A

Project Report

on

SVM BASED CONDITION MONITORING

OF DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER

Submitted for the Partial Fulfillment of

Requirements for the Award of Degree of

BACHELOR of ENGINEERING
In
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Guided by: Submitted by:

SAROJ GODARA
PROF. JAYASHRI VAJPAI MAM SHARON AHARI
Associate professor
SAURABH PANT
SHUBHAM SINGH
SARITA

Department of Electrical Engineering

M.B.M. Engineering College
J.N.V.U , Jodhpur (Raj.)
2021
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that project report on, “SVM CONDITION MONITORING OF DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER” is
beingsubmitted by SAROJ GODARA, SARITA , SHARON AHARI , SAURABH PANT , SHUBHAM SINGH
for the partial ful-fillment of award of degree of Bachelors of Engineering in Electrical Engineering is a record of
their own work carried out by their under my supervision at the Department of Electrical Engineering M.B.M.
Engineering College, Jai Narayan Vyas University, Jodhpur

This is to certify that this student has put in the necessary effort to understand and
learn the topic under my supervision.

PROF. JAYASHRI VAJPAI MAM

Associate professor

Countersigned

Dr. (Mr.) Akhil Ranjan Garg

Professor & HEAD

Date:

Department of Electrical Engineering

Faculty of Engineering & Architecture
M.B.M. Engineering College

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is my pleasure to acknowledge the kind of help and guidance I received from several people in

preparation of this project. It would not have been possible to prepare this report in this form

without their help, cooperation and guidance. First and foremost I wish to express my sincere

gratitude to my supervisor Prof. JAYASHRI VAJPAI mam for her constant support in making of this

report.

We are also very obliged to Prof. ARG SIR , (Head of Electrical Engineering Department, M.B.M.

Engineering College, Jodhpur) for providing all possible facilities for completion of this work.

SAROJ GODARA
SHARON AHARI
SARUBAH PANT
SHUBHAM SINGH
SARITA

II
 ABSTRACT

This project is about design and implementation of a mobile embedded system to

monitor and record key parameters of a distribution transformer like load currents, oil
level and ambient temperature. The idea of on-line monitoring system integrates a
global service mobile (GSM) Modem, with a standalone single chip microcontroller and
different sensors. . It is installed at the distribution transformer site and the above
parameters are recorded using the analog to digital converter (ADC) of the embedded
system. The obtained parameters are processed and recorded in the system memory. If
any abnormality or an emergency situation occurs the system sends SMS (short
message service) messages to the mobile phones containing information about the
abnormality according to some predefined instructions programmed in the
microcontroller. This mobile system will help the transformers to operate smoothly
and identify problems before any catastrophic failure.

iii
 CONTENTS

Particulars Page No.

Certificate i
Acknowledgement ii

Abstract iii

Contents iv

CHAPTER-:- Introduction 1-2

1.1 Introduction

Chapter 2:- Background of project 2-3

Chapter 3:-Hardware Implementation 4-24

3.1 Interfacing Module Scheme

3.2 Sensors
3.3 Circuit diagram of the model
3.4 Power Supply

3.4.1 Transformer
3.4.2 Rectifier
3.4.3 Smoothing
3.4.4 Voltage Regulation
3.5 Microcontroller

3.5.1 Architecture of AVR

3.5.2 Pin Description

3.6 LCD(Liquid Crystal Display)

3.7 GSM Modem

3.7.1 Instruction Set

Chapter 4 Software Implementation 25-39

4.1 Software Tools

4.2 Simulink Model Analysis
4.3 Machine Learning

4.3.1 SVM
4.3.2 Machine Learning Code

CHAPTER-5: Conclusion And Future Work 40

Reference 41

IV
 Chapter-1
Introduction

Introduction:-

In power systems, distribution transformer is electrical equipment which distributes power to the low-voltage
users directly, and its operation condition is an important component of the entire distribution network
operation. Operation of distribution transformer under rated condition( as per specification in their
nameplate) guarantees their long life .However, their life is significantly reduced if they are subjected to
overloading, resulting in unexpected failures and loss of supply to a large number of customers thus effecting
system reliability. Overloading and ineffective cooling of transformers are the major causes of failure in
distribution transformers.

NEED OF REAL TIME CONDITION MONITORING:-

The monitoring devices or systems which are presently used for monitoring distribution
transformer exist some problems and deficiencies. Few of them are mentioned below.

(1) Ordinary transformer measurement system generally detects a single transformer

parameter, such as power, current, voltage, and phase. While some ways could detect
multiparameter, the time of acquisition and operation parameters is too long, and testing speed is
not fast enough.

(2) Detection system itself is not reliable. The main performance is the device itself
instability, poor anti-jamming capability, low measurement accuracy of the data, or even state
monitoring system should is no effect.

(3) Timely detection data will not be sent to monitoring centers in time, which can not judge
distribution transformers three-phase equilibrium.

(4) A monitoring system can only monitor the operation state or guard against steal the
power, and is not able to monitor all useful data of distribution transformers to reduce costs.

(5) Many monitoring systems use power carrier communication to send data, but the power
carrier communication has some disadvantages: serious frequency interference, with the
increase in distance the signal attenuation serious, load changes brought about large electrical
noise. So if use power carrier communication to send data, the real-time data transmission,
reliability cannot be guaranteed.

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According to the above requirements, we need a distribution transformer real-time monitoring
system to detect all operating parameters operation, and send to the monitoring centre in time. It
leads to online monitoring of key operational parameters of distribution transformers which can
provide useful information about the health of transformers which will help the utilities to
optimally use their transformers and keep the asset in operation for a longer period. This will
help to identify problems before any serious failure which leads to a significant cost savings and
greater reliability. Widespread use of mobile networks and GSM devices such GSM modems and
their decreasing costs have made them an attractive option not only for voice media but for other
wide area network applications.

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 Chapter-2
Background of Project

Abnormality in distribution transformer is accompanied with variation in different

parameters like Winding temperature , Top and bottom oil temperatures, Ambient
temperature, Load current, Oil flow (pump motor), Moisture in oil ,Dissolved gas in oil,
Bushing condition, LTC monitoring, Oil level. However, we are dealing with oil
temperature and load current.

Online monitoring system consists of embedded system, GSM modem, mobile-users and
GSM networks and sensors installed at transformer site Sensors are installed on
transformer side which reads and measures the physical quantity from the distribution
transformer and then it converts it into the analog signal. The embedded module is
located at the transformer site. It is utilized to acquire, process, display, transmit and
receive the parameters to/ from the GSM modem. The second is the GSM module. It is
the link between the embedded system and the public GSM network. The third is utility
module that has a PC-based -server located at the utility control center. The server is
attached to GSM modem and received transmits SMS from/to the transformer site via the
GSM module.

3
 Chapter-3

Hardware Implementation

This chapter explains regarding the Hardware Implementation of the project. It tells about the

design and working of the design with the help of circuit diagram and explanation of circuit

diagram in detail. It explains the features, programming and serial communication of

ATmega 16L microcontroller. It also explains the different modules used in this project

3.1 INTERFACING MODULE SCHEME

The above scheme depicts the sequence of methodologies followed in the monitoring of
distribution transformer via GSM technology.

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 • First sensors which are installed at the transformer site sense the various parameters of
transformers and convert into analog signal to be processed in signal conditioning
circuits
• Next the SCC consisting of opamps and resistors manipulates the analog signal to a
compatible value so that can be read by the embedded system.

• Next the signal is passed through microcontroller. The ADC is used to read the
parameters, built-in EEPROM is used to host the embedded software algorithm that
takes care of the parameters acquisition, processing, displaying, transmitting and
receiving. The built-in EEPROM is used to save the online measured parameters along
with their hourly and daily averages.
• The GSM modem is interfaced with the microcontroller through RS 232 adapter by
which it upload and download SMS messages that contain information related to the
transformer parameters and status.
• This GSM modem then sends this SMS to mobile users containing information about
parameters value of the distribution transformers.

3.2 SENSORS

Sensors are installed on transformer site which reads and measures the physical quantity from the
distribution transformer and then it converts it into the analog signal. Sensor are used for sensing
load current, ambient temperature, winding temperature, oil temperature and oil level. A sensor is
a device which receives and responds to a signal when touched. A multitude of different
measurable variables can be collected for on-line monitoring. However, it is veryrarely useful to
use the entire spectrum. Therefore, sensor technology must be adjusted to the specific
requirements of a particular transformer depending on their age and condition.

Following general set-up of sensors for example is proposed for the use at a Distribution
transformer
• PT100 to measure top oil temperature
• PT100 to measure ambient temperature
• C.T to measure load current (single phase)
• Determination of voltage at measurement tap of bushing (three phase)

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• Estimation of oil pressure of bushing
• Sensor to measure humidity in oil
• Sensor for Dissolved gas analysis(DGA)

It is fundamental to measure the electrical variables load current and operating voltage directlyat
the transformer. A bushing-type current transformers is used for load current measurement. For
the gas-in-oil detection a Hydran sensor is used which reads a composite value of gases in ppm
(H2 (100%), CO (18%), C2H2(8%), C2H4 (1,5%)). As hydrogen is a key gas for problems in
the active part, an increase in the output signal of the sensor is an indication for irregularities
such as partial discharge or hot spots. The evaluation of this measuring signal, together with the
dependency on the temperature of the oil and the load current, provides a reliable basis for the
continuous operation of the transformer. In the event of an increase of gas-in-oil content, an
immediate reaction can be effected via an off-line dissolved gas analysis to determine the
concentration of the other components dissolved in the oil in order to clarify the cause of the
potential damage.
A capacitive thin film sensor is used for the detection of moisture in oil. There are several causes
for an increase of water-in-oil content. After improper shipping and erection of the transformer
on-site the oil can be contaminated with water. Breathing of the transformer can cause absorption
of moisture by the oil in the conservator. Due to the fact that water is a result and also an origin
of paper degradation the water-in-oil content is an important indicator for the condition of
winding insulation.
The voltage applied to the transformer is acquired at the measuring tap of the capacitor bushing
by means of a voltage sensor. It acts with the capacity of the bushing as a voltage divider. This
enables not only the measurement of the operational voltage but also the detection of
overvoltages, because due to its design the voltage sensor has a bandwidth up to some MHz. The
output of the voltage sensor is connected to a peak sampler to detect the amplitude of
overvoltages by the monitoring system.

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S.N Parameter Sensors used
1 Phase current Current Transformer
2 Phase voltage Voltage Transformer

3 Oil temperature Thermistor,TPT-32

4 Oil Level R-Series, Rxl oil level sensor

5 Winding Temperature RTD Sensors

6 Gas Content in Oil Hydran Sensors

Sensors for different transformer parameters

3.3 CIRCUIT DIGRAM OF THE MODEL

Figure 1Circuit diagram of the Model

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3.4 Power Supply

Power supply is the circuit from which we get a desired dc voltage to run the other circuits.
The voltage we get from the main line is 230V AC but the other components of our circuit require 5V
DC. Hence a step-down transformer is used to get 12V AC which is later converted to 12V DC using a
rectifier. The output of rectifier still contains some ripples even though it is a DC signal due to which
it is called as Pulsating DC. To remove the ripples and obtain smoothed DC power filter circuits are
used. Here a capacitor is used. The 12V DC is rated down to 5V using a positive voltage regulator chip
7805. Thus a fixed DC voltage of 5V is obtained.

Each of the blocks is described below:

• Transformer - steps down high voltage AC mains to low voltage AC.

• Rectifier - converts AC to DC, but the DC output is varying.
• Smoothing - smoothes the DC from varying greatly to a small ripple.
• Regulator- eliminates ripple by setting DC output to a fixed volta

3.4.1 TRANSFORMER

Transformer is the electrical device that converts one voltage to another with little loss of
power. Transformers work only with AC. There are two types of transformers as Step-up and Step-
down transformer. Step-up transformers steps up voltage, step-down transformers steps down
voltage. Most power supplies use a step-down transformer to reduce the dangerously high mains
voltage to a safer low voltage. Here a step down transformer is used to get 12V AC from the supply
i.e. 230V AC.

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Necessity of a Transformer:-

Usually, electrical power is generated at 11Kv. For economical reasons AC power is

transmitted at very high voltages say 220 kV or 440 kV over long distances. Therefore a step-
up transformer is applied at the generating stations.

Now for safety reasons the voltage is stepped down to different levels by step down
transformer at various substations to feed the power to the different locations and thus the
utilisation of power is done at 400/230 V.

If (V2 > V1) the voltage is raised on the output side and is known as Step-up transformer.

If (V2 < V1) the voltage level is lowered on the output side and is known as Step down transformer.

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Protection of transformer

Buchholz Relay:-
Buchholz relay is a safety device which is generally used in large oil immersed transformers

(rated more than 500 kVA). It is a type of oil and gas actuated protection relay. It is used for the

protection of a transformer from the faults occurring inside the transformer, such as impulse

breakdown of the insulating oil, insulation failure of turns etc.

Working Principle Of Buchholz Relay:-

Whenever a fault occurs inside the transformer, such as insulation failure of turns, breakdown

of core or excess core heating, the fault is accompanied by production of excess heat. This

excess heat decomposes the transformer insulating oil which results in production of gas. The

generation of gases depend on intensity the of fault. Gas bubbles tend to flow in upward

direction towards conservator and hence they are collected in the buchholz relay which is

placed on the pipe connecting the transformer tank and conservator.

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RECTIFIERS:-

A rectifier is a circuit that converts AC signals to DC. A rectifier circuit is made using diodes. There are

two types of rectifier circuits as Half-wave rectifier and Full-wave rectifier depending upon the DC

signal generated

SMOOTHING:-

Smoothing is performed by a large value electrolytic capacitor connected across the DC supply to act

as reservoir, supplying current to the output when the varying DC voltage from the rectifier is

decreasing. The diagram shows the unsmoothed varying DC and the smoothed DC. The capacitor

charges quickly to the peak of the varying DC and then discharges as it supplies current to the output.

Here the capacitor of 330uF is used as a smoothing circuit

VOLTAGE REGULATION:-

Voltage regulators produce fixed DC output voltage from variable DC (a small amount
of AC on it). Fixed output is obtained by connecting the voltage regulator at the output of the
filtered DC. It can also be used in circuits to get low DC voltage from high DC voltage (for
example we use 7805 to get 5V from 12V). Two types of voltage regulators are

1. fixed voltage regulators (78xx, 79xx)

2. Variable voltage regulators (LM317)

3.5 MICROCONTROLLER

Microcontroller is defined as a system on computer chip which includes number of peripherals

like RAM, EEPROM, etc. required to perform some predefined task. There are number of
popular families of microcontrollers which are used in different applications as per their
capability and feasibility to perform various task, mostly used of these are 8051, AVR and PIC
microcontrollers. In this subject we will introduce you with AVR family of microcontrollers. AVR
is an 8-bit microcontroller belonging to the family of Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC).

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In RISC architecture the instruction set of the computer are not only fewer in number but also
simpler and faster in operation. The other type is CISC . We will explore more on this when we
will learn about the architecture of AVR microcontrollers in following section.

The microcontroller transmits and receives 8-bit data. The input/output registers available are
also of 8-bits. The AVR families controllers have register based architecture which means that
both the operands for an operation are stored in a register and the result of the operation is
also stored in a register.

Discussing about AVR we will be talking on Atmega16 microcontroller, which is 40-pin IC and it
belong to mega AVR category of AVR family. Some of the key features of Atmega16 are:

· 16KB Flash memory

· 1KB SRAM

· 512 Bytes EEPROM

· 40-Pin DIP

· 8-Channel 10 bit ADC

· Two 8 bit Timers/Counters

· One 16 bit Timer/Counter

· 4 PWM Channels

· In System Programmer (ISP)

· Serial USART

· SPI Interface

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3.5.1 ARCHITECTURE OF AVR

The AVR microcontrollers are based on advanced RISC architecture and it consist 32 x 8bit

general purpose working registers. Within one single clock cycle, AVR will take inputs from two

general purpose registers and put them to ALU to carry out the operation, and will transfer

back the result to any arbitrary register. The ALU performs arithmetic as well as logical

operations over the inputs from the register or between the register. We can see that AVR does

not have any register like accumulator like in 8051 family of microcontrollers; the operations

can be performed between any registers and can be stored in any register.

AVR follows Harvard Architecture format in which the processor which is equipped with the

separate memories and buses for Program and the Data information. Here when an instruction is

executed, the next instruction will be pre-fetched from the program memory. Since AVR

performs a single cycle execution, it means that AVR can execute 1 million instructions per

second if the cycle frequency is 1MHz. If the operating frequency of the microcontroller is

higher, then processing speed is also higher. We should optimize the power consumption with

processing speed and hence should select the operating frequency accordingly.

Two types of Atmega16 microcontroller are:

1. Atmega16:- Operating frequency range is 0 – 16 MHz

2. Atmega16L:- Operating frequency range is 0 – 8 MHz
If a crystal of 8 MHz = 8 x 106 Hertz = 8 Million cyclesis used, then AVR can execute 8 million
instructions.
The AT refers to manufacturer Atmel, Mega means the microcontroller belong to Mega AVR

category, 16 gives the memory of the controller, which is 16KB

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 Architecture Diagram: Atmega16

Described below explains the building blocks of Atmega16 architecture:

· I/O Ports: Atmega16 has four (PORTA, PORTB, PORTC and PORTD) 8-bit input-output ports.

· Internal Calibrated Oscillator: Atmega16 has an internal oscillator for driving its clock. By

default Atmega16 will operate at internal calibrated oscillator of 1 MHz The maximum.

frequency of internal oscillator will be 8Mhz. In other way ATmega16 can be operated using an
external crystal oscillator with having a maximum frequency of 16MHz.

. ADC Interface: Atmega16 has a 8 channel ADC (Analog to Digital Converter) and a resolution of
10-bits. ADC reads the analog input for e.g., a sensor input and converting it into digital
information which the microcontroller understands.

·Timers/Counters: Atmega16 consists of two 8-bit and one 16-bit timer/counter. Timers are
useful for generating precise actions for e.g., creating time delays among two operations.

·Watchdog Timer: Watchdog timer is present alongwith internal oscillator. Watchdog timer
monitors continuosly and resets the controller if the code is stuck at any execution action for
more than a fixed time interval.

· Interrupts: Atmega16 consists of 21 interrupts sources out of which four are external. The rest
are internal interrupts which is supported by the peripherals like USART, ADC, and Timers etc.

.USART: Universal Synchronous and Asynchronous Receiver and Transmitter interface is

available to be interfaced with external device capable of communicating serially (data
transmission bit by bit).

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·General Purpose Registers: Atmega16 has 32 general purpose registers which are coupled
directly with the Arithmetic Logical Unit (ALU) of CPU.

· ISP: AVR family have In System Programmable Flash Memory which is programmed without
removing the IC from the circuit, ISP allows to reprogram the controller while it is inside the
application circuit.

.DAC: Atmega16 is also equipped with a Digital to Analog Converter (DAC) interface which
can be used for reverse action. DAC can be used when there is a need of converting a digital
signal to analog signal.

. Memory: Atmega16 consist of three different memory sections:

1. Flash EEPROM: Flash EEPROM or simple flash memory is used to store the program
burnt by the user on to the microcontroller. It is easily erasable electrically as a single unit. Flash
memory is non-volatile i.e. the programme is retained even if the power is removed.
Atmega16 is available with 16KB of in system programmable Flash EEPROM.

2 Byte Addressable EEPROM: This is also a nonvolatile memory used to store data of certain
variables. Atmega16 has 512 bytes of EEPROM; this memory can be useful for storing the
lock.

3 SRAM: Static Random Access Memory is the volatile memory of microcontroller i.e., data is
lost as soon as power is removed. Atmega16 is equipped with 1KB of internal SRAM. A small
portion of SRAM for general purpose registers used by CPU and some for the peripheral
subsystems of the microcontroller.

· SPI: Serial Peripheral Interface, SPI port is used in serial communication between two devices
with a common clock source. The data transmitting rate of SPI is more than USART.

· TWI: Two Wire Interface (TWI) can be used to set up a network of devices, many devices can
be connected over TWI interface forming a network, the devices simultaneously transmit and
receive and having own unique address.

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PIN DIAGRAM :-

3.5.2 PIN DESCRIPTIONS:-

VCC Digital supply voltage.

GND Ground.

Port A (PA7..PA0) Port A serves the analog inputs to the A/D Converter.

Port A is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port, if A/D Converter is not used. The Port A output buffers
have symmetrical drive characteristics having high sink and source capability. When the pins
PA0 to PA7 are used as the inputs and are pulled low externally, they will source current if the
internal pull-up resistors are activated. The Port A pins are tri-stated when the condition is
reset, even if the clock is not running.

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Port B (PB7..PB0) Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port having internal pull-up resistors
(selected for each bit). The Port B output buffers symmetrically drive characteristics having both
high sink and source capability. As the inputs, Port B pins that are externally pulled low will
source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port B pins are tri-stated when the
condition is reset, even if the clock is not running.
Port C (PC7..PC0) Port C is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port having internal pull-up resistors
(selected for each bit). The Port C output buffers symmetrically drive characteristics having both
high sink and source capability. Port C pins as inputs that are externally pulled low will source
current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port C pins are tri-stated when a condition is
reset, even if the clock is not running.When the JTAG interface is enabled, the pull-up resistors
on pins PC5(TDI), PC3(TMS) and PC2(TCK) will be activated even if a reset occurs. The TD0 pin is
tri-stated untill TAP states that the data shifted out are entered. Port D (PD7..PD0) Port D is an
8-bit bi-directional I/O port having internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port D
output buffers symmetrically drive characteristics having both high sink and source capability.
As inputs, Port D pins that are externally pulled low will source the current if the pull-up
resistors are activated. The Port D pins are tri-stated when a condition is reset, even if the clock
is not running.
RESET Reset Input. A low level on this pin for longer period than the minimum pulse length will
give a reset, even if the clock is not running. Shorter pulses will not generate a reset.
XTAL1 Is an input to the inverting Oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating
circuit.
XTAL2 Is an output from the inverting Oscillator amplifier.

AVCC AVCC is the supply voltage pin for Port A and the A/D Converter. It is generally externally
connected to VCC, if the ADC is not used. If the ADC is used, it is connected to VCC through a
low-pass filter.
AREF Is the analog reference pin for the A/D Converter.

I/O PORTS

At mega 16 have 32 general purpose digital I/O pins. To every pin, there are 3 bits in 3 different
registers which control its function. Let’s say we are talking about the pin PA0. The three
registers involved for this pin are DDRA, PORTA and PINA, similarly the corresponding bits are
DDRA0, PORTA0 and PINA0.

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DDR - is the Data Direction Register – 1 is written to DDRA0 making the pin PA0 act like an
output pin and writing 0 makes it an input pin.

Code example:
DDRC=130;
or,

DDRC= 0b 10000010;

or,

DDRC= 0x 82;

Both the above statements will make the PC1 and PC7 as output and rest as input.

It is to be noted that writing some value onto a register simply means that the bits of the
register will attain values such that the binary number represented by all the 8 bits of the
register together equals the number assigned to them. e.g. writing 0b10110101 means the bits
in the register will become like this:

PORT register - If DDRA0 is set as 1,

• If 1 is written to PORTA0 gives a high output on pin PA0

• If 0 is written to PORTA0 gives a low output on pin PA0

If DDRA0 is set to 0 (input),

• If 1 is written to PORTA0 simply pulls up the pin to Vcc via 100k resistance

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• If 0 is written to PORTA0 makes the pin tri-stated . This means that in the absence of
input from outside the pin will just have some random value.

PIN register - This register is used to read the digital value of the pin. It can be thought of as
actually connected to MCU physical pins. If voltage of the pin (either in case of input or output)
at any instant is low it will read as 0 otherwise 1.
For example

Int read; read=PINB; // stores the value of 8 bit PINB register in the

variable read or read=PINB & 4; // This statement stores the value of

PB2 bit in read.

3.6 LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)

The display used is 16x2 LCD (Liquid Crystal Display); which means 16 characters per line by 2
lines.The standard is referred as HD44780U, which refers to the controller chip which receives
data from an external source (Here Atmega16) and communicates directly with the LCD. Here 8-
bit mode of LCD is used, i.e., using 8-bit data bus.

The three control lines are EN, RS, and RW.

The EN line is called "Enable." This control line is used for telling the LCD that we are sending
data. For sending data to the LCD, the program should make sure that the line is low
(0) and then set the other two control lines or put data on the data bus. When the other lines are
ready completely, bring EN high (1) and should wait for the minimum time required by the LCD
datasheet and end by bringing it low (0) again.

The RS line is "Register Select" line. When RS is low (0), the data is treated as a command or
special instruction (such as clear screen, position cursor, etc.). When the RS is high (1), the data
sent is text data which is displayed on the screen. For example, to display the letter "B" on the
screen you would set RS high.

The RW line is "Read/Write" control line. When RW is low (0), the information on the data bus
is written to the LCD. When RW is high (1), the program is effectively questioning (or reading)

19
the LCD. Only one instruction ("Get LCD status") is read command. All the others are write
commands--so RW will always be low.

In case of an 8-bit data bus, the lines are referred to as DB0, DB1, DB2, DB3, DB4, DB5, DB6,
and DB7.

Figure 4: Pin Diagram of LCD

Pin no Name Description

1 VSS GND

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 2 VCC Power supply (+5v)
3 VEE Contrast Adjust

4 RS 0=Instruction Input

1=Data Input
5 R/W 0=Write to LCD

1=Read From LCD

6 EN Enable Signal
7 D0 Bit 0 LSB

8 D1 Bit 1

9 D2 Bit 2
10 D3 Bit 3

11 D4 Bit 4

12 D5 Bit 5
13 D6 Bit 6

14 D7 Bit 7 MSB

3.7 GSM MODEM

A GSM modem is a wireless modem that works with a GSM wireless network. A wireless
modem is like a dial-up modem. The basic difference between them is the dial-up modem
sends and receives data through a fixed telephone line while the wireless modem sends and
receives data through waves. Like a GSM mobile phone, a GSM modem also requires a SIM card
from a wireless carrier to operate.

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SIM 300 is a Fixed Cellular Terminal (FCT) used for data applications. It is a compact and
portable terminal which satisfy various data communication over GSM. It also can be connected
to a computer with a standard RS232C serial port. SIM 300 offers features like
Short Message Services (SMS), Data Services (sending and receiving data files), Fax Services and
data file connectivity through wire is not available or not possible. The SIM 300 is very easy to
set up. It also finds its applications in IT companies, Banks,Financial Institutions, Service
Providers, Far away Project Sites, and other business establishments.

Product concept:

SIM300 designed for global market is a Tri-band GSM/GPRS engine which works on the
frequencies 900MHz EGSM, 1800MHz DCS and 1900MHz PCS. SIM300 features GPRS multi slot
class10/ class8 and supports the GPRS coding schemes CS-i, CS-ii,CS-iii and CSiv.

SIM card interface:

We can use AT Command for getting information in SIM card. The SIM interface supports the
operation of the GSM Phase 1 specification and also supports the operation of the new GSM
Phase 2 and specification for FAST 64kbps SIM (intended to use having a SIM application Tool-
kit). Both the 1.8V and 3.0V SIM Cards are supported. The SIM interface get its power from an
internal regulator in the module having nominal voltage 2.8V. All the pins are reset as outputs
driving low.

Operation: AT commands are used by the computers to control modems. Both the GSM
modems and dial-up modems support a fixed set of standard AT commands. GSM modem can
be used like a dial-up modem. Apart from the standard AT commands, GSM modems also
support an extended set of AT commands. These extended set of AT commands are defined in
the GSM standards. With the extended AT commands, several things are done:

• To read,write and delete SMS messages.

• To send SMS messages.

• To monitor the signal strength.

• To monitor the charging status and charge level of the battery.

• Reading, writing and searching phone book entries.

22
The number of SMS messages processed by a GSM modem per minute is very low -- only six

to ten SMS messages per minute. Network status indication LED lamp

State SIM300 function

Off- SIM300 is not running

64ms On/ 0.8 sec Off- SIM300 does not find the network

64ms On/ 3Sec off- SIM300 find the network

64 ms on / 0.3sec Off- GPRS communication

3.7.1 INSTRUCTION OF GSM MODEM:-

AT commands: AT commands are the instructions used for controlling a modem. AT stands for

Attention. Each and every command line starts with "AT" or "at". Beacause of this modem

commands are called AT commands. Many of the commands are also used for controlling wired

dial-up modems. These are supported by GSM/GPRS modems and mobile phones. Apart from

this common AT command set, GSM/GPRS modems and mobile phones also support an AT

command sets which are specific to the GSM technology, which also includes SMS-related

commands.

Basic Commands and Extended Commands:

There are two types of AT commands: They are basic commands and extended commands.

• Basic commands are AT commands that do not start with "+". For example, D (Dial), A

(Answer), H (Hook control) and O (Return to online data state) are basic commands.

• Extended commands are AT commands that start with "+". All GSM AT commands are

extended commands. For example, +CMGS (Send SMS message), +CMSS (Send SMS

23
 message from storage), +CMGL (List SMS messages) and +CMGR (Read SMS messages)

are extended commands.

3.7.2 SERIAL COMMUNICATION:-

In our model serial communication from modem to microcontroller are done by

connecting Txd and Rxd pins to modem Rxd and Txd pin respectively. And the third pin
of modem is grounded. In our hardware architecture we have interface modem to
microcontroller directly without the use of Max232 or RS232 and having proper results
with proper communication. Max232 or RS232 both are used as logic converter. They
both can work in CMOS logic level or TTL logic level. If microcontroller works in TTL
level and GSM Modem works in CMOS level then logic converter like RS232 is
interfaced to bring same logic level. But in our model both Microcontroller and GSM
Modem works in TTL logic level so here we have not used Max232 0r RS232.Direct
connections between modem and microcontroller is done.

24
 Chapter-4

Software Implementation

This chapter describes about the software implementation of the project.This discuss about the

programming and the software tools used and how output is obtained by programming.

4.1 Software Tools:-

Matlab and machine learning are two softwares used to make this project.

4.2 Simulink Model Analysis:-

Here taking three phase transform 250 MVA rating, 11/220kv transformation ratio, star-star

connected and neutral grounded both voltage and current after and before transformer. V-I

measurement connect with scope and display for displaying its value and waveform. Here

measured value are alternating, it change every time so that convert rms value by RMS block,

using three phase fault block create different type fault in transformer secondary side. Fig.

Shows MATLAB Simulink model of transformer.

25
4.3Machine learning:-

4.3.1 Support vector machine(SVR):-

Diagnosis of potential faults concealed inside power transformers is the key of ensuring

stable electrical power supply to consumers. Support vector machine (SVM) is a new

machine learning method based on the statistical learning theory, which is a powerful

tool for solving the problem with small sampling, nonlinearity and high dimension. The

selection of SVM parameters has an important influence on the classification accuracy of

SVM. However, it is very difficult to select appropriate SVM parameters. In this study,

support vector machine with genetic algorithm (SVMG) is applied to fault diagnosis of a

power transformer, in which genetic algorithm (GA) is used to select appropriate free

parameters of SVM. The experimental data from several electric power

26
companies in China are used to illustrate the performance of the proposed SVMG model.

The experimental results indicate that the SVMG method can achieve higher diagnostic

accuracy than IEC three ratios, normal SVM classifier and artificial neural network.

3.4.2 Machine learning code:-

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

import pandas as pd

import sklearn

from matplotlib.axes._axes import

_log as matplotlib_axes_logger

from matplotlib.colors import

ListedColormap

from mpl_toolkits import mplot3d

from sklearn.metrics import

accuracy_score

from sklearn.metrics import

confusion_matrix 27
from sklearn.metrics import

plot_confusion_matrix

from sklearn.model_selection

import train_test_split

from sklearn.preprocessing import

StandardScaler

from sklearn.svm import SVC

matplotlib_axes_logger.setLevel('E

RROR')

zero_one_colourmap = 28
ListedColormap(('red', 'green'))

df =

pd.read_csv(r"C:\Users\pants\One

Drive\Desktop\Machine-Learning-

model-for-distribution-transformer-

fault-identification-

main\Overview.csv")

29
df.head()

df.drop('DeviceTimeStamp',

axis=1, inplace = True) ## set axis

= 0 to remove rows, axis = 1 to

remove colums

df.head()

30
X = df.loc[:, ["OTI",

"ATI"]].values

y = df.loc[:, "OTI_T"].values

X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test =

train_test_split(X, y,

test_size = 0.3,

random_state = 4) 31
11
classifier = SVC(kernel="linear")

classifier.fit(X_train,

y_train.ravel())

y_pred = classifier.predict(X_test)

accuracy_score(y_test, y_pred)

32
print('Accuracy score for svm

linear kernel:',

100*accuracy_score(y_test,

y_pred))

confusion_matrix(y_test, y_pred)

plot_confusion_matrix(classifier,

X_test, y_test, cmap="plasma",

display_labels=["no fault",

"fault"])

33
from sklearn.metrics import

precision_score

print("precision score for SVM

linear kernel:",

100*precision_score(y_test,

y_pred))

from sklearn.metrics import

recall_score 34
print('Recall for SVM linear

kernels:', 100 * recall_score(y_test,

y_pred))

from sklearn.metrics import

f1_score

print('F1 score:', f1_score(y_test,

y_pred))

35
plt.scatter(X[:,0],X[:,1], c=y,

s=100, cmap =

zero_one_colourmap)

plt.show()

plt.scatter(X_test[:,0],X_test[:,1],

c=y_test, s=100, cmap =

zero_one_colourmap)

plt.show()

##

rbf_classifier = SVC(kernel="rbf") 36
rbf_classifier.fit(X_train,

y_train.ravel())

y_pred =

rbf_classifier.predict(X_test)

accuracy_score(y_test, y_pred)

plot_confusion_matrix(rbf_classifi

er, X_test, y_test, cmap="plasma",

display_labels=["no fault",

"fault"])

37
from sklearn.metrics import

precision_score

print("precision score for SVM

RBF kernel:",

100*precision_score(y_test,

y_pred))

from sklearn.metrics import

recall_score

print('Recall for SVM RBF

kernels:', 100 * recall_score(y_test,

y_pred))

38
from sklearn.metrics import

f1_score

print('F1 score:', f1_score(y_test,

y_pred))

39
 Chapter-5

CONCLUSION

5.1 Conclusion

The gsm based monitoring of distribution transformer is quite useful as compared to manual

monitring and also it is reliable as it is not possible to monitor always the oil level,oil

temperature rise,ambient temperature rise,load current manually. After receiving of message

of any abnormality we can take action immediately to prevent any catastrophic failures of

distribution transformers. In a distribution network there are many distribution transformers

and associating each transformer with such system, we can easily figure out that which

transformer is undergoing fault from the message sent to mobile. We need not have to check

all transformers and corresponding phase currents and voltages and thus we can recover the

system in less time. The time for receiving messages may vary due to the public GSM

network traffic but still then it is effective than manual monitoring.

5.2 Future work:-

A server module can be included to this system for receiving and storing transformer
parameters information periodically about all the distribution transformers of a particular
utility in a database application. This database will be a useful source of information on
the utility transformers. Analysis of these stored data helps the utility in monitoring the
operational behaviour of their distribution transformers and identify faults before any
catastrophic failures thus resulting in significant cost saving as well as improving system
reliability.

40
 REFERENCES

[1] Leibfried, T, “Online monitors keep transformers in service”, Computer Applications in

Power, IEEE, Volume:11 Issue: 3 , July 1998 Page(s):36 -42.

[2] Chan, W. L, So, A.T.P. and Lai, L., L.; “Interment Based Transmission Substation
Monitoring”, IEEE Transaction on Power Systems, Vol. 14, No. 1, February 1999, pp.
293-298.
[3] Par S. Tenbohlen,T. Stirl, M. Rösner,” Benefit of sensors for on-line monitoring systems for
power transformers”

[4] T. D. Poyser, "An On-Line Microprocessor Based Transformer Analysis System to Improve
the Availability and Uti'lization of Power Transformers". IEEE Trans. On Power Apparatus

and Systems, Volume PAS-102, April 1983, pp.957-962.

[5] Muhammad Ali Mazidi , Janice Gillispie Mazidi, Rolin D.Mckinlay, The 8051

Microcontroller And Embedded Systems Using Assembly And C,Second Edition, Pearson

Education, 2008, India.

[6] Microcontroller ATmega 16; www.atmel.com/Images/doc2466.pdf .

[7] Constantin Daniel Oancea,” GSM Infrastructure Used for Data Transmission”,
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12-14, Page(s): 1 – 4.

[8] Abdul-Rahman AI-Ali, Abdul Khaliq & Muhammad Arshad,” GSM-Based Distribution
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1002, Croatia.

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