U N I T

Whole Numbers

i n g G oals
Lear n

• recognize and read numbers

from 1 to 10 000
• read and write numbers in
standard form, expanded
form, and written form
• compare and order numbers
• use diagrams to show
relationships
• estimate sums and differences
• add and subtract 3-digit and
4-digit numbers mentally
• use personal strategies to
add and subtract
• pose and solve problems

32
 Key Words

expanded form
The elephant is the world’s largest animal.
There are two kinds of elephants. standard form
The African elephant can be found
in most parts of Africa. Venn diagram
The Asian elephant can be found in Southeast Asia.
Carroll diagram
African elephants are larger and heavier
than their Asian cousins.
The mass of a typical adult African
female elephant is about 3600 kg.
The mass of a typical male is about 5500 kg.
The mass of a typical adult Asian female
elephant is about 2720 kg.
The mass of a typical male is about 4990 kg.

• How could you find how much greater the mass of the
African female elephant is than the Asian female elephant?
• Kandula, a male Asian elephant, had a mass of about 145 kg at birth.
Estimate how much mass he will gain from birth to adulthood.
• The largest elephant on record was an African male with an
estimated mass of about 10 000 kg. About how much greater was
the mass of this elephant than the typical African male elephant?
33
L E S S O N

Whole Numbers to 10 000

The largest marching band

ever assembled had
4526 members.
There were students from
52 different school bands.

How many different ways can you show 4526?

Draw a picture to record each way you find.

S h o w and S h a r e
Share your pictures with another pair
of students.
How do you know each picture shows 4526?

The largest marching band had 1342 majorettes, flag bearers,

and drill team members.
The rest of the band were musicians.
You can represent the number 1342 in different ways.

➤ Use Base Ten Blocks.

To show the number 1342:

1 thousand 3 hundreds 4 tens 2 ones

34 LESSON FOCUS Read and write whole numbers in standard, expanded, and word forms.
➤ Draw a picture.
To show the number 1342:

➤ Use a place-value chart.

To show the number 1342:
Thousands Hundreds Tens Ones
1 3 4 2

1000 300 40 2

Every digit has a place value, depending on its position.

➤ Write the number 1342 as the sum of

the thousands, hundreds, tens, and ones.

1342 ! 1000 " 300 " 40 " 2 This is expanded form.

➤ Use words.
1342 is one thousand three hundred forty-two.

➤ Use standard form.

The number 1342 is written in standard form. We do not use the
It has no spaces between the digits. word “and” when we
The number 10 000 is also written in standard form. represent whole
! numbers with words.
It has a space between the thousands digit and
the hundreds digit.

Unit 2 Lesson 1 35
1. In 2001, the population of Iqaluit, Nunavut, was 5236.
Write this number in words.

2. Mount Everest is the world’s highest mountain.

It is about 8850 m high.
Use Base Ten Blocks to show this number.
Draw pictures of the blocks.

3. Mount Logan, Yukon, is the highest mountain in Canada.

It is about 5959 m high.
Use expanded form to show this number.

4. Write the standard form of the number represented by

each set of blocks.
a)

b)

5. Write each number in question 4 in words.

6. Write each number in standard form.

a) 5000 " 600 " 40 " 3 b) 9000 " 700 " 80
c) 3000 " 200 " 9 d) 8000 " 20
e) 7000 " 5 f) 4000 " 70 " 3

7. Write each number in standard form, then in expanded form.

a) one thousand seven hundred fifty-four
b) nine thousand nine hundred ninety-nine
c) four thousand seventy
d) six thousand five hundred three
e) ten thousand

8. Write each number in expanded form.

a) 5352 b) 7056 c) 8104 d) 4370

36 Unit 2 Lesson 1
9. Draw a picture to represent each number in question 8.

10. Write each number in question 8 in words.

11. a) Press: 578. Make the screen show 508.

How did you do it?
b) Explain how to get each target number from each start number.
Start 394 156 4689
Target 94 106 4009

c) Write your own start number and target number.

Explain how you reached your target.

12. Tyler wrote 2005 in words as “two hundred five.”

Explain Tyler’s mistake.
Show your work.

13. Use Base Ten Blocks.

Find as many ways as you can to show 2058.
Record your work in a place-value chart.

14. Use a place-value chart to show each number.

a) 7649 b) 908 c) 9441 d) 39

15. The value of the 4 in 2413 is 400.

Write the value of each underlined digit.
a) 7847 b) 9305 c) 6842 d) 9999

16. A student read 7647 as

“seven thousand six hundred and forty-seven.”
Explain the student’s mistake.

Use numbers, words, or pictures

Look through newspapers and
to explain the meaning of each magazines.
digit in the number 7777. Find example of large numbers.
Write each number.
In which form is it written?

ASSESSMENT FOCUS Question 12 Unit 2 Lesson 1 37

L E S S O N

Comparing and Ordering Numbers

Use the digits 3, 5, 7, 8.

Write 3 different numbers using all these digits.
Order the numbers from greatest to least.
Show your work.

S h o w and S h a r e
Share your numbers and ordering with another pair of students.
Take turns to tell about the strategy you used for ordering.
What other strategies could you use to order the numbers?

To order the numbers 2143, 2413, and 1423 from least to greatest:

➤ Represent each number with Base Ten Blocks.

2143 Both 2143 and 2413

have 2 thousands.
Compare their hundred flats.
2413 2143 has fewer.
So, 2143 is less than 2413.

1423

Compare the thousand cubes.

1423 has the fewest.
So, 1423 is the least number.

From least to greatest: 1423, 2143, 2413

38 LESSON FOCUS Use different methods to compare and order numbers.

➤ Write each number in a place-value chart.
Thousands Hundreds Tens Ones
2 1 4 3
2 4 1 3
1 4 2 3

1423 has the Both 2143 and 2413 have

fewest 2 thousands.
thousands, so Compare their hundreds.
The arrow
it is the least 100 is less than 400. points to the
number. So, 2143 is less than 2413. smaller number.

You can use < and > to show order.

1423 < 2143 means
1423 is less than 2143.

2413 > 2143 means

2413 is greater than 2143.

➤ Use a number line.

Mark a dot for each number on a number line.

1423 2143 2413

1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

Read the numbers from left to right.

From least to greatest: 1423, 2143, 2413

1. The Canadian Armed Forces have 80 F-18 Hornets.

The US Navy has 200.
Which has more F-18s? How do you know?

Unit 2 Lesson 2 39
2. Copy and complete. Write >, <, or !.
a) 582 ! 589 b) 3576 ! 3476 c) 5754 ! 5745
d) 792 ! 6082 e) 4110 ! 4101 f) 8192 ! 8291
How did you decide which symbol to use?

3. Write the numbers in order from least to greatest.

a) 862, 802, 869 b) 7656, 7665, 6756

4. Write the numbers in order from greatest to least.

Explain how you did it.
a) 9006, 9600, 9060 b) 5865, 895, 5685

5. Replace each ! with a digit so the statement is true.

Write the possible digits for each !.
a) 5762 < 5 ! 76 b) 7998 > ! 998 c) 6 ! 05 < 6604

6. Chantelle and Elena collect shells.

Chantelle has 4325 shells.
Elena has 4235.
Who has more shells?
How do you know?

7. Katie, Urvi, and Blake collect stamps.

Katie has 2340 stamps.
Urvi has 2304 stamps.
Blake has 2430 stamps.
Who has the most stamps? The fewest stamps?
How do you know?

8. Write three 4-digit numbers.

Order the numbers from greatest to least.

40 Unit 2 Lesson 2
 9. Use the digits 3, 7, 8, 9.
Write all the 4-digit numbers greater than 7000
and less than 8000.
Order the numbers from least to greatest.
Show your work.

10. Copy and fill in the blanks.

a) 8448, 8449, _____ , _____ , 8452, _____ , _____
b) 5097, 5098, _____ , _____ , _____ , 5102, _____
c) 4701, _____ , _____ , 4704, _____ , _____ , 4707
d) _____ , 6320, _____ , 6322, _____ , _____ , 6325

11. Rewrite the numbers in the correct order from

least to greatest.
a) 5228, 5229, 5231, 5232, 5230, 5233
b) 1009, 1014, 1012, 1015, 1010, 1013, 1011
c) 4438, 4440, 4439, 4441, 4443, 4442, 4437

12. Write the number for each letter on the number lines.
a) A B C

3795 3796 3799

A B C
b)
1408 1409 1411

c) A B C

9995 9997 9999

Sue says that since 9 > 2, then 987 > 2134.

Is she correct?
Use words, pictures, or numbers to explain.

ASSESSMENT FOCUS Question 9 Unit 2 Lesson 2 41

L E S S O N

Sorting Numbers

You will need loops of string and numeral cards like those below.
224 3689 2313 1722 467 94

371 176 2388 4585 690 2000

➤ Sort the numbers using two attributes.
Record your sorting.

➤ Sort the numbers a different way.

Record the sorting.

S h o w and S h a r e
Show another pair of classmates one way
you sorted. Ask them to tell the attributes
you used. Have them name one more
number for each of your groups.

Here are four ways to sort these numbers.

8000 1586 391 5111 3874 513 679 25

➤ Use a Venn diagram with separate circles. 25

A number cannot have 3 digits and 4 digits, 391 8000

so separate circles must be used. 513 1586
5111
679 3874
Twenty-five has only 2 digits,
so it is outside the circles. Have 3 digits Have 4 digits

42 LESSON FOCUS Use diagrams to show relationships.

➤ Use a Venn diagram with one circle inside Less than 5000
another circle.
25 391
All the numbers in the two circles 1586
3874
are less than 5000. 679 513
5111
The numbers in the inside circle
8000
also have 4 digits. Have 4 digits

Both 8000 and 5111

are greater than 5000,
so they are outside the circles.

➤ Use a Venn diagram with overlapping circles.

1586
The numbers in the left circle are greater 8000
391
than 2000. 5111 513
3874
The numbers in the right circle are odd. 679 25
The number in the overlap is greater
than 2000 and is also odd. Greater than 2000 Odd

1586 is not greater than 2000 and

it is not odd, so it is outside the circles.

➤ Use a Carroll diagram.

In the first row, all the numbers are odd.

In the second row, all the numbers are not odd.
Numbers whose digits add to less than 10 are in the first column.
Numbers whose digits add to 10 or
more are in the second column.

Digits add to Digits add to

less than 10 10 or more

5111 391
Odd
513 25 679
1586
Not odd 8000 8000 is not odd and
3874
its digits add to less
than 10.

Unit 2 Lesson 3 43
1. a) Sort these numbers in a Venn diagram.
Use the attributes: “Even” and “Greater than 500.”
494, 627, 806, 213, 529, 740, 89, 2017
b) Write one more number in each part of your Venn diagram.
Circle each number you write.

2. Copy the Venn diagram. 624 5168

a) How have these numbers been sorted?
Label each circle.
567 603 20
b) Explain why each number
in the Venn diagram belongs
845 3201 7026
where it is placed. 931
c) Write these numbers in the Venn 804
diagram: 920, 2563, 5808, 246
d) What other numbers could you write in
each part of the Venn diagram?

3. Copy this Venn diagram. Digits add to 20.

Use the Venn diagram to sort
these numbers.
4725, 9902, 2477, 385,
7265, 6608, 2945, 776
Even

4. Describe what each Venn diagram shows.

How are the numbers related?
Explain the arrangement of the circles in each diagram.
a) 73 b) Divisible by 4
c) 1000
38 75
33 65 999
6 15 10 84 30 27 1001
16 4976
30 848
12 18 45
25
70 20 876 2005 6000
48 24 60 40 40 60 56 482
50 391 3218
39 52 32
Multiples of 3 Multiples of 5 44 Less than 1000 Greater than 1000
End in 0

44 Unit 2 Lesson 3
5. Joe and Cher work at the dairy bar.
Joe worked on April 3rd
and every third day after that.
Cher worked on April 4th
and every fourth day after that.
Use a Venn diagram to find the dates in
April that Joe and Cher worked together.

6. Copy the Carroll diagram below.

Then sort these numbers in the diagram.
15, 50, 24, 30, 45, 19

Even Odd

Multiples 6 36 9 21
of 3 12 42 27 39

Not multiples 8 16 35 53
of 3 44 74 67 17

7. a) Copy this Carroll diagram. Is divisible Is not divisible

Sort these numbers in by 5 by 5
the Carroll diagram:
Is even
15, 36, 60, 99, 83, 55, 74, 85, 17, 42
b) Write another number in each Is not
even
box in the Carroll diagram.
c) Use the numbers from
parts a and b.
Sort the numbers in a Venn diagram.
Use the attributes “Even” and “Divisible by 5.”
d) Do your Carroll diagram and your
Venn diagram show the same information?
Explain how you know.

You have used Venn diagrams and Carroll diagrams.

How do you decide which diagram to use to sort a set of numbers?

ASSESSMENT FOCUS Question 7 Unit 2 Lesson 3 45

L E S S O N

Estimating Sums

Do you think doctors

use an estimate when
they prescribe
When you don’t need an exact answer, you estimate. medicine?
When would you use an estimate?

When you estimate a sum, you find a number

that is close to the sum.

➤ About how much will it cost

to buy a TV set and a DVD player?

➤ What could you buy if you had

$700 to spend?

Estimate to find out. Record your answers.

S h o w and S h a r e
Compare your answers with those of another pair of students.
Are your estimates higher or lower? Explain.
What strategies did you use to estimate?

An electronics store had 395 customers on Friday

and 452 customers on Saturday.
About how many customers did the store have for those 2 days?

When a question asks “about how many,” you can estimate.

When you estimate, you use numbers that are close but easier to work with.

46 LESSON FOCUS Use different strategies to estimate the sums of 3- and 4-digit numbers.
➤ Estimate: 395 " 452 Since 400 # 395 and
You could write each number to the closest 100. 500 # 452, the estimate
395 is closest to 400. is high.
452 is closest to 500.

Add the numbers: 400 " 500 ! 900

The store had about 900 customers for the 2 days.

➤ Estimate: 395 " 452

You could use front-end estimation.
Add the first digits of the numbers.
395 " 452 is about 300 " 400 ! 700.
ZAP ELECTRONICS SUPERSTORE
For a closer estimate of 395 " 452:
Think about 95 " 52.
This is about 100 " 50 ! 150.
Add 150 to the front-end estimate.
So, 395 " 452 is about 700 " 150 ! 850.
The store had about 850 customers for the 2 days.

1. How many digits do you think each answer will have?

Explain.
a) 714 " 621 b) 1375 " 2496 c) 265 " 661

2. Raji estimated each sum.

Is each estimate high or low?
How do you know?
a) 517 " 475 as 900 b) 4316 " 3442 as 7000
c) 5678 " 1785 as 8000 d) 4056 " 359 as 4300

3. Estimate each sum.

Explain your strategy.
a) 71 " 847 b) 165 " 72 c) 5192 " 2192
d) 189 " 2148 e) 982 " 828 f) 5307 " 88

Unit 2 Lesson 4 47
4. Sam wants a lunch with less than 1000 Calories.
He has a hamburger with 445 Calories,
an apple pie with 405 Calories,
and ice cream with 270 Calories.
a) About how many Calories are in the lunch?
b) Did Sam make his goal? Explain.

5. Write a story problem where you would not use

estimation to solve it.
Explain why you would not estimate.

6. Look at these two addition questions:

4491 " 4491 4517 " 4517
a) Estimate each sum by writing each number to the closest 1000.
b) Use a calculator.
Are the two sums as different as the estimates make
them seem? Explain.
c) How might you get a better estimate for each sum?

7. When you estimate to add, how can you tell if the

estimated sum is greater than or less than the exact sum?

8. The estimated sum of two numbers is 600.

What might the numbers be?
Show your work.

9. Look at the list of numbers: 538, 476, 852, 938, 725

Which 2 numbers will give the sum that is closest to each
number below?
Show your work.
a) 1000 b) 1800

Describe a situation in which you would estimate

a sum rather than find the exact answer.

48 ASSESSMENT FOCUS Question 8 Unit 2 Lesson 4

L E S S O N

Using Mental Math to Add

Students from two schools went on a field trip.

There were 227 students in one school,
and 134 students in the other school.
How many students went on the field trip?

Use mental math to find out.

Record your answer.

S h o w and S h a r e
Share your strategies for adding with another pair of students.

There are many ways to use mental math to add.

➤ Winston uses the strategy of ➤ Trang uses the strategy

make a “friendly” number to of counting on to add
add 198 " 343. 170 " 348.

First I add 170

I know 198 " 2 is 200. and 300. That makes 470.
I take the 2 from 343. Next I count on by 10 four
That leaves 341. times: 470, 480, 490, 500, 510
200 " 341 is 541. Then I add 8: 510 " 8 ! 518
So, 198 " 343 is 541. So, 170 " 348 ! 518

LESSON FOCUS Use personal strategies to mentally add 3- and 4-digit numbers. 49
➤ Alexia uses the strategy of I’ll start by
adding on from left to right to adding the hundreds –
add 353 " 260. 3 hundred … 5 hundred
Next I add the tens –
5 hundred fifty …6 hundred ten
Then the ones –
6 hundred thirteen
So, 353 " 260 ! 613

Use mental math.

1. Add. You choose the strategy.

a) 179 " 234 b) 4266 " 4313 c) 4002 " 5336 d) 723 " 856
e) 348 " 434 f) 536 " 299 g) 184 " 2301 h) 7620 " 95

2. Add.
a) 263 " 328 b) 1439 " 2544 c) 190 " 943 d) 3998 " 432
e) 691 " 180 f) 270 " 438 g) 3218 " 579 h) 2548 " 1573

3. There were 168 children in the park on Friday morning.

There were 273 different children in the park on Friday afternoon.
How many children were in the park on Friday?

4. Make up an addition problem you can solve

using mental math.
Describe the strategy you used to solve
the problem.

You know several strategies to add mentally.

Which is your favourite strategy?
Can you always use it?
Use words and numbers to explain.

50 ASSESSMENT FOCUS Question 4 Unit 2 Lesson 5

L E S S O N

Adding 3-Digit Numbers

Madhu uses the two sets of building blocks together.

How many pieces does she have?

Use any materials or strategies you like.

Use pictures, numbers, or words to
show your work.

S h o w and S h a r e
Share your results with another pair of students.
Did you use the same strategies? Explain.
What other strategy could you use to solve the problem?

One jigsaw puzzle has 357 pieces.

Another puzzle has 275 pieces.
How many pieces are there altogether?

Add: 357 " 275

Here are different strategies students used.
357
➤ Abigail added from left to right. " 275
Add the hundreds (300 " 200). 500
Add the tens (50 " 70). 120
Add the ones (7 " 5). 12
Add the sums. 632
357 " 275 ! 632

LESSON FOCUS Use personal strategies to add 3-digit numbers. 51

➤ Sayid used Base Ten Blocks on a place-value mat to add 357 " 275.

Hundreds Tens Ones Sayid added the ones to get 12 ones.

He traded 10 ones for 1 ten.

357
" 275
2

Hundreds Tens Ones That made 13 tens 2 ones

Sayid traded 10 tens for 1 hundred.

11
357
" 275
32

Hundreds Tens Ones That made 6 hundreds 3 tens

11
357
" 275
632

357 " 275 ! 632

There are 632 jigsaw puzzle pieces.

52 Unit 2 Lesson 6
1. Estimate first.
Then add the numbers for which the sum will be greater than 600.
a) 503 " 365 b) 817 " 179
c) 199 " 52 d) 765 " 384

2. Estimate first.
Then use any strategy you wish to find each sum.
a) 384 " 765 b) 174 " 89
c) 305 " 168 d) 491 " 256

3. A video store rented 165 more DVDs than video games.

The store rented 258 video games.
How many DVDs did the store rent?

4. The sum of two numbers is 756.

What might the numbers be?
How do you know?
Can you find more than one pair of numbers?
Explain.

5. What is the greatest number you can

add to 365 without having to regroup
in any place?
Show your work.

6. Rahim visits golf courses to look for stray balls.

He collected 209 golf balls last month.
He collected 389 golf balls this week.
How many golf balls did Rahim collect in all?

7. Janny has two sticker books.

She has 488 stickers in one book and
374 stickers in the other book.
How many stickers does Janny have altogether?

ASSESSMENT FOCUS Question 5 Unit 2 Lesson 6 53

8. Two hundred ninety-six students went skating on Monday.
Three hundred eight students went skating on Wednesday.
How many students went skating on the two days?

9. Carlotta delivered 427 flyers.

Chad delivered 583 flyers.
How many flyers did Carlotta and Chad deliver in all?

10. a) Write a story problem that can be solved by adding two

3-digit numbers.
b) Write an equation for your story problem.
Solve the equation.
Show your work.

11. Each letter in this sum represents

S E E
a different digit.
" Y O U
What is the value of each letter?
S O O N
How do you know?

Math Link
History
The abacus is used for counting.
You can add, subtract, multiply, and
divide with it.
The abacus was invented in China
over 800 years ago.
In North America, blind children are
taught to use the abacus.

Which strategy do you prefer to add two 3-digit numbers?

Use an example to explain.

54 Unit 2 Lesson 6
L E S S O N

Adding 4-Digit Numbers

People set up dominoes in patterns.

So, when 1 domino topples, the rest topple.

There are 1275 dominoes in one set-up.

There are 2168 dominoes in another set-up.
How many dominoes are there altogether?

Use what you know about adding 3-digit numbers

to solve this problem. Show your work.

S h o w and S h a r e
Share your strategy with another pair of students.
How could you add without using Base Ten Blocks?

Scott Suko is a world famous “domino toppler.”

On his Website, there are photos of his set-ups.
One of Scott’s set-ups had 1976 dominoes.
Another set-up had 2868 dominoes.
How many dominoes were there altogether?

LESSON FOCUS Use personal strategies to add 4-digit numbers. 55

Add: 1976 " 2868
Here are different strategies students use to solve the problem.

➤ Joel adds from right to left.

Six ones and 8 ones

1
1976 are 14 ones.
" 2868 Regroup 14 ones
4 as 1 ten 4 ones.

One ten plus 7 tens

11
1976 plus 6 tens are 14 tens.
" 2868 Regroup 14 tens as
44 1 hundred 4 tens.

One hundred plus

111
9 hundreds plus
1976
8 hundreds are
" 2868
18 hundreds.
844
Regroup 18 hundreds as
1 thousand 8 hundreds.

111
1976
" 2868 One thousand plus
4844 1 thousand plus
2 thousands are
4 thousands.

So, 1976 " 2868 ! 4844

56 Unit 2 Lesson 7
➤ Zena uses column addition.
1000s 100s 10s 1s
Add each column.
1 9 7 6
"2 8 6 8
3 17 13 14

17 hundreds is 1 thousand 7 hundred. 4 7 13 14

Adjust the 1000s and 100s.

13 tens is 1 hundred 3 tens. 4 8 3 14

Adjust the 100s and 10s.

14 ones is 1 ten 4 ones. 4 8 4 4

Adjust the 10s and 1s.

1976 + 2868 = 4844

There are 4844 dominoes altogether.

The students estimate to check that the sum is reasonable.

1976 is close to 2000.
2868 is close to 3000.

2000 " 3000 ! 5000

Since 4844 is close to 5000, the sum is reasonable.

1. Find each sum. Estimate to check.

a) 4167 " 2534 b) 3974 " 4382 c) 5287 " 3756

2. Add. How do you know each sum is reasonable?

a) 7865 b) 3198 c) 9999
" 1987 " 6751 " 324

Unit 2 Lesson 7 57
 3. a) Write a story problem that could be solved by adding:
4267 " 1398
b) Estimate the sum. How did you get your estimate?
c) Is your estimate high or low? How do you know?
d) Find the sum. What strategy did you use?
e) How do you know your answer is reasonable?
Show your work.

4. Three thousand six hundred forty-two people went to the

Fall Fair on Friday.
Four thousand seven hundred ninety-five people went on Saturday.
How many people went to the Fall Fair on these 2 days?

5. The sum of two 4-digit numbers is 3456.

What might the two numbers be? Explain.

6. Jake guesses there are 2193 jellybeans in the jar.

Helena’s guess is 1943 greater than Jake’s guess.
What is Helena’s guess?

7. Patsi’s Girl Guide group collects pop can tabs.

The group collected 4594 tabs last year and
4406 tabs this year.
How many tabs did the group collect in the
two years?

8. The Wong family grows apples and pears in its orchards.

This fall, the Wongs picked 3265 baskets of apples and
2144 baskets of pears.
How many baskets of fruit did the Wongs pick?

9. Babu has saved 2363 pennies.

Serena has saved 3048 pennies.
How many pennies did Babu and Serena save altogether?

How do you keep track of digits with the same place value
when you add? Use numbers and words to explain.

58 ASSESSMENT FOCUS Question 3 Unit 2 Lesson 7

L E S S O N

Estimating Differences

An arena has 594 seats.

Three hundred eight tickets have been sold for a concert.
About how many tickets are left?
Estimate to find out. Record your answer.

S h o w and S h a r e
Compare your estimate with that of another pair of students.
Did the strategies you used affect your answers? Explain.

➤ Estimate: 612 $ 387

You get a closer
Write each number to the closest 100.
estimate if you write only
612 is closer to 600 than 700.
one number to the closest 100.
387 is closer to 400 than 300.
Write 387 as 400.
Subtract:
612 $ 400 ! 212
600 $ 400 ! 200
Make friendly So, 612 $ 387 is about 212.
So, 612 $ 387
numbers before
is about 200. you subtract.

➤ Estimate: 3274 $ 1186

Use front-end estimation. Use the digits in the
3274 " 3000 thousands place.
1186 " 1000 Replace the other
3000 $ 1000 ! 2000 digits with zeros.
So, 3274 $ 1186 is about 2000.

LESSON FOCUS Use different strategies to estimate the difference of 3- and 4-digit numbers. 59
➤ Estimate: 824 $ 479 500 is
Write the number you subtract to the closest 100. greater than 479,
824 $ 500 ! 324 so this estimate
So, 824 $ 479 is about 324. is low.

1. Use any strategy you wish to estimate each difference.

a) 871 $ 263 b) 610 $ 429
c) 734 $ 591 d) 9907 $ 6254

2. Kyle estimated each difference.

Is each estimate high or low?
How do you know?
a) 576 $ 392 as 100 b) 911 $ 188 as 800 c) 7361 $ 1872 as 6000

3. Estimate each difference by writing each number to

the closest 100.
a) 983 $ 407 b) 7720 $ 6953
c) 918 $ 75 d) 447 $ 293

4. Charlotte looks at this survey.

She says,“About 300 more students
chose biking over walking.”
a) How might Charlotte have estimated?
Explain.
b) Is the estimate high or low?
Explain.
c) What might have been a better
way to estimate?

5. Write a subtraction problem that can be

solved by estimating.
Solve the problem.
Show your work.

60 Unit 2 Lesson 8
 6. The estimated difference of two numbers is 300.
What might the numbers be?
Explain how you found the numbers.

7. Describe a situation where you would estimate

rather than find the exact answer to a
subtraction problem.

8. Estimate each difference by using front-end estimation.

a) 763 $ 419 b) 7647 $ 2991
c) 988 $ 462 d) 9411 $ 6231

9. Hans had 528 paper clips.

He gave 257 of them to Gertie.
About how many paper clips does Hans have left?

10. Nikki’s school has 491 students.

David’s school has 703 students.
About how many more students
does David’s school have
than Nikki’s school?

11. The telephone was invented in 1876.

About how many years ago was that?

12. The CN Tower is 553 m tall.

The Empire State Building is 380 m tall.
About how much taller is the CN Tower than
the Empire State Building?

When does writing the numbers to the closest 100 not

give a good estimate when you subtract?
Use words and numbers to explain.

ASSESSMENT FOCUS Question 6 Unit 2 Lesson 8 61

L E S S O N

Using Mental Math to Subtract

Anita used 354 cards to make a house of cards.

Christopher used 198 to make his house.
How many more cards are in Anita’s house
than Christopher’s?
Use mental math to find out. Record your answer.

S h o w and S h a r e
Share the strategy you used with another pair of students.

➤ Use mental math to subtract: 516 $ 299

Bruce uses the strategy of make a friendly number.
He adds 1 to 299 to make 300.
He adds 1 to 516 to make 517. If I add 1 to each number,
He thinks: 517 $ 300 ! 217 the answer will not change.
So, 516 $ 299 ! 217

299 516

300 400 500 517

➤ Use mental math to subtract: 347 $ 195

Marly uses a friendly number.
She subtracts 200 instead of 195. I took away 200 instead
She thinks: 347 $ 200 ! 147 of 195. Since I took
Then she adds 5. away 5 too many, I
147 " 5 ! 152 added the 5 at the end.
So, 347 $ 195 ! 152

62 LESSON FOCUS Use personal strategies to mentally subtract 3- and 4-digit numbers.
➤ Use mental math to subtract: 432 $ 220 I use this strategy when there
Harry uses the strategy of “counting on.” are not too many steps to count on.
He counts on from 220.
Count: 220, 320, 420, 430, 432
!!!!
" 100 " 100 " 10 "2 ! 212

So, 432 $ 220 ! 212

Use mental math.

1. Subtract. Which strategy did you use each time?

a) 536 $ 399 b) 6352 $ 1887 c) 822 $ 216 d) 4231 $ 2984

2. Subtract 715 $ 197 mentally as many different ways as you can.

Which strategy was easiest? Explain.

3. How much change will you get from $1000 when you
buy something that costs $680?
How do you know?

4. The answer to a subtraction problem is 127.

Use mental math to find what the problem might be.
Write as many different problems as you can.
Show your work.

5. Write a subtraction problem you can solve

using mental math.
Solve the problem.

Which mental math strategy is easiest for you?

Use words and numbers to explain.

ASSESSMENT FOCUS Question 4 Unit 2 Lesson 9 63

L E S S O N

Subtracting 3-Digit Numbers

There are 430 students at Hirondelle School.

Two hundred sixty-five students are boys.
How many students are girls?
Use any materials or strategies you like.
Use pictures, numbers, or words to
show your work.

S h o w and S h a r e
Share your strategy with another pair of students.
What other strategy could you use to solve the problem?

Here are different strategies students used to subtract.

➤ Frankie makes a friendly number, to subtract: 565 $ 317

565 $7 558 $ 10 548

$ 317 $7 $ 310 $ 10 $ 300
248

I took away 7
to make 310.
Then I took away 10
to make 300.

So, 565 $ 317 ! 248

64 LESSON FOCUS Use personal strategies to subtract 3-digit numbers.

➤ Kada uses Base Ten Blocks
You cannot take 6 ones
on a place-value mat
from 0 ones.
to subtract: 400 $ 286
There are no tens to trade.
So, I trade 1 hundred for
10 tens.
Hundreds Tens Ones

3 10

!4 0! 0
$286

Hundreds Tens Ones

I trade 1 ten
for 10 ones.

9
10 10
3 !
!4 0! !0
$286

Hundreds Tens Ones

I take away 6 ones,
8 tens, and
2 hundreds.

9
10 10
3 !
!4 0! !0
$286
114

So, 400 $ 286 ! 114

Unit 2 Lesson 10 65
 Kada checks by adding.
400
Add: 286 " 114
$ 286
The sum should be 400.
114
Since 286 " 114 is 400, the answer is correct.
These two
numbers should
add to this number:

➤ Jan uses counting on to subtract: 622 $ 397

She counts on from 397 to 622.
"3 "100 "100 "22
""""
Count: 397 400 500 600 622

Think: 3 … 103 … 203 … 225

So, 622 $ 397 ! 225

As I count on,
I add in my head.

1. Subtract.
What patterns do you see in the questions and answers?
a) 857 $ 100 b) 857 $ 200 c) 857 $ 300 d) 857 $ 400

66 Unit 2 Lesson 10
2. Estimate first. Then subtract the numbers for which the answer
will be less than 200.
a) 255 b) 426 c) 678 d) 382
$ 76 $ 158 $ 298 $ 192

3. Subtract. How do you know each answer is reasonable?

a) 565 $ 317 b) 700 $ 189 c) 101 $ 96 d) 861$ 178

4. Sadiq read 315 pages. Laura read 248 pages.

How many more pages does Laura need to
read to catch up with Sadiq?

5. The largest gorilla has a mass of about 275 kg.

The largest orangutan has a mass of about 90 kg.
What is the difference in their masses?

6. The world records for barrel jumps

are held by Canadians.
The longest barrel jump by a woman is 670 cm.
The longest barrel jump by a man is 882 cm.
How much farther is the man’s jump?
How do you know your answer is reasonable?
Show your work.

7. a) The answer to a subtraction problem is 375.

What might the problem be?
Write as many problems as you can.
b) The answer to an addition problem is 375.
What might the problem be?
Write as many problems as you can.

Explain why you can check a subtraction problem by adding.

ASSESSMENT FOCUS Question 6 Unit 2 Lesson 10 67

L E S S O N

Fiona is 5 cm taller than Zac.

Together their heights total 299 cm.
How tall is Fiona? How tall is Zac?
Work together to solve this problem.
Use any materials you think will help.

S h o w and S h a r e
Describe the strategy you used to
solve the problem.

Yael and Victor collect postcards. Strategies

Yael has 10 more postcards than Victor.
Together, they have 420 postcards. • Make a table.
How many postcards does each person have? • Use a model.
• Draw a diagram.
What do you know?
• Solve a simpler
• There are 420 postcards in all. problem.
• Yael has 10 more postcards • Work backward.
than Victor. • Guess and test.
• Make an organized
Think of a strategy to help you list.
solve the problem. • Use a pattern.
• You can make an organized list.
• Find two numbers that add to 420.
One number must be 10 more than
the other.

68 LESSON FOCUS Interpret a problem and select an appropriate strategy.

 Make an organized list to show
the numbers.
Choose a number for Yael’s postcards; such as 220.
Subtract 220 from the total to find Victor’s postcards:
420 $ 220 is 200 postcards for Victor.
Subtract the numbers of postcards: Try 1 less for Yael
220 $ 200 ! 20 This is too high. and 1 more for
Victor.
Yael’s Victor’s Difference
postcards postcards
220 200 220 $ 200 ! 20 Too high
219 201 219 $ 201 ! 18 Too high

Continue this strategy until the difference is 10.

Could you have tried 2 less for Yael and 2 more for Victor
instead? Explain.

Choose one of the

Strategies
1. The Huda family picked 800 cucumbers in two days.
They picked 124 more cucumbers on the first day than on
the second day.
How many cucumbers did the family pick each day?

2. Raphie has 90 cents in dimes and nickels.

She has the same number of each coin.
How many of each coin does Raphie have?

What is the difference between “making a list” and “making

an organized list”?
Which is the better strategy for solving problems? Explain.

Unit 2 Lesson 11 69
L E S S O N

Subtracting 4-Digit Numbers

Matthew’s school created a Website.

One day, the site had 1531 visitors. The next day it had 867 visitors.
How many more people visited the site the first day?
Use what you know about subtracting
3-digit numbers to solve this problem.

S h o w and S h a r e
Share your solution with another pair of students.
How did you subtract without using Base Ten Blocks?

Day Visitors to
How many more people visited the Website Website
on Friday than on Saturday? Friday 2031
Subtract: 2031 $ 856 Saturday 856

Here are the strategies some students used to solve the problem.

➤ Rod explains how he subtracts from right to left.

“You cannot take 6 ones “You cannot take 5 tens from 2 tens. “Then, subtract the tens.
from 1 one. There are no hundreds to regroup. Subtract the hundreds.
Regroup 1 ten as So, regroup 1 thousand as Subtract the thousands.”
10 ones. 10 hundreds.
Then, subtract the ones.” Then, regroup 1 hundred as 10 tens.”
9 12 9 12
2 11 1 !
10 !2 11 1 !
10 !2 11
2 0 !3 !1 !2 0! 3! !1 !2 0! 3!1
!
$ 856 $ 856 $ 856
5 5 1175
There were 1175 more visitors on Friday than on Saturday.

70 LESSON FOCUS Use personal strategies to subtract from a 4-digit number.

➤ Kate takes 31 away from each number
then adds, to make friendly numbers.
I know that if I take
2031 $ 856 31 away from each number, it
2031 $31 2000 "75 2075 does not change
the answer.
$ 856 $31 $825 "75 $900
1175

Kate checks her answer by

estimating.
2031 is closest to 2000. 1100 is close to 1175; so,
856 is closest to 900. the answer is reasonable.
2000 $ 900 ! 1100

➤ Maksim uses the strategy of make a friendly number,

then compensates.

2031 $ 856

2031 $ 856 → 2031 $ 900 ! 1131 I subtracted

900 $ 856 ! 44 900 instead of 856.
1131 " 44 ! 1175 That’s 44 too many. So
So, 2031 $ 856 ! 1175 I added 44
at the end.

1. Estimate, then subtract.

Is each answer reasonable? Explain.
a) 8274 $ 3596 b) 6328 $ 937 c) 4028 $ 1639

2. Subtract. Check your answer.

a) 3102 b) 5287 c) 7000
$ 1428 $ 931 $ 2476

Unit 2 Lesson 12 71
3. Subtract.
a) 7130 $ 2864 b) 9345 $ 6898 c) 6005 $ 4816

4. Subtract.
a) Seven thousand one minus three hundred fifty-six
b) Eight thousand twelve minus four thousand two hundred twenty-eight

5. Is it possible to subtract a 3-digit number from a

4-digit number and get a 4-digit number as the answer?
A 3-digit number as the answer?
A 2-digit number as the answer?
A 1-digit number as the answer?
Give an example for each possible answer.
Show your work.

6. In 1215, the Magna Carta was signed.

How many years ago was that?

7. Use eight different digits from 1 to 9.

!!!!
$! ! ! !

a) What is the greatest difference you can make?

b) What is the least difference you can make?
c) How do you know the answer you found in
part a is the greatest? In part b is the least?

8. Each letter in this problem S H H H

represents a different digit $ S
_________
from 0 to 9. Z Z Z
What is the value of each letter?
How do you know?

How do you keep track of numbers with the same place value
when you subtract? Use numbers and words to explain.

72 ASSESSMENT FOCUS Question 5 Unit 2 Lesson 12

L E S S O N
Solving Addition and
Subtraction Problems

Some athletes take part in stair-climbing races.

Some people climb the stairs to raise money for charity.

CN Tower Central Park Menara Tower,

1776 Steps Tower, Australia Malaysia
1236 Steps 2058 Steps

Mei participated in stair-climbing events at the Menara Tower,

the Central Park Tower, and the CN Tower.

➤ How many steps did she climb altogether?

➤ Make up another problem, then solve it.

S h o w and S h a r e
Trade problems with another pair of students. Solve their problem.
Compare your strategies for solving the problems.

Ahmal started a business selling computer parts.

He opened a bank account with $1776.
In his first two weeks he deposited $1236 and
$2109 into the account.

LESSON FOCUS Use different strategies to add and subtract more than 2 numbers. 73
➤ How much did he have in the account altogether?
Add: 1776 ! 1236 ! 2109
1776
Add from left to right. 1236
! 2109
Add the thousands (1000 + 1000 + 2000). 4000
Add the hundreds (700 + 200 + 100). 1000
Add the tens (70 + 30 + 0). 100
Add the ones (6 + 6 + 9). 21
Add the sums. 5121

Ahmal had $5121 altogether in the account.

➤ In the third week, Ahmal had to pay 2 bills

of $1041 and $650.
How much did Ahmal have in his account
after paying the bills?

Ahmal started with $5121 in his account.

• Subtract: 5121 " 1041

Subtract from right to left.
0 12
!2
51!1
" 1041
4080

• Then subtract 650 from the result.

3 10
4!0
!80
" 650
3430

Ahmal had $3430 in his account after paying his bills.

1. Find each sum.

a) 1175 ! 3241 ! 829 b) 2456 ! 3727 ! 1104
c) 4782 ! 543 ! 2368 d) 3040 ! 4307 ! 5198

74 Unit 2 Lesson 13
2. Juan drives a truck. On Monday,
he left Prince George to drive 1639 km
to Whitehorse. On Wednesday,
he left to drive 1222 km to lnuvik.
On Saturday, he left to drive 3149 km to Yellowknife.
How far did Juan travel altogether?

3. The Lees drove 1431 km to their summer home.

On their return, they took the same route.
They drove 613 km the first day and 486 km on the second day.
How far would the Lees have to drive on the third day
to get home?

4. Kay spilled a drink on her homework. 3 6 ! 5

Copy and complete the addition. " 9 7 4
Find the digits that are covered. "1 1 5 #
Explain how you know. 7 $ 1 5
5. The sum of 3 numbers is 8196.
One of the numbers is 988.
What might the other two numbers be?
How do you know?

6. At the beginning of the month,

Anne had $2340 in her bank account.
Anne deposited $936 one day and $94 another day.
Anne took out $790 the next week.
How much did Anne have in her account then?

7. Find a number you can add to 6274 so you have to

regroup ones, tens, and hundreds.
Can you find more than one number? Explain.

When you add three numbers, does the order in which

you add the numbers matter?
Does the same rule apply to subtraction? Explain.

ASSESSMENT FOCUS Question 4 Unit 2 Lesson 13 75

 Show What You Know

LESSON

1 1. The highest score in a Scrabble game is 1049.

Write this number in words and in expanded form.

2. Explain the meaning of each digit in the number 8888.

3. Write each number in standard form, then in a place-value chart.

a) eight thousand twenty-six b) 6000 " 800 " 7

4. Draw a picture to represent each number in question 3.

2 5. Write these numbers in order from least to greatest.

5242, 5232, 5223

3 6. Use a Venn diagram to sort these numbers:

3057, 555, 2454, 333, 636, 22, 4444
You choose the attributes.

4 7. Estimate each sum or difference.

8
a) 680 " 213 b) 2761 $ 1780 c) 176 " 412
d) 597 $ 237 e) 1276 " 2566 f) 911 $ 499

5 8. Use mental math to add or subtract.

9
a) 2567 " 1724 b) 385 $ 189 c) 247 " 338 d) 4210 $ 2983

4 9. For a Read-A-Thon, Natalie read 786 pages.

8
Kevin read 815 pages. Mario read 623 pages.
Altogether, they read over 2000 pages.
a) Is 2000 exact or an estimate? How do you know?
b) About how many more pages did Kevin read than Mario?

6 10. Add or subtract. How do you know your answers are reasonable?
7
10 a) 2211 b) 452 c) 800 d) 4579
12
$ 878 " 348 $ 298 " 3975

e) 762 f) 737 g) 993 h) 9843

$ 304 " 843 " 5002 $ 4213

76 Unit 2
LESSON

13 11. The Musicians, a rock group, had 3 concerts last

month. The first concert had an audience of 4356.
The second concert had an audience of 3295. The
third concert had an audience of 2964. How many
people attended the concerts altogether?
12. Refer to question 11. The first Musicians concert
was a promotion night.
Seven hundred forty-six tickets were given
away through radio contests.
Three hundred twelve tickets were given
away through Internet promotions.
The rest of the tickets were purchased by fans.
How many tickets were purchased for the
first concert?
I
Use the following information to answer UN T
g Goals
questions 13 to 15. Learnin
Container A holds 2500 unit cubes.
Container B holds 1875 unit cubes.
Both containers are full. ✓ recognize and read numbers
from 1 to 10 000
✓ read and write numbers in
A standard form, expanded
B form, and written form
✓ compare and order numbers
8 13. How many cubes do the two containers ✓ use diagrams to show
hold altogether? relationships
✓ estimate sums and
13 14. Rhonda takes 725 cubes from container A. differences
Then Marilyn takes 925 cubes, and Everett ✓ add and subtract 3-digit and
takes 375 cubes. How many cubes are left 4-digit numbers mentally
in container A? ✓ use personal strategies to
add and subtract
15. Is there enough room now in container A ✓ pose and solve problems
to hold the cubes from container B? Explain.

Unit 2 77
 h os e A m a zing
T ephant
El s
Kamala’s Art

The Mask
$435

Diving Beluga $500

Kamala’s Kitchen $930
Pirouette $670

1. The Calgary Zoo is home to 4 Asian elephants.

Use the data in the table.
a) Calculate the age of each elephant. Elephants’ Year of Birth
b) Order the elephants from youngest Name Year
to oldest.
Swarna 1975
c) Kamala is Maharani’s mother.
Maharani 1990
How old was Kamala when
Spike 1981
Maharani was born?
Kamala 1975
d) In what year will Spike be 50 years old?

78 Unit 2
 ist
C h e ck L

Your work should show

2. Kamala has been named Canada’s most
famous animal.
✓ that you can choose the
correct operation
She paints pictures that are sold for
✓ your thinking in words,
hundreds of dollars. The money earned from numbers, or pictures
the sales of the paintings will be used to ✓ how you added and
build a new home for the elephants. subtracted correctly
Use the pictures on page 78. ✓ aanswers
clear record of your
a) Order the paintings from least to most
expensive.
b) Choose 3 of Kamala’s paintings
you would like to own.
How much would you pay for them?
c) Find the difference in cost of the most
expensive and least expensive paintings.

3. Elephants can pick up and drag very heavy

objects. Oscar, an adult Asian elephant, can
lift a 435-kg log with his tusks. He can drag
a load of 1500 kg.
How much more can Oscar drag than he can lift?

4. Write a story problem about elephants.

Solve the problem.
Show your work.

Write about the different strategies you know for

adding and subtracting.

Unit 2 79