1

Introduction

Ethics are one of the most critical issues in business and specifically in

human resource management. The good ethical culture in an organization will

provide direction and guidance in various areas in order to build united,

harmonious and ethical employees. Work ethics can be referred to as a

cultural norm that advocates people to hold accountable and responsible for

the work they done based on the belief that work has intrinsic value to the

individual (Cherington, 1980; Yankelovich & Immerwahr, 1984) 1.

Work ethic is a belief that work and diligence have a moral benefit and an

inherent ability, virtue or value to strengthen character and individual abilities.

It is a set of values centered on importance of work and manifested by

determination or desire to work hard. Social entrainment of this value is

considered to enhance character through hard work that is different to an

individual’s field of work (Wikipedia) 2. According to Karthikeyan C. (T. John

College, Bengaluru, India), work ethics are the moral principles that are used

in the job, the working people needs to use in their job which can be strong,

weak or mediocre, which embodies certain principles of work culture that can

guide the workers, and control worker behaviour to a certain extent, and can

lead to high quality outcome, and makes workers to be on track. A worker

should observe morality not only in work-activities but also in non-work

activities. Such observation of morality is not required out of fear for

punishment. He should observe ethics inspired by his own interest in his job

or business and society as a whole. The reason is that there is no distinction

between workers and their jobs 3. According to Drucker, every individual and
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organisation in society should abide by certain moral codes and that there is

no separate ethics of work4.

This is consistent with the definition of work ethics where individual are

accountable to the work they done according to the acceptable ethical

behaviour.

Objectives of the Study

The researcher conducted a study that concerns with the Work Ethics and

specifically aims to;

1. Determined what work ethics is, its characteristics and importance of it

to individual.

2. Analyse ethical behaviours one must possess to have a good and

strong work ethics.

3. Discussed the factors that can affect an individual’s work ethics? And

determined the strategy can be used to solve unethical issues in a

workplace.

Significance of the Study

This study on Work Ethics may be significant and beneficial to the

following:

The Students

Students can use the information to develop and exercise their work ethic

in their lives and future jobs. The student should realize that any task worth

beginning is well worth completing by doing the best job possible.

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The Teachers

They may establish a learning environment that is conducive to the

development and improvement of learning the ethical behaviour of a good

work ethics. They can also use the information that should model actions and

behaviours of his/her students that illustrate a positive work ethic. They can

teach students the valuable lesson of working hard at all times and producing

the best final quality product.

The Parents

This research will assist them on how they will contribute to the

development of ethical behaviour of their children. They will be informed that

they also affect the interest of their children in building theirs elves to pursue a

good work ethics.

The Job Seekers, Employees and Employers

This study will enlighten their minds on what things to do in order to find

and seek what is best for him or her. This study is also the guide for them how

to enhance and increase their work ethics.

Future Researchers

It can guide them in doing their own study and also this research can be

their reference.
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Work Ethic Definition and Meaning

In its simplest definition, a system of moral principles is called ethics. They

affect how people lead their lives, for life is an unbroken stream of decision-

making and ethics are concerned with what is the right moral choice, for

individuals and for society. This is also known as a moral philosophy. The

etymology of ethics is derived from the Greek word ethos, meaning habit,

custom, disposition or character.

Ethics are therefore concerned with these sorts of moral decision: how to live

an ethical life, rights and responsibilities, right and wrong language, what is

good and bad and so on. Contemporary notions of ethics have been handed

on from philosophy, religions, and global cultures. Ethics are debated in topics

such as human rights, right to life, and professional behaviour.

Work ethic is a value based on hard work and diligence. It is also a belief

in the moral benefit of work and its ability to enhance character. An example

would be the Protestant work ethic. A work ethic may include being reliable,

having initiative, or pursuing new skills. Workers exhibiting a good work ethic

in theory should be selected for better positions, more responsibility and

ultimately promotion. Workers who fail to exhibit a good work ethic may be

regarded as failing to provide fair value for the wage the employer is paying

them and should not be promoted or placed in positions of greater

responsibility. Work ethic is basically the belief that work is a good moral. It’s

also refers to a sets of values that are defined and characterized by diligence

and hard work. Work ethic can as well be defined as the inherent ability of

work to strengthen character.

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Work and work ethics from the modern perspectives are considered as an

attribute to the value of work, commitment and belief in moral benefit of work

that contribute to the personal attribute and propensity of the workers. lt is

regarded as the means to some ends'; evaluating values as good' or'

accepted'; good or bad' or right or wrong. Whilst the Protestant work ethic that

has been addressed and discussed in lengthy by Weber underlined among

those; (i) hard work brings success, (ii) work as an end itself, (iii) money and

time saving, (iv) internal locus of control, and (v) negative attitude to leisure.

Traditionally, work ethic has been understood as a value based on hard

work and diligence. Capitalists, for example, believe in the necessity of

working hard and in consequential ability of enhancing one’s character.

Socialists suggest that a concept of “hard work” is deluding the working class

into being loyal workers of the elite; and working hard, in itself, is not

necessarily an honourable thing, but simply a way to create greater wealth for

those at the summit of the economic pyramid.

These values have been challenged and characterized as submissive to

social convention and authority, and not meaningful in and of itself, but only if

a positive result accrues. An alternative perception suggests that the work

ethic is now subverted in a broader and readily marketed-to society. This

perspective has given us the phrase “work smart”.

Characteristics of Work Ethics

The work ethic is a cultural norm that advocates being personally

accountable and responsible for the work that one does and is based on a
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belief that work has intrinsic value. Research has shown that many

characteristics of work ethic can be summarized using three terms:

1-Interpersonal skills

2-Initiative

3-Being dependable

1-Interpersonal Skills:

Include the habits, attitudes, manners, appearance, and behaviours we

use around other people, which affect how we get along with other people.

The development of interpersonal skills begins early in life and is influenced

by family or parents, friends even our observations of the world around us and

televisions & movies.

Interpersonal Skills include the following:

u Loyalty

Loyalty in company means updating to your supervisor with any problem or

complaint that may arise. Part of a supervisor’s job is to handle employee

problems. Employers prefer to solve their own internal problems. They do not

want dissatisfied employees complaining about their work. Another aspect of

loyalty concerns keeping company “secrets" or (strategies) within the

company. Always keep in mind that if the company can succeed, you will be

more likely to succeed also. You should be proud of the work your company

does and the work you do for the company. If conditions are such that you

cannot feel faithfulness and allegiance to your company, you should seek a

job elsewhere.
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u Trustworthiness

Many cases exist when an employer or supervisor needs to be able to

place an employee in a position of trust. When the employer trusts an

employee, it often means that the employer can ask the employee to do

something beyond the call of duty and expect the employee to accomplish it.

The special task could be closing up a business at the end of the day. An

employer would want someone who handles the company’s cash or keeps a

tool room or supply room to be trustworthy. Each of these situations requires

that the employer trust the employee to carry out the task. When the

employee completes the task, he or she earns the employer’s trust.

Self-Discipline and Self–Responsibility

Being self-disciplined is a part of accepting responsibility for your own

actions. We are the only ones from whom we can steal time, talent, and

accomplishment. Self-Discipline requires that you structure your time so that

you can cultivate and use your talents and abilities for the betterment of your

company and you. Self-discipline also requires that you learn to handle your

emotions. You are in control of your feelings; they are not in control of you.

2-Being dependable:

Is one of the most highly sought after traits for workers in the modern

workplace? This work ethic construct includes honesty, reliability, and being

on time. A responsible, dependable employee is one who agrees to carry out

a task under agreed –upon procedure. Employees are often put in positions in

which they are responsible for money, for other people’s safety, for other
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people’s production, for merchandise for money, for customer’s goodwill…

Employers are quick to see which employees can handle positions and

situations of responsibility and which employees cannot. When you are

careful to make sure that any job you are given is done well and completed on

time, you will build up your reputation for being dependable and reliable .Such

work ethics are valuable to any employer.

3-Initiative:

Direct supervision is often not a feature of the modern workplace. Without

initiative, procrastination and missed opportunities can become a real

problem. Sometimes poor performance results and leads to loss of a job,

without any second chances. Initiative has two components drive and effort.

Quite often we hear commentary about how naturally gifted someone is in

sports, the arts, etc. Yet, no matter how gifted someone is, unless they work

harder, longer, and smarter than their colleagues, they will not be the best.

Being successful in the activities you participate in dependent on your skills

and your attitudes. However, the amount of drive and effort you put in an

activity could make the difference between average performance and high

performance.

When employees have initiative, they are:

ü Willing to take the first step in seeing that work gets done.

ü They are hard workers

ü They do what they are paid to do, and then more.

ü They see a job or a task that needs to be done, and they do it without

being asked.
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ü Show willingness of pitch in and help other employee in (employee

illness, overload).

An overall attitude of helpfulness makes the organization run more

smoothly and improves everyone’s work situations.

Other Work Ethics:

ü Specific employability skills

ü Personal characteristics

ü Drawn from all three work ethic components.

Employability skills:

Ø Good communication skills

Ø Positive attitude

Ø Ability to be dependable, punctual, and responsible.

Personal characteristics:

Ø Dressing properly

Ø Being polite

Ø Displaying self-confidence

The Importance of a Work Ethic

Work Ethics for Successful Careers

Today’s business environment is not only fast-paced, but also highly

competitive. In order to keep pace and stay ahead, possession of several key

work ethics is a plus for achieving a successful career. Holding key traits such

as attendance, character, teamwork, appearance, and attitude add value to

both you as a person and your company. Successful careers come in many
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flavours, but work ethics are a main ingredient in most recipes for success.

Whether one is a student or an employee, it will ensure success in your

personal life.

Positive Work Ethics

A work ethic of any kind not only includes how you feel about your place of

employment or position but also how you perform the duties of your job.

According to all About Philosophy’s website, a work ethic includes your

attitude, communication abilities, behaviour toward co-workers, honesty and

accountability.

What sets a positive work ethic apart from a negative work ethic is the

focus on confidence and encouraging interactions with co-workers. Your

attitude toward your job and position in a positive work ethic is just that –

positive. You arrive at work with a smile on your face, focused on the task at

hand and committed to performing your duties to the best of your ability.

A work ethic, especially a positive work ethic, is important from a business

perspective for the confidence it breeds in clients and consumers. Your

positive attitude and dedication to a client’s needs or creation of a product can

boost your business’ reputation as a company that deals honestly and fairly.

Ethics also work to build a moral compass within a business and helps

discourage attitudes and business models that seek to cut corners in the

name of making a profit.

Ethical Behaviours in the Workplace

Examples of ethical behaviours in the workplace include;

l Obeying the company's rules

l Effective communication
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l Taking responsibility

l Accountability

l Professionalism

l Trust and mutual respect for your colleagues at work.

These examples of ethical behaviours ensure maximum productivity output

at work and could be pivotal for career growth. But still, there are unethical

behaviours in the workplace includes;

l lying

l taking credit of other’s work

l violence

l non-office related work

l extended breaks

l theft & embellishment

l sexual harassment

l corrupt practices

Workplace ethics is not for employees alone. Employers are also bound to

workplace ethics and may also be tried for unethical behaviour like:

l sex for Job promotion

l late night out/unpaid overtime

l verbal harassment

l undue pressure

l nepotism

l unfriendly work environment

l Unrealistic expectation.
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And it is the factor that affects an individual's work ethics that may also

result to mental health issues of the employee. Here are some of the

consequences of that unethical behaviour:

Ø Absenteeism

• Increase in overall sickness absence, particularly frequent short periods of

absence;

• Poor health (depression, stress, burnout);

• physical conditions (high blood pressure, heart disease, ulcers, sleeping

disorders, skin rashes, headache, neck- and backache, low resistance to

infections).

Ø Work performance

• Reduction in productivity and output;

• Increase in error rates;

• Increased amount of accidents;

• Poor decision-making;

• Deterioration in planning and control of work.

Ø Staff attitude and behaviour

• Loss of motivation and commitment

• Burnout

• Staff working increasingly long hours but for diminishing returns

• Poor timekeeping

• Labour turnover (particularly expensive for companies at top levels of

management).

Ø Relationships at work

• Tension and conflicts between colleagues;

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• Poor relationships with clients;

• Increase in disciplinary problems.

In order to solve these unethical issues at workplace, organizations need

to have predefined rules and regulations regarding workplace ethics. These

rules and regulations should be given to new employees together with their

employment contract.

Code of Ethics

There is no ethics guidance or standard that is absolute, appropriate and

applicable to every company. The code of ethics is a good indicator of

organization commitment in accepting the need for ethical behaviours and

implementing it (Wood, 2000) 5. A code of ethics is a set of principles and

rules used by individuals and organizations to govern their decision-making

process, as well as to distinguish right from wrong. They provide a general

idea of the ethical standards of a business or organization. However, people

can have their own personal code of ethics as well. Keep reading for a more

thorough explanation of a code of ethics, as well as several codes of ethics

examples.

Professional Codes of Ethics

Several professions have a code of ethics that exists independent of any

particular employment. For instance, a doctor or lawyer is always bound by

the code of ethics for their profession, regardless of whether they work for a

large organization or are in private practice. These codes constitute the basic

expectations of these jobs and guide them when making decisions.

The Legal Profession

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Lawyers, paralegals and other employees of the legal profession are

bound to a general code of ethics. A few of these governing ethics include:

l Confidentiality - Lawyers must maintain their clients' confidence at

all times

l Competence - Legal professionals must represent their clients with a

high level of competence.

l Professional Courtesy - Lawyers must treat their colleagues with

fairness and courtesy.

The Medical Profession

The American Medical Association imposes a code of ethics on physicians.

It addresses everything from interpersonal relationships with other staff

members to information on patient care. For instance:

l Trust - Doctors must in still a sense of trust between themselves and

their patients.

l Does No Harm - Doctors cannot engage in any activity that would

cause harm to their patients.

l Privacy - Doctors cannot share the details of their patients' medical

treatments or histories without permission.

The Business World

Corporations and have codes of ethics to help workers decide if certain

behaviours are appropriate and acceptable when dealing with clients and

outside agencies. A corporate code of ethics is a statement of corporate

principles, ethics, and rules of conduct, code of practice or company

philosophy regarding responsibility to employees, shareholders, consumers,

the environment or any other aspects of society external to the company

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(Langlois & Schlegelmilch, 1990) 6. Many organizations require employees to

attend yearly training on ethics and, in some cases, to sign statements

promising to adhere to all ethical guidelines laid out by the company.

Examples of ethics in the business world include:

l Integrity - Employees should maintain honesty and clear

communication in the workplace.

l Teamwork - Members of a professional organization should work

together to get the job done.

l Objectivity - Employers should not make career decisions based on

whom they like best or with whom they have personal relationships.

Teachers and Education

Teachers and other education professionals are role models to their

students. Their code of ethics not only protects their students against

mistreatment, but it also protects their sense of fairness itself. Some code of

ethics examples in education include:

l Consideration - Teachers should put the needs of their students

first.

l Growth - Educators need to pursue professional growth.

l Communication - Teachers work with parents as a support team for

each student.

Personal Codes of Ethics

Individual codes of ethics can originate from religion, secular philosophy or

rules of social behaviour derived from upbringing and experience. They are

typically in line with the rest of one's society, but one may have stricter or

more relaxed personal ethics as well.

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Ethical Expectations in Society

Society at large assumes that certain ethics, morals and values can be

expected regardless of religion, geographic location or nationality. The classic

example is the Golden Rule: "Do unto others as you would have them do unto

you." Other examples of societal ethical behaviour include:

· Respect - Citizens must respect another's property, choices and lives.

· Loyalty - People put their family and friends' needs before their own.

· Honesty - Individuals tell the truth to community members and

authority figures.

Religious Codes of Ethics

Certain codes of ethics, such as religious codes of ethics, apply only to

members of select groups. They are based on morals shared by tenets and

members of that religion. Examples of religious codes of ethics include the

Ten Commandments of Judaism, the Beatitudes of Christianity, the Five

Pillars of Islam, and the Noble Eightfold Path of Buddhism.

Some shared ethics in these religions include:

· Value of Life - Do not kill your fellow human.

· Pursue Peace - Avoid violence when possible.

· Do Not Steal - Don't take things that don't belong to you. Secular

Codes of Ethics.

Personal codes of ethics do not require religion, however. Immanuel Kant's

categorical imperative and the Utilitarian rule of the greatest good for the

greatest number are both ethical codes that do not require any religious basis.

Some of these ethics may include:

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Ø Sustainable Living - Live in a way that doesn't waste unsustainable

resources.

Ø Care for the Vulnerable - Those who are medically or economically

disadvantaged should have priority of care.

Ø Benefit the Greater Good - Make sure that your decisions help others

rather than just yourself.

Code of Ethics vs. Code of Conduct

A code of ethics is only effective if it corresponds to a set of behaviours

that uphold those ethics. The terms code of ethics and code of conduct are

often used interchangeably; however, there are some key differences

between them.

o A code of ethics details the general ethics that a person or

employee should uphold.

o A code of conduct details the way that a person or employee

should behave in order to uphold the code of ethics.

While a code of conduct may not always correspond to a code of ethics, a

code of ethics must have a corresponding code of conduct. For example, if an

organization includes honesty in its code of ethics, its code of conduct may

include something like "Employees will come to their supervisor with any

problems before discussing it with outside members of the team." A business

that values safety in its code of ethics would set very specific safety rules in

its code of conduct

Importance of Code of Ethics

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A professional code of ethics is designed to ensure employees are behaving in a

manner that is socially acceptable and respectful of one another. It establishes the

rules for behaviour and sends a message to every employee that universal

compliance is expected. It also provides the groundwork for a pre-emptive warning

if employees break the code. A code of ethics can be valuable not just internally as

a professional guide but also externally as a statement of a company’s values and

commitments. These standards are important because there has to be respect

between the organization’s staff and clients at all times. With a strict code of

ethics, a human resource department ensures that there is a professional

standard that is maintained at all times to prevent crossing employee/client

boundaries. This is the basis for long term success of any organization.

Strategy to Increase Employee Work Ethic

A work ethic is typically something ingrained within a person. There are,

simply put, lazy people who are impossible to motivate. Most people can be

encouraged to greater performance, once the right motivating factors are

found. This can be a process of trial and error because each individual may

have different motivators. However, there are some basic guidelines you can

follow to increase employee work ethic.

Step 1:

Expect your managers to set a good example. Employees tend to mimic

the behaviour of authority figures. If your managers are not doing their jobs or

are spending most of the day coming up with inventive ways to avoid working,

chances are your employees will follow suit. Make sure your managers know

exactly what is expected of them, and follow up with them regularly to make

sure they are serving as role models for the rest of your employees.
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Step 2:

Create a public recognition system. Rewarding an employee's good work

ethics can be a great motivator for other employees who may not be as

productive. Employee of the month competitions and special rewards for

those who do their job well may encourage those with a poor work ethic to try

harder. Human beings thrive on recognition and feeling appreciated, and

these are very powerful motivating factors.

Step 3:

Set clear goals and milestones. In some cases, employees may feel

overwhelmed with a project if they are not entirely sure how to complete it or if

it looks insurmountable. Break apart projects into tasks that have clear goals.

Set milestones with clear target dates so employees know exactly what you

expect of them and how long they have to complete the task.

Step 4:

Monitor potential troublemakers. Almost every office has at least one

person who is there for the pay check and not much else. These people can

cause dissension among the ranks and bring down not only the morale of the

rest of the staff, but also the productivity levels for the company. Weed

through new applicants to make sure they will have job dedication. Monitor

current troublemakers, set strict guidelines they must follow or encourage

them to seek employment elsewhere.

Step 5:

Create a monetary award system. Some employees will be motivated only

by the promise of receiving a bonus or a raise if they complete certain tasks

and improve their performance. While not all companies may have the
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resources to give large monetary awards to their employees, even simple gift

card challenges and free products can encourage lackadaisical employees.

Data Analysis

This chapter is a presentation of the result, analysis and interpretation of

the significant findings of the study gathered by the researchers. For the

purpose of simplifying the analysis and presentation of the findings, the

analysis have been done take information account the research question that

were to be answered to meet the need of each research objective, and the

result of the findings have been presented in the manner that is logical and

base on research objectives. Finally, the results have been used for

discussion and recommend what needs to be done as the way forward.

Conceptual Paradigm

Input

It contains the research questionare as follows, determined what work ethics

is, its characteristics and importance of it to individual. Analyse ethical

behaviours one must possess to have a good and strong ethics. Discuss the

factors that can affect individual’s work ethics and determines the strategy can

be used to solve unethical issues in a workplace.

Process.

Gathering, analyzing, and interpreting of data on the research topic. This

process was made to answer our research objectives.

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Output.

It involves action amd recommendation to have a good and strong work ethics

by implementing the code of ethics. And recommended strategy to increases

employee's work ethics.

WORK ETHICS

PROCESS OUTPUT

Data gathering via Strategy to

INPUT
internet Increase
Determined what Employee’s Work
work ethics is, its Ethics
characteristics and
importance of it to
individual Organizing the Implementation of
gathered data. Code of Ethics.
Analyse ethical
behaviours one must
possess to have a
good and strong
ethics Action and
Discuss the factors Analyzing and recommemdation
that can affect interpreting the to have a good and
individual’s work data. strong work ethics.
ethics and determines
the strategy can be
used to solve
unethical issues in a
workplace.

Feedback
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Figure 1: Conceptual Framework

Reflections of the Study

If you put your all into your work, good things will come to you. No matter

how tough life gets. Stay positive. "Attitude is everything". Your work improves

when you approach it with a positive attitude. Refuse to procrastinate, "Do it

right now" your mantra. You'll find that often jobs are quickly and easily done

in less time than you would have spent obsessing about the task. Keep your

focus. When your plans are clear, you'll get more work done. These are all

necessary ingredients to building a strong and rewarding work ethic. Other

strategies to becoming a great worker are setting a goal of dependability,

always meeting deadlines and stepping up to fill unmet needs. You'll discover

a special talent that you built something durable for your future: a strong work

ethic that will bring you pride, joy and wealth for years to come.

Some people seem content to work just hard enough to complete the task

at hand. These people are displaying what can be called a poor work ethic.

Other people work hard to complete their appointed rounds, but they are not

really concerned with the quality of their work. These people are displaying a

mediocre work ethic. There are people, however, who work diligently

throughout the entire process of a job or task, and they always do a very good

job no matter how much time and effort they must expend. These people are
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showing everybody around them that they possess a positive or solid work

ethic. In this highly competitive world, whether people are looking for jobs,

completing degree programs at colleges or universities, or simply acting as

solid citizens, they should show the world that it is both ethical and necessary

to work very hard at each and every task that arises.

On different job, people must work hard to succeed. Nobody sets out to fail,

but succeeding is not as simple as merely beginning a task. The late

President Richard Nixon once said, “People do not plan to fail; they fail to

plan.” He was alluding to work ethic. People generally try hard to succeed, but

if they do not bring their plans for success to fruition, they will most assuredly

fail. Planning every step of a process on the way to success is an important

part of a positive work ethic. Some people might think that working hard

comes naturally, and perhaps for some this is true. However, as redundant as

it sounds, a positive work ethic begins with one main ingredient—real work!
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Endnotes

1 Shahrul Nizam bin Salahudin. “The Relationship between Work Ethics

and Job Performance.” College of Business Administration, University Tenaga

National, Malaysia, 21-23 September 2016, p. 466.

2 T. Marek; W. Karwoski; M. Fraukowicz; J. Kantola; P. Zgaga. “Human

Factors of a Global Society: A system of Perspective”. CRC Press. 2014. p.

276-277.

3 Dr. Kathikeyan C. “Conceptualizing Causative Factors of

Workplace Cyberbullying on Working Women.” T. John College, Bengaluru,

India IGI Global 2020. Chapter 5, p. 310-311.

4 Peter Drucker. “Management: Tasks; Responsibilities, Practices. New

York: Harper and Row. 1973.

5 Greg Wood and Malcom Rimmer. “Code of Ethics: What are they really

and What They Be? published May 2003. p 185-195.

6 Mark S. Schuarts. “ A code of Ethics for Corporate Code ofEthics.

Journal of Business Ethics. Vol. 41, no 1/2. Published by Spinger Nov-Dec

2002. p 27-43.
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