive background of the life of Filipinos and
Americans during the American rule
 A caricature is a picture, description, or imitation of a person in which certain striking
characteristics are exaggerated in order to create a comic or grotesque effect.

Relevance and Contribution

 It depicted the current political, socio-economic, as well as cultural differences of the
colonial masters from the native Filipinos.
 The cartoons represented the current situation of our country.
 Provides a great insight of the past Philippine society.
 Usage of art to convey the sentiments of Filipinos

Publications
 Lipag Kalabaw
o A satirical-political entertainment weekly Tagalog magazine
o Circulated in during 1907-1909, 1922-1924, and 1947-1948
o Owned and edited by Lope K. Santos
o Cartoons drawn in the 1907-1909 circulation were drawn by Jorge Pineda. Ittackled
relevant issues of politics, society, and culture. Due to government pressure, the
magazine had to close down.
o The magazine was called Bagong Lipang Kalabaw in its revival in 1922. A brief third
revival in 1947 was made but closed down due to lack of humor of the original series.
o Ganito pala sa Maynila is a popular comic strip that was first published during the 1922.
It was written by Lope K. Santos and illustrated by Fernando Amarsolo. This comical strip
satirized the social issues during the American occupation in the Philippines.
 Philippine Free Press
o Founded by Judge W.A. Kincaid in 1906 and later purchased by McCullough Dick
o Published in both Spanish and English
 o Had distinctive mix of investigative reporting and was an institution for the emerging
Filipino middle class
o Introduced the character Juan de la Cruz which is the embodiment of a typical Filipinos.
Jorge Pineda first drew the image in 1912 wearing a salakot, camisa de chino, native
trousers, and slippers.

 The Independent
o Founded by Vicente Sotto in 1915
o It advocated Philippine independence from the Americans
o It was a forum for its publisher’s political crusades
o Characterized as the most militant of the nationalist papers

Cartoons in this Era

Liberty, Equality, Fraternity

(The Philippine Free Press)

Where the Mosquito is King

Manila, built on a swamp and surrounded by

ponds and streams, is a natural breeding
ground for malarial mosquito. The cartoon
depicts how the Board of Health distributed
millions of doses of quinine to eliminate the
mosquitos.
 Philippine Cartoons: Political Caricatures of the
American Era 1900-1941 by Alfred McCoy and Alfredo
Roces

A copy of a Lipag Kalabaw issue

The Results of Co-Education

Vicente Sotto felt that the
Philippines could not win independence
until a distinct national character is
shaped by the Filipinos. (The
Independent, 1917)
Other Cartoons in this Era
Uncle Sam

Juan de la Cruz

Task at Hand 1
Direction: Answer the following with no less than 3 sentences and no more than 5 sentences.

1. How effective was the use of cartoons in portraying the Philippine society during the
colonial periods?
2. How does a political cartoon or caricature analyze?

Task at Hand 2
Direction: Make a political cartoon or caricature that depicts today’s Philippine society. Put a
title and a brief explanation.
President Corazon Aquino’s Speech at the US Congress in September 18, 1986

Maria Corazon C. Aquino

 Born on January 25, 1933 in Tarlac, to Jose Cojuanco and
Demetria Sumulong (a wealthy Chine-Filipino family that owns
sugar plantations and a bank)
 She finished a degree in French with a minor in Mathematics at
the College of mount Saint Vincent, New York in 1953
 Married Benigno Servillano Aquino Jr, a politician, and had five
children
 Is a central figure in the EDSA Revolution.
 Yellow became her signature color during the revolution.
 Became the seventh and first female president of the Philippines
in February 25, 1986.

Contextual Significance
 It was the first visit of the President to the US after Marcos was deposed in February of the same
year.
 Cory Aquino inherited a country with a $26 billion in foreign debt, a government in dire need of
restoration, and hopeful Filipinos demanding for change.
 Her US visit was to make an appeal for help (specifically, financial aid). She had talked with
President Reagan and to the US Congress in the hopes of taking home aid to be used in the
restoration of the government and paying off the foreign debt.
 5 hours after her speech, the House of Representatives voted (203 to 197) in favor of $200
million in emergency aid.

Key Points of the Text

 President Aquino mentioned the following in her speech:
o The sacrifice of Ninoy Aquino for the freedom of the country
o Dark times of Martial law
o The fall of the Dictator and triumph of democracy
o The lessons of the struggles of Filipinos in achieving democracy
o Her plans for maintaining peace in her administration
o Thanking US for their assistance

Quiz Corner!
Direction: Write Yellow if the statement is True and True if the statement is False.

________1. Cory Aquino was the second female president of the Philippines.
________2. Cory Aquino gave her US Congress speech on September 18, 1886.
________3. The EDSA Revolution is considered as the bloodiest revolution in Philippine history.
________4. Since Ninoy’s assassination, yellow has been the color of the revolution.
________5. The “W” hand symbol was the famous hand gesture on demonstrations that means “to
fight”.
________6. The EDSA Revolution is also called the People Power Revolution and Red Revolution.
________7. Her husband urged her to run for presidency.
________8. The Marcos family was exiled to Canada.
________9. EDSA stand for Epifanio de los Santos Avenue.
________10. The assassination of Ninoy Aquino stopped the revolution from happening.

Task at Hand 1
Direction: Answer the following with no less than 3 sentences and no more than 5 sentences.

1. What is the significance of the EDSA Revolution?

2. In her speech, President Aquino thanked the US for their help in restoring democracy in the
Philippines. What were the contribution(s) of the Americans in relation to the revolution?
3. What’s your take: Was the EDSA Revolution successful in bringing change (democracy,
freedom, etc.) in the country?

Assignment
Find 10 facts about the EDSA Revolution. Among the 10 facts you have gathered, pick one which
you think is less known or hidden to the public. Explain why the fact is less known or hidden.
Lesson 3
One past but many histories, controversies and conflicting views in Philippine history 1. Site of
the Fist Mass 2. Cavite Mutiny 3. Retraction of Rizal 4. Cry of Balintawak or Pugadlawin
Learning Competencies A. Demonstrate the ability to formulate arguments in favor or against a
particular issue using primary sources.

Learning Outcomes:
1. Kfkjfjfjjf
2. jfhhfhfjdjjdjdjdjjjjjdjjdjdjdkjkdkdkdjdjk

Cavite Mutiny

This lesson will teach student how to examine and analyze historical events that shaped our
history. The student must demonstrate the ability to discern and formulate arguments in favor or
against the historical records being examined.

Learning Outcome:
a. The student must understand the basic
b. Ff
c. Fdff

Activity 1

………………………………………………………
Discussion

We tackle the story of three Filipino priests that unfolded in 1872 which inspired Philippine
nationalism. The martyrdom of the Filipino priests awakened Filipinos to unite, fight, and end the terror
of the Spanish rule. The tragic events of 1872 served as a catalyst for Filipinos to stand and fight for their
freedom and country. The Cavite mutiny is a pivotal and historical moment that defined Philippine

What We Know:
 Filipinos have experienced cruelty, a biased and corrupt government system, and outright
exploitation under the Spanish rule for three and a half centuries.
 Governor Rafael de Izquierdo was characterized as despotic man. Personal taxes from Filipino
laborers in the engineering and artillery corps in the Cavite arsenal were being exacted and
forced labor were required of ordinary subjects under his supervision. Additionally, he was also
caught in between the growing conflict between Filipino facing priests pushing for secularization
and Spanish friars in the country.
 On January 20, 1872, two hundred Filipinos employed at the Cavite arsenal staged a revolt
against the Spanish government’s voiding of their exemption from the payment of tributes.
 The revolt was quickly crushed by Governor Izquierdo and was used by the Spanish regime as an
excuse to go after Filipinos who have been calling for governmental reforms.
 Father Jose Burgos, Mariano Gomez and Jacinto Zamora, later known as the three martyrs
(GomBurZa), were among the few Filipinos lobbying for reform and was arrested.
  Father Jose Burgos led the call for the restoration of Filipino clergy to the parishes occupied by
friars.
 Francisco Saldua is a soldier who became the principal informer against the three priests.
 Governor Izquierdo linked the three priests to the revolt in the Cavite arsenal. Sentenced to
death by the garrote on February 15, the three priests were executed on February 17, 1872.
 According to records there is no substantive evidence linking the GomBurZa with the revolt in
the Cavite arsenal as instigators.
 The trial was swift and proceedings were highly irregular. Furthermore, the court trial records
mysteriously disappeared. The three priests were not adequately proved to be part of any
revolt.
 Given the circumstances, it is not uncommon for resistance to bloom and Filipino nationalism to
thrive.

What Others Perceive:

“Without 1872 there would not now be a Plaridel, a Jaena, a Sanciangco, nor would the brave and
generous Filipino colonies exist in Europe. Without 1872 Rizal would now be a Jesuit and instead of
writing the Noli Me Tangere, would have written the contrary. At the sight of those injustices and
cruelties, though still a child, my imagination awoke, and I swore to dedicate myself to avenge one day
so many victims. With this idea I have gone on studying, and this can be read in all my works and
writings. God will grant me one day to fulfill my promise.”

“…If at his death Burgos had shown the courage of Gomez, the Filipinos of today would be other than
they are. However, nobody knows how he will behave at that culminating moment, and perhaps, I
myself, who preach and boast so much, may show more fear and less resolution than Burgos in that
crisis. Life is so pleasant, and it is so repugnant to die on the scaffold, still young and with ideas in one’s
head…”

Jose Rizal’s letter to Mariano Ponce, April 18, 1889

Jim Richardson: “The day that Gomez, Burgos and Zamora were executed, writes Jacinto, was a day of
degradation and wretchedness. Twenty-four years had since passed, but the excruciating wound
inflicted that day on Tagalog hearts had never healed; the bleeding had never been staunched. Though
the lives of the three priests had been extinguished that day, their legacy would endure forever. Their
compatriots would honor their memory, and would seek to emulate their pursuit of truth and justice. As
yet, Jacinto acknowledges, some were not fully ready to embrace those ideals, either because they
failed to appreciate the need for solidarity and unity or because their minds were still clouded by the
smoke of a mendacious Church. But those who could no longer tolerate

Emilio Jacinto, “Gomez, Burgos, at Zamora!” April 30, 1896

Late in the night of the 15th of February 1872, a Spanish court martial found three secular priests, Jose
Burgos, Mariano Gomez and Jacinto Zamora, guilty of treason as the instigators of a mutiny in the Kabite
navy-yard a month before, and sentenced them to death. The judgement of the court martial was read
to the priests in Fort Santiago early in the next morning and they were told it would be executed the
following day… Upon hearing the sentence, Burgos broke into sobs, Zamora lost his mind and never
recovered it, and only Gomez listened impassively, an old man accustomed to the thought of death.
When dawn broke on the 17th of February there were almost forty thousand of Filipinos (who came
from as far as Bulakan, Pampanga, Kabite and Laguna) surrounding the four platforms where the three
priests and the man whose testimony had convicted them, a former artilleryman called Saldua, would
die.

The three priests followed Saldua: Burgos ‘weeping like a child’, Zamora with vacant eyes, and Gomez
head held high, blessing the Filipinos who knelt at his feet, heads bared and praying. He was next to die.
When his confessor, a Recollect friar , exhorted him loudly to accept his fate, he replied: “Father, I know
that not a leaf falls to the ground but by the will of God. Since He wills that I should die here, His holy
will be done.”

Zamora went up the scaffold without a word and delivered his body to the executioner; his mind had
already left it. Burgos was the last, a refinement of cruelty that compelled him to watch the death of his
companions. He seated himself on the iron rest and then sprang up crying: “But what crime have I
committed? Is it possible that I should die like this. My God, is there no justice on earth?”

A dozen friars surrounded him and pressed him down again upon the seat of the garrote, pleading with
him to die a Christian death. He obeyed but, feeling his arms tied round the fatal post, protested once
again: “But I am innocent!”

“So was Jesus Christ,’ said one of the friars.” At this Burgos resigned himself. The executioner knelt at his
feet and asked his forgiveness. “I forgive you, my son. Do your duty.” And it was done.

(Veneracion quotes Leon Ma. Guerrero’s  The First Filipino: “We are told that the crowd, seeing the
executioner fall to his knees, suddenly did the same, saying the prayers to the dying. Many Spaniards
thought it was the beginning of an attack and fled panic-stricken to the Walled City.”)

The Execution of GomBurZa

Edmond Plauchut, as quoted by Jamie Veneracion

It is believed that Rizal’s El Felibusterismo is inspired by the tragic

1898 Philippine Declaration of Independence

Learning outcome

Activity 1
 What does the picture depict?
 What were the significant symbols first publicly viewed and heard in this occasion?
Discussion

The declaration of the Philippine independence in 1898 was the culminating of the long struggle
of Filipinos against the Spanish regime. The declaration of independence on the June 12, 1898 signaled
the end of more than 300 centuries of Spanish rule. Emilio Aguinaldo, who was before exiled in Hong
Kong, returned to the Philippines to successfully negotiate help with the Americans and establish the
First Republic of the Philippines. Although, the First Republic of the Philippines did not last long as
American control took over the country, historical events and documents are still an important part to
be examined.

Putting it in perspective:

 August 1896
o marks the beginning of the Philippine Revolution
 December 23, 2897
o Pact of Biak na Bato
 A negotiation between Spanish Colonial Governor General Fernando Primo de
Rivera and Emilio Aguinaldo was made to end the revolution.
 The Spanish forces will grant the Philippines a 3-year self-rule in exchange of
Aguinaldo receiving P800,000 (Mexican Pesos) as remuneration to the
revolutionaries and an amnesty.
 In addition, part of the agreement was to put Aguinaldo and other revolutionary
leaders in exile in Hong Kong.
 Note: Mistrust from both the Spanish and Filipino’s resulted to the failure of the
Pact.
 April 1898
o Outbreak of Spanish-American War
o American intervention in Cuba’s independence (Note: Aguinaldo in his negotiations with
America will reference the U.S. intervention in Cuba as context for U.S. intervention for
the Philippines).
 o U.S. Commander George Dewey aboard U.S.S Olympia sailed from Hong Kong to
Manila after talks with the Aguinaldo and other Philippine revolutionary leaders.
 May 1898
o Battle of Manila Bay
 Emilio Aguinaldo together with other Filipino revolutionary leaders returned to
the Philippines and joined the American-Spanish war
 The Spaniards were defeated and Emilio Aguinaldo set in to motion the
preparation for the declaration of independence the Cavite.
 June 1898
o Most of the Philippines were controlled by the Filipino rebels except Manila.
o The declaration of the Philippine was made on June 12, 1898 in Kawit, Cavite. The
declaration was not recognized by the US or Spain.
 December 10, 1898
o Treaty of Paris
 A peace agreement between the Spain and US that ended the Spanish-American
War.
 Under the treaty, Cuba gained independence from Spain, and the US gained
possession of the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam.
 Spain ceded the Philippines to the US
 Start of Philippine-American War
 Aguinaldo was captured ending the Philippine-American War

Significance of the 1898 Philippine Declaration of Independence

 Signaled the end of Spanish rule in the country.

 Proclaimed and declared that the Philippines has the right to be free and independent hence
should cease any loyalty to the Crown of Spain.
 As a free nation, the Philippines shall be granted all rights of an independent country
 The event saw the first viewing of the Philippine flag made in Hong Kong by Mrs. Marcela
Agoncillo, assisted by Lorenza Agoncillo and Delfina Herboz.
 The Philippine National anthem was publicly played for the first time. It was composed by
Julian Felipe, written by Jose Palma, and was adapted from the Spanish poem Filipinas.
 The Act of Decleartion of Independence (“Acta de la proclamación de independencia del
pueblo Filipino”) was written and read by Ambrosio Rianzares Buatista.

Act of Declaration of Independence ( “Acta de la proclamación de independencia del pueblo Filipino”)

 Ambrosio Rianzares Baustista

o A lawyer and an author
o He prepared, written, and read the Act of Declaration of Independence in Spanish
o Served as Solicitor-General of the revolutionary government
o a member of the La Liga Filipina, Cuerpo de Compromisarios and La Propaganda
o Close confidant of Emilio Aguinaldo
o Helped in publishing and contributed articles in La Solidaridad and La Independencia
o According to Arnaldo Dumindin in his book Philippine-American War, 1899-1902, it was
Bautista and not Aguinaldo who waved the flag from the central window of the
mansion.
Contextual Significance
 Legal basis for the declaration of independence
 Justified the right to revolt against the exploitative Spanish regime
o “Taking into account the fact that the people of this country are already tired of bearing
the ominous joke of Spanish domination, …

…. Had resolved to start a revolution in August 1896 in order to regain the

independence and sovereignty of which the people had been deprived by Spain”
(Excerpt from the original text)

 Legitimize the appointment of Emilio Aguinaldo as head of government

o “Moreover, we confer upon our famous Dictator Don Emilio Aguinaldo all the powers
necessary to enable him to discharge the duties of Government, including the
prerogatives of granting pardon and amnesty,”
(Excerpt from the original text)
 Included a list of grievances against the Spanish government
 Signed by 98 delegates
Task at Hand
3. What does the document want to convey? (Read the full Act of Declaration for reference)
4. How did the revolutionaries regard Emilio Aguinaldo in the document?
5. According to the document, what do the symbols in the Philippine flag represent?
6. How did the Filipinos regard the United States in the document?
7. What is the importance of this document in the history of our country?

Assignment
It has been noted that a few leaders objected Aguinaldo’s move to declare the independence of
the Philippines first. They believed that reorganization of the government is more important. The
leaders were more concerned to be recognize by other foreign powers (e.g. U.S., Britain, Germany, etc.)
as a more urgent task to be addressed. This was to prove that the Philippines has the capacity to rule
itself and does not need any intervention of other foreign influence. (Note: The attributes of a state are
people, population, government, and recognition by other states.)

 What is your take on this? Was the leaders right on suggesting recognition first as urgent
matter especially what happened with the Treaty of Paris?
Philippine Cartoons: Political Caricatures of the American Era 1900-1941
by Alfred McCoy and Alfredo Roces

About the Author

 Alfred W. McCoy
o Born June 8, 1945 in Massachusetts, USA
o A professor of the Southeast Asian History at the University of Wisconsin
o Served as the Director of the Center for Southeast Asian Studies
o Spent the last 30 years writing about Southeast Asian history and politics
o His publications include:
 Philippine Cartoons (1985);
 Anarchy of Families (1994);
 Closer than Brothers: Manhood at the Philippine Military Academy (2000);
and
 Lives at the Margin (2001)
o The writings of McCoy on this region focused on two topics- Philippine political
history and global opium trafficking
o McCoy was a co-author of the book Philippine Cartoons were a total of 377 cartoons
are compiled that offers a comprehensive background of the life of Filipinos and
Americans during the American rule
 A caricature is a picture, description, or imitation of a person in which certain striking
characteristics are exaggerated in order to create a comic or grotesque effect.

Relevance and Contribution

 It depicted the current political, socio-economic, as well as cultural differences of the
colonial masters from the native Filipinos.
  The cartoons represented the current situation of our country.
 Provides a great insight of the past Philippine society.
 Usage of art to convey the sentiments of Filipinos

Publications
 Lipag Kalabaw
o A satirical-political entertainment weekly Tagalog magazine
o Circulated in during 1907-1909, 1922-1924, and 1947-1948
o Owned and edited by Lope K. Santos
o Cartoons drawn in the 1907-1909 circulation were drawn by Jorge Pineda. Ittackled
relevant issues of politics, society, and culture. Due to government pressure, the
magazine had to close down.
o The magazine was called Bagong Lipang Kalabaw in its revival in 1922. A brief third
revival in 1947 was made but closed down due to lack of humor of the original series.
o Ganito pala sa Maynila is a popular comic strip that was first published during the 1922.
It was written by Lope K. Santos and illustrated by Fernando Amarsolo. This comical strip
satirized the social issues during the American occupation in the Philippines.
 Philippine Free Press
o Founded by Judge W.A. Kincaid in 1906 and later purchased by McCullough Dick
o Published in both Spanish and English
o Had distinctive mix of investigative reporting and was an institution for the emerging
Filipino middle class
o Introduced the character Juan de la Cruz which is the embodiment of a typical Filipinos.
Jorge Pineda first drew the image in 1912 wearing a salakot, camisa de chino, native
trousers, and slippers.

 The Independent
o Founded by Vicente Sotto in 1915
o It advocated Philippine independence from the Americans
o It was a forum for its publisher’s political crusades
o Characterized as the most militant of the nationalist papers

Cartoons in this Era

 Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
(The Philippine Free Press)

Where the Mosquito is King

Manila, built on a swamp and

surrounded by ponds and streams, is
a natural breeding ground for malarial mosquito. The cartoon depicts how the Board of Health
distributed millions of doses of quinine to eliminate the mosquitos.

Philippine Cartoons: Political Caricatures of

the American Era 1900-1941 by Alfred McCoy
and Alfredo Roces
A copy of a Lipag Kalabaw issue

The Results of Co-Education

Vicente Sotto felt that the
Philippines could not win independence
until a distinct national character is
shaped by the Filipinos. (The
Independent, 1917)

Other Cartoons in this Era

Uncle Sam
Juan de la Cruz
President Corazon Aquino’s Speech at the US Congress in September 18, 1986

Maria Corazon C. Aquino

 Born on January 25, 1933 in Tarlac, to Jose Cojuanco and Demetria Sumulong (a wealthy Chine-
Filipino family that owns sugar plantations and a bank)
 She finished a degree in French with a minor in Mathematics at the College of mount Saint
Vincent, New York in 1953
 Married Benigno Servillano Aquino Jr, a politician, and had five children, including Benigno
Simeon Aquino who was elected senator in 2007 after serving nine years in the House of
Representatives and would become the 15 th President of the Philippines.
 Became the seventh president of the Philippines in February 25, 1986 (the first woman to do so)
after the death of her husband in 1986.

Contextual Significance
 It was the first visit of the President to the US after the Marcos was deposed in February of the
same year.
 Cory Aquino inherited a country with a $26 billion in foreign debt, a government in dire need of
restoration, and hopeful Filipinos demanding for change.
 Her US visit was to make an appeal for help (specifically, financial aid). She had talked with
President Reagan and to the US Congress in the hopes of taking home aide to be used in the
restoration of the government and paying off the foreign debt.
 5 hours after her speech, the House of Representatives voted (203 to 197) in favor of $200
million in emergency aid.

Key Points of the Text

 President Aquino mentioned the following in her speech:
o The sacrifice of Ninoy Aquino for the freedom of the country
o Martial law
o The fall of the Dictator and achievement of democracy
o The lessons of the struggles of Filipinos in achieving democracy
o Her plans for maintaining peace
o Thanking US for their help