Line Trap Standards

IEEE Standard Requirements for
Power-Line Carrier Line Traps

(30 kHz to 500 kHz)
IEEE Power and Energy Society
Sponsored by the
Power System Communications and Cybersecurity
IEEE IEEE Std C93.3™-2017

3 Park Avenue
New York, NY 10016-5997
USA
Authorized licensed use limited to: Victoria University. Downloaded on July 21,2021 at 02:18:45 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
IEEE Std 11073-10427-2016
Health informatics—Personal health device communication
Part 10427: Device Specialization—Power Status Monitor of Personal Health Devices
IEEE Std 11073-10427™-2016
Health informatics—Personal health

device communication
Part 10427: Device specialization—

Power Status Monitor of Personal
Health Devices
Sponsor
IEEE 11073™ Standards Committee
of the
IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society
Approved 22 September 2016
IEEE-SA Standards Board
Recognized as an American National Standard
Abstract: Line traps inserted into a power line to provide a high impedance at power-line-carrier
frequencies (30 kHz to 500 kHz) are covered in this standard. The purpose is to isolate the carrier
signal from system impedance changes due to faults or switching behind the point of insertion, and
to guide the signal in the proper direction. The standard covers line traps in which the main coil is
designed as a single-phase, air-cooled inductor of the dry type.
Keywords: IEEE C93.3™, line trap, PLC, power line carrier, wave trap
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USA
Copyright © 2017 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

All rights reserved. Published 1 August 2017. Printed in the United States of America.
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Incorporated.
PDF: ISBN 978-1-5044-3971-8 STD22546

Print: ISBN 978-1-5044-3972-5 STDPD22546
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Attention is called to the possibility that implementation of this standard may require use of subject matter
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information may be obtained from the IEEE Standards Association
5
Participants
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following membership and corresponding members (CM):
Bruce A. Pickett, Chair

Roger E. Ray, Vice Chair
Tony Bell Andre Lanza James O’Brien

-H൵UH\%URZQ Alex Lee Craig Palmer
Jim Ebrecht 'RQ/XNDFK Ross Presta (CM)
Ray Fella 0DUN0DMND Zoltan Roman (CM)
Jerry Finley Steve May Miriam Sanders
'RPLQLFN)RQWDQD John Meinardi (CM) 'RQDOG6HYFLN
Rafael Garcia John Miller 0DUN6LPRQ&0
$GGLV.LÀH Ian Taulla
The following members of the individual balloting committee voted on this standard. Balloters may have
voted for approval, disapproval, or abstention.
Roy Alexander Werner Hoelzl Michael Roberts

Saleman Alibhay 5LFKDUG-DFNVRQ Charles Rogers
Yanhia Attianese Kamran Khan Zoltan Roman
Peter Balma James Kinney Daniel Sabin
Tony Bell -RVHSK/.RHS¿QJHU Miriam Sanders
Martin Best Bruce Kraemer Bartien Sayogo
William Bloethe -LP.XOFKLVN\ 'RQDOG6HYFLN
Gustavo Brunello Chung-Yiu Lam 'HYNL6KDUPD
Paul Cardinal Benjamin Lanz Andre Silva
Suresh Channarasappa Yuan Liao 0DUN6LPRQ
Arvind Chaudhary 'RQ/XNDFK 9HVHOLQ6NHQG]LF
Stephen Conrad 0DUN0DMND Jeremy Smith
Randall Cunico Reginaldo Maniego Jerry Smith
Alla Deronja John Miller K. Stump
Gary Donner Daleep Mohla David Tepen
Michael Edds Adi Mulawarman Iandale Tualla
Jerry Finley Arthur Neubauer Demetrios Tziouvaras
Kenneth Fodero Michael Newman Joe Uchiyama
'RPLQLFN)RQWDQD Gary Nissen James Van De Ligt
Rafael Garcia James O'Brien Roger Verdolin
)UDQN*HUOHYH Lorraine Padden John Vergis
David Gilmer Craig Palmer John Wang
Jalal Gohari Bansi Patel 'LDQH:DWNLQV
James Graham %UXFH3LFNHWW Kenneth White
Stephen Grier Reynaldo Ramos -DFNLH:LOVRQ
Randall Groves Roger E. Ray Philip Winston
6
When the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this standard on 14 February 2017, it had the following
membership:
Jean-Philippe Faure, Chair

Vacant Position, Vice Chair
John D. Kulick, Past Chair
Konstantinos Karachalios, Secretary
&KXFN$GDPV Michael Janezic Robby Robson

0DVD\XNL$UL\RVKL -RVHSK/.RHS¿QJHU Dorothy Stanley
Ted Burse Thomas Koshy Adrian Stephens
6WHSKHQ'XNHV Kevin Lu Mehmet Ulema
Doug Edwards Daleep Mohla Phil Wennblom
-7UDYLV*UL൶WK Damir Novosel Howard Wolfman
*DU\+R൵PDQ Ronald C. Petersen Yu Yuan
Annette D. Reilly
0HPEHU(PHULWXV
7
Introduction
This introduction is not part of IEEE Std C93.3™-2017, IEEE Standard Requirements for Power-Line Carrier
Line Traps (30 kHz to 500 kHz).
This document was developed by the Power Line Carrier Subcommittee of the Power System
Communications and Cybersecurity Committee, responsible for Power Line Carrier Equipment and Coupling
&DSDFLWRU9ROWDJH7UDQVIRUPHUV'XULQJLWVGHYHORSPHQWWKHVWDQGDUGUHFHLYHGWKHEHQH¿WVRIDFRQVHQVXVRI
input from a balanced group representing the user, producer, government, and general-interest viewpoints.
These inputs were harmonized and integrated into the standard in its present approved form.
The Power Line Carrier Subcommittee was established to coordinate, review, and update the existing
GRFXPHQWVLQWRDQH൵HFWLYHJURXSRIVWDQGDUGVLQFOXGLQJWKLVVWDQGDUGIRUOLQHWUDSV$VHSDUDWHVWDQGDUGZLOO
be developed to cover each type of equipment described in the Subcommittee’s scope.
7KLV VWDQGDUG LQFOXGHV WHFKQLFDO GH¿QLWLRQV SHUIRUPDQFH UDWLQJV WHVWLQJ PHWKRGV DQG PDQXIDFWXULQJ
requirements for line traps.
(VVHQWLDOO\WKHFKDQJHVUHÀHFWHGLQWKLVUHYLVLRQDUHQHZGH¿QLWLRQVDGGLWLRQRILQIRUPDWLRQRQHPHUJHQF\
overload current capability of line traps with regards to Facility Rating standards, and the IEEE mandated
change from US to metric units of measure.
This Standard was previously maintained by NEMA and was last released as ANSI C93.3-1995. It has been
given over to IEEE to revise and maintain.
8
Contents
1. Overview ................................................................................................................................................... 10
1.1 Scope .................................................................................................................................................. 10
1.2 Purpose ............................................................................................................................................... 10
2. Normative references ................................................................................................................................ 10
'H¿QLWLRQVDFURQ\PVDQGDEEUHYLDWLRQV ................................................................................................. 11
'H¿QLWLRQV .......................................................................................................................................... 11
3.2 Acronyms and abbreviations .............................................................................................................. 12
4. Service conditions ..................................................................................................................................... 13

4.1 Usual service conditions ..................................................................................................................... 13
4.2 Unusual service conditions ................................................................................................................. 13
5. Ratings ...................................................................................................................................................... 14
5.1 General ratings ................................................................................................................................... 14
5.2 Rating for tuned type line traps ........................................................................................................... 17
6. Testing ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
6.1 General ............................................................................................................................................... 18
6.2 Design test procedures ........................................................................................................................ 20
6.3 Production test procedures ................................................................................................................. 27
7. Manufacturing/design requirements.......................................................................................................... 27
7.1 Mounting ............................................................................................................................................ 27
7.2 Terminals ............................................................................................................................................ 28
7.3 Tuning and protective device location and mounting ......................................................................... 28
7.4 Bird barriers........................................................................................................................................ 28
1DPHSODWHPDUNLQJVIRUWKHPDLQFRLO ................................................................................................ 28
1DPHSODWHPDUNLQJVIRUWKHWXQLQJGHYLFH ......................................................................................... 29
Annex A (informative) Guide for emergency overload current capability of line traps .................................. 30
Annex B (informative) Loss measurement at power frequency...................................................................... 38
Annex C (informative) Terminal orientation and construction ....................................................................... 39
$QQH['LQIRUPDWLYH7\SLFDO¿[HGZLGHEDQGEDQGZLGWKUDQJHV................................................................ 42
Annex E (informative) Bibliography ............................................................................................................. 44
9
IEEE Standard Requirements for
Power-Line Carrier Line Traps
(30 kHz to 500 kHz)
1. Overview
1.1 Scope
This standard applies to a line trap inserted into a power line to provide a high impedance at power line carrier
IUHTXHQFLHV N+] WR N+] 7KH SXUSRVH LV WR LVRODWH WKH FDUULHU VLJQDO IURP V\VWHP LPSHGDQFH
FKDQJHV due to faults or switching behind the point of insertion, and to guide the signal in the proper
direction. The standard covers line traps in which the main coil is designed as a single-phase, air-cooled
inductor of the dry type.
1.2 Purpose
7KLVVWDQGDUGLVYLWDOWRWKHDSSOLFDWLRQRISRZHUOLQHFDUULHUV\VWHPVRQDOOSRZHUOLQHVN9DQGDERYH
Power-line carrier systems are used for protection systems and other communications. The line trap is part
of the system that allows the carrier signal to be coupled to the power line with optimal performance.
3HUIRUPDQFHUHTXLUHPHQWVZLOOEHHVWDEOLVKHGVRWKDWWKHLULQWHUDFWLRQZLWKWKHSRZHUV\VWHPLVNQRZQDQG
performance can be predicted.
2. Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document (i.e., they must
be understood and used, so each referenced document is cited in text and its relationship to this document is
explained). For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of
the referenced document (including any amendments or corrigenda) applies.
ANSI C84.1, American National Standard for Electric Power Systems and Equipment–Voltage Ratings
(60 Hz).1
ANSI/NEMA CC 1, Electric Power Connection for Substations.2
$16,1(0$&&$QQH[$0HWKRGVRI0HDVXUHPHQWRI5DGLR,QIOXHQFH9ROWDJH5,9RI+LJK

9ROWDJHApparatus (replaced NEMA 107-1987/1993).
1
ANSI publications are available from the Sales Department, American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, 4th Floor, New
<RUN1<86$http://www.ansi.org/).
2
NEMA publications are available from Global Engineering Documents, 15 Inverness Way East, Englewood, CO 80112, USA (http://
global.ihs.com/).
10
IEEE Std C93.3-2017
IEEE Standard Requirements for Power-Line Carrier Line Traps (30 kHz to 500 kHz)
IEEE Std 4™, IEEE Standard for High-Voltage Testing Techniques.3,4
IEEE Std C57.21™, IEEE Standard Requirements, Terminology, and Test Code for Shunt Reactors Rated
2YHUN9$
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'H¿QLWLRQVDFURQ\PVDQGDEEUHYLDWLRQV
'H¿QLWLRQV
)RUWKHSXUSRVHVRIWKLVGRFXPHQWWKHIROORZLQJWHUPVDQGGH¿QLWLRQVDSSO\7KHIEEE Standards Dictionary
OnlineVKRXOGEHFRQVXOWHGIRUWHUPVQRWGH¿QHGLQWKLVFODXVH5
apparent power-frequency inductance ( LP ): The reactance of the main coil divided by the angular
IUHTXHQF\DWZKLFKWKHUHDFWDQFHLVGHWHUPLQHGXQFRPSHQVDWHGIRUWKHH൵HFWVRIVHOIFDSDFLWDQFH
auxiliary protective device: A device associated with the tuning device to protect individual components by
limiting transient overvoltages.
bandwidth7KHIUHTXHQF\UDQJHZLWKLQZKLFKWKHEORFNLQJLPSHGDQFHLVQRWOHVVWKDQDVSHFL¿HGDPRXQW
blocking impedance7KHFRPSOH[LPSHGDQFHRIWKHFRPSOHWHOLQHWUDSZLWKLQDVSHFL¿HGFDUULHUIUHTXHQF\
range.
emergency overload current: A value of power frequency current, greater than the rated continuous current,
which the line traps may be required to carry for some limited period of time.
geometric mean frequency (GMF): The geometric mean frequency of the bandwidth limit frequencies,
which is the square root of their product.
GMF = FL × FH
where:
FL is Frequency Low
FH is Frequency High
line trap: A main coil with a protective device, with or without tuning device(s), series connected in a power
circuit to provide a high impedance at power line carrier frequencies, and negligible impedance at the power
frequency.
main coil: An inductor that carries the power-frequency current.
protective device: A device that protects the line trap by limiting transient overvoltages. It is shunt-connected
to the tuning device and the main coil.
rated blocking impedance ( Z B )7KHPLQLPXPYDOXHRIEORFNLQJLPSHGDQFHRYHUWKHEDQGZLGWK
3
IEEE publications are available from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854,
USA (http://standards.ieee.org/).
4
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5
IEEE Standards Dictionary Online is available at: http://dictionary.ieee.org
11
IEEE Std C93.3-2017
rated continuous current ( I N ): The rms power frequency current that the line trap can carry continuously
without exceeding the maximum temperature rise for its insulation temperature index.
rated inductance ( LR )7KHPLQLPXPYDOXHRIWUXHLQGXFWDQFHGHWHUPLQHGDWN+]
rated short-time current ( I KN ): The rms symmetrical value of current that a line trap is capable of carrying
IRUWZRVHFRQGVZLWKRXWH[FHHGLQJDVSHFL¿HGWHPSHUDWXUH
resistive bandwidth7KHIUHTXHQF\UDQJHZLWKLQZKLFKWKHUHVLVWLYHEORFNLQJLPSHGDQFHLVQRWOHVVWKDQD
VSHFL¿HGDPRXQW
resistive blocking impedance ( RB )7KHUHVLVWLYHFRPSRQHQWRIWKHEORFNLQJLPSHGDQFHRYHUWKHUHVLVWLYH

bandwidth.
resonant frequency: The frequency or frequencies to which the line trap is tuned.
self-capacitance ( C R ): The capacitance resulting from the turn-to-turn, layer-to-layer, and terminal-to-termi-
QDOFRQ¿JXUDWLRQRIWKHPDLQFRLO
self-resonant frequency: The frequency at which the combination of true inductance and self-capacitance
becomes resonant.
self-tuned trap: A line trap without a tuning device and for wideband operation designed such that the self-
resonant frequency is in the carrier band.
single-frequency line trap: A line trap that is tuned for parallel resonance at one selected carrier frequency.
true inductance ( LT )7KHVHOILQGXFWDQFHRIWKHPDLQFRLODWDVSHFL¿HGIUHTXHQF\FRPSHQVDWHGIRUWKHHI-

fects of the self-capacitance.
tuning device$SDVVLYHQHWZRUNWKDWZKHQVKXQWFRQQHFWHGWRWKHPDLQFRLOSURGXFHVDUHODWLYHO\KLJKOLQH
trap impedance for one or more frequencies or frequency bands. It consists of capacitors and may include in-
ductors, resistors, and auxiliary protective devices.
tuning range: The portion of the carrier frequency band through which the geometric frequency (GMF) or
resonant frequency may be adjusted.
two-frequency line trap: A line trap that is tuned for parallel resonance at two selected carrier frequencies.
wideband line trap: A line trap that provides a greater bandwidth than a single-frequency line trap for the
same main coil inductance, resonant (or geometric mean) frequency, and impedance level.
3.2 Acronyms and abbreviations
GE General Electric
GF geometric frequency
GMF geometric mean frequency
5,9 UDGLRLQÀXHQFHYROWDJH
rms root mean square
12
IEEE Std C93.3-2017
IEEE Standard Requirements for Power-Line Carrier Line Traps (30 kHz 500 kHz)
4. Service conditions
4.1 Usual service conditions
Usual service conditions are as follows:
— Outdoor service
— Ambient temperature range: –40 °C to 45 °C. With regard to temperature range, Table 1GH¿QHVWKH
upper ambient temperature limit conditions.
— Maximum altitude: 1000 m above sea level
— Power frequency: 50 Hz or 60 Hz
— Atmosphere free of damaging fumes or excessive or abrasive dust and explosive mixtures of dust or
gases, steam, and salt spray
² &DUULHUIUHTXHQF\UDQJHN+]WRN+]
4.2 Unusual service conditions

4.2.1 Ambient temperature
:KHQDOLQHWUDSLVDSSOLHGLQDPELHQWWHPSHUDWXUHVWKDWH[FHHGWKHOLPLWVVSHFL¿HGLQTable 1, the allowable

temperature rise shall be reduced by the same number of degrees the ambient temperature exceeds the upper
temperature limit.
Table 1—Upper ambient temperature limit conditions

Maximum ambient temperature limit conditions (°C)
Mean over 1 h Mean over 24 h Mean over 1 year
45 40 30
4.2.2 Altitude
4.2.2.1 Temperature rise
Line traps may be used at altitudes greater than 1000 m provided that the current correction factors in Table 2
are applied, and that the temperature of the cooling air does not exceed the mean values given in Table 3.
Table 2—Current correction factors

Altitude (above sea level) Correction factor
1000 m 1.00
1500 m 0.99
3000 m 0.96
Table 3—Altitude versus temperature

Maximum mean temperature of cooling air over 24 h
Altitude (above sea level) Air (°C)
1000 m 40
1500 m 37
3000 m 30
13
IEEE Std C93.3-2017
4.2.2.2 Dielectric strength
When a line trap is applied at altitudes greater than (1000 m), the dielectric strength correction factors for
air-insulated components given in Table 4 shall apply.
Table 4—Dielectric strength correction factors

Altitude (above sea level) Correction factor
1000 m 1.00
1500 m 0.95
3000 m 0.80
4.2.3 Other unusual service conditions
2WKHUXQXVXDOVHUYLFHFRQGLWLRQVWREHFRQVLGHUHGZKHQVSHFL¿HGE\WKHXVHUFXVWRPHULQFOXGH
— Direct-current applications
— Seismic conditions
² :LQGORDGLQJFRQGLWLRQVWREHVSHFL¿HGE\XVHU
5. Ratings
5.1 General ratings
5.1.1 Main coil orientation
The ratings of this standard shall apply to the following orientations:
— Main coil axis orientation interchangeable, vertical, or horizontal

— Main coil axis orientation vertical only
— Main coil axis orientation horizontal only
5.1.2 Current ratings
The continuous and corresponding short-time current ratings shall be in accordance with Table 5. Other
FXUUHQWUDWLQJVFRQWLQXRXVDQGVKRUWWLPHIDXOWFXUUHQWPD\EHVSHFL¿HGEDVHGRQDJUHHPHQWEHWZHHQWKH
manufacturer and purchaser. Short-time current ( I KN LVGH¿QHGDVVIRUVWDQGDUGOLQHWUDSVFXVWRPWUDSV
may have a higher rating.
Table 5—Current ratings

Continuous (A) Short-time (kA)
400 15
800 20
1200 36
1600 44
2000 63
3000 63
4000 80
5000 80
14
IEEE Std C93.3-2017
5.1.3 Power losses
There is no standard for power losses; for further information, refer to Annex B.
5.1.4 Main coil inductance

The rated inductance of the main coil in mH shall be one of the following: 0.265, 0.53, 1.06, 1.59, 2.12, or 2.65.
2WKHUUDWLQJVRILQGXFWDQFHPD\EHVSHFL¿HGEDVHGRQDJUHHPHQWEHWZHHQWKHPDQXIDFWXUHUDQGSXUFKDVHU
)RUUHIHUHQFHWKHIROORZLQJQRPLQDO+]UHDFWDQFHYDOXHVLQȍDUHJLYHQFRUUHVSRQGLQJWRWKHDERYHUDWHG
inductances as 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0, respectively.
5.1.5 Temperature rise at rated continuous current

%HFDXVHDOLQHWUDSLVXVXDOO\QRWIXOO\ORDGHGGXULQJDOORILWVZRUNLQJOLIHWKHYDOXHVJLYHQLQTable 6 are
higher than those given in dry-type reactor publications. For special and non-conventional installations,
appropriate units must be requested.
The maximum temperature rise above the 40 °C 24-h mean ambient temperature at rated continuous current
shall not exceed those values in Table 6.
Table 6—Maximum temperature rise at rated continuous current

Maximum temperature rise (°C)
Insulation Hottest spot Average winding
temperature index (°C) (by thermocouple) (°C) (by resistance) (°C)
105 85 65
130 110 90
155 135 115
180 160 140
5.1.6 Limiting temperature for rated short-time current
7KHOLQHWUDSVKDOOZLWKVWDQGWKHKHDWLQJH൵HFWVRIWKHUDWHGVKRUWWLPHFXUUHQWIRUVZLWKRXWH[FHHGLQJWKH
temperature given in Table 7, and as determined in accordance with 6.2.3. Other short-time current durations
PD\EHVSHFL¿HGEDVHGRQDJUHHPHQWEHWZHHQWKHPDQXIDFWXUHUDQGSXUFKDVHU
Table 7—Limiting temperature for rated short-time current

Insulation temperature Actual limiting temperature
index (°C) (°C)
105 205
130 285
155 315
180 350
5.1.7 Mechanical strength for rated short-time current withstand capability
7KHOLQHWUDSVKDOOEHFDSDEOHRIZLWKVWDQGLQJWKHPHFKDQLFDOIRUFHVSURGXFHGE\DQR൵VHWFXUUHQWKDYLQJD
VLQJOHSHDNZLWKDYDOXHRIWLPHVWKHUDWHGVKRUWWLPHFXUUHQW7KHWHUP³FDSDEOHRIZLWKVWDQGLQJ´VKDOO
be interpreted to mean that, if subjected to this duty, the line trap shall show no damage and shall be capable of
meeting all other requirements of this standard.
15
IEEE Std C93.3-2017
5.1.8 Protective device voltage rating
The voltage rating of the protective device shall be no less than the voltage ( V ) developed across the line trap
with rated short-time current, as determined by Equation (1):
V = 1.1 × 2π fLp I KN (1)
where:
f is power frequency (Hz)

LP is apparent power-frequency inductance (H) of the main coil
I KN is rated short-time current (A)
7KHSURWHFWLYHGHYLFHVKDOOPHHWWKHUHTXLUHPHQWVRI,(((6WG&IRULWVFODVVL¿FDWLRQDQGYROWDJHUDWLQJ
5.1.9 Main coil insulation level
7KHLQVXODWLRQOHYHOIRUWKHPDLQFRLOVKDOOEHDWOHDVWDERYHWKHYDOXHRIWKHPD[LPXPN9VIURQW
RIZDYHSURWHFWLYHYROWDJHRURIWKHN$GLVFKDUJHYROWDJHRIWKHSURWHFWLYHGHYLFHZKLFKHYHULVKLJKHU
5DGLRLQÀXHQFHYROWDJH5,9
The RIV of a line trap shall not exceed the value stated in Table 8, when the line trap is applied at the stated
maximum system voltage. See also 6.2.8.
7DEOH²5DGLRLQÀXHQFHYROWDJH
System voltage (kV)a 5DGLRLQÀXHQFH Maximum RIV (μV)c
Maximum Nominal test voltage (kV)b
72.5 69 42 125
121 115 70 250
145 138 84 250
169 161 98 250
242 230 140 250
362 345 209 250
550 500 317 500
800 765 462 750
a
The maximum and nominal system voltages are from ANSI C84.1.
b
7KHUDGLRLQÀXHQFHWHVWYROWDJHLVWKHOLQHWRJURXQGYDOXHRIWKHPD[LPXPV\VWHPYROWDJH
c
7KHPD[LPXPSHUPLVVLEOHEDFNJURXQGYROWDJHOHYHOZLOOEHRIWKHUDGLRLQÀXHQFHYROWDJHUDWLQJ&RUUHFWLRQ
IRUEDFNJURXQGYROWDJHOHYHOVKDOOEHE\WKHUPVPHWKRG7KHVHPD[LPXPUDGLRLQÀXHQFHYROWDJHVDVFRQGXFWHG
radio noise, will add a negligible amount to the radio noise normally radiated from the line, even at short distances
from the line trap.
5.1.11 Tensile strength
A line trap intended for vertical suspension mounting shall be capable of withstanding, without yielding, a
tensile force of not less than 13 300 N in addition to the weight of the line trap.
5.1.12 Self-resonant frequency
7KLVIUHTXHQF\VKDOODOZD\VEHKLJKHUWKDQN+]H[FHSWIRUOLQHWUDSVZKHUHLWPD\QRWEHSRVVLEOHWR
achieve such a high frequency because of the physical size and construction of the main coil. For these special
cases, the self-resonant frequency must be greater than the GMF of the operating bandwidth.
16
IEEE Std C93.3-2017
5.2 Rating for tuned type line traps

5.2.1 Types of tuning
The types of tuning shall be as follows:
² 6LQJOHIUHTXHQF\¿HOGDGMXVWDEOHRUIDFWRU\¿[HG
² 7ZRIUHTXHQF\¿HOGDGMXVWDEOHRUIDFWRU\¿[HG
² :LGHEDQG¿HOGDGMXVWDEOHRUIDFWRU\¿[HG²VHHDOVRAnnex D for an example of typical frequency
bands
— Self-tuned wideband
5.2.2 Tuning
7XQLQJUDQJHVIRU¿HOGDGMXVWDEOHOLQHWUDSV
7XQLQJUDQJHVIRUDOLQHWUDSWKDWLVDGMXVWDEOHLQWKH¿HOGDUHJLYHQLQTable 9, and are the ranges through which

the resonant frequencies (for single- and two-frequency line traps) or geometric mean frequencies (for wide-
band line traps) may be tuned.
)RUDWZRIUHTXHQF\DGMXVWDEOHOLQHWUDSWKHIUHTXHQFLHVVKDOOEHVHSDUDWHGE\DWOHDVWN+]RURIWKH
higher frequency, whichever is greater.
7DEOH²7XQLQJUDQJHVIRUP+¿HOGDGMXVWDEOHOLQHWUDS
Type of tuning Tuning ranges (kHz)
30–90
Single-frequency 70–200
100–300
30–90
Two-frequency 70–200
100–300
50–200
Wideband
100–300
7XQLQJUDQJHIRUIDFWRU\¿[HGZLGHEDQGRUIDFWRU\¿[HGWZRIUHTXHQF\OLQHWUDS
$IDFWRU\¿[HGZLGHEDQGOLQHWUDSVKDOOKDYHDEDQGZLGWKZLWKLQWKHN+]WRN+]UDQJHZKLFKLVQRW
DGMXVWDEOHLQWKH¿HOG5HIHUWRAnnex DIRUDQH[DPSOHRIW\SLFDOEDQGVIRUIDFWRU\¿[HGZLGHEDQGWUDSVIRU
0.265 mH line traps.
)RUDIDFWRU\¿[HGWZRIUHTXHQF\OLQHWUDSWKHIUHTXHQFLHVVKDOOEHVHSDUDWHGE\DWOHDVWN+]RURIWKH
higher frequency, whichever is greater.
5.2.2.3 Precision of tuning
A single- or two-frequency line trap shall be capable of being tuned to a selected frequency or frequencies
ZLWKLQWKHVSHFL¿HGUDQJHZLWKDQDFFXUDF\RI
5.2.3 Rated blocking impedance
)RUDVLQJOHRUWZRIUHTXHQF\OLQHWUDSWKHUDWHGPLQLPXPEORFNLQJLPSHGDQFHVKDOOEH
17
IEEE Std C93.3-2017
)RUD¿HOGDGMXVWDEOHZLGHEDQGOLQHWUDSWKHUDWHGPLQLPXPEORFNLQJLPSHGDQFHVKDOOEH
RUFRQ¿JXUHGIRUDQ\RIWKHVHLPSHGDQFHVDVDJUHHGEHWZHHQWKHPDQXIDFWXUHUDQGSXUFKDVHU
)RUDIDFWRU\¿[HGZLGHEDQGOLQHWUDSWKHUDWHGPLQLPXPEORFNLQJLPSHGDQFHVKDOOEHRU

9DULDWLRQRIEORFNLQJFKDUDFWHULVWLFVZLWKFKDQJHLQDPELHQWWHPSHUDWXUHDQGFKDQJH
in continuous current
5.2.4.1 Single- and two-frequency tuning
The resonant frequency shall not vary more than a total of 2% for changes in both the ambient temperature and
the continuous current within the temperature range of –40 °C to +45 °C, and from zero to rated continuous
current.
5.2.4.2 Wide band tuning
)RUWKH¿HOGDGMXVWDEOHW\SHWKHJHRPHWULFPHDQIUHTXHQF\VKDOOQRWYDU\PRUHWKDQDWRWDORIIRUFKDQJHV
in both the ambient temperature and the continuous current within the temperature range of –40 °C to +45 °C,
and from zero to rated continuous current.
)RUWKHIDFWRU\¿[HGW\SHWKHPLQLPXPEORFNLQJLPSHGDQFHRYHUWKHEDQGZLGWKVKDOOEHPDLQWDLQHGIRU
changes in both the ambient temperature and the continuous current within the temperature range of –40 °C to
+45 °C, and from zero to rated continuous current.
5.2.5 Auxiliary protective device rating
7KH³PDLQ´SURWHFWLYHJDSGH¿QHGLQ5.1.8, is usually for lightning or high fault currents that, in turn, develop
high voltages across the entire inductive coil of the line trap. This is typically referred to in line-trap literature
as the lightning protective device.
Any “auxiliary” devices would typically be downstream for additional protective clamping for that particular
GRZQVWUHDPGHYLFHXQOHVVWKHWUDSPDQXIDFWXUHUGHFLGHGWRDGGDGGLWLRQDOOHYHOVRISURWHFWLRQWREDFNXSWKLV
IXQFWLRQ$Q\FODPSLQJRUSURWHFWLYHGHYLFHVQHHGWREHVHOIUHVWRULQJDQGDXWRH[WLQJXLVKLQJRIDQ\VSDUN
DFWLYLW\$X[LOLDU\SURWHFWLYHJDSVVKDOOQHLWKHUVSDUNRYHUQRUFRQWLQXHWRVSDUNRYHUIROORZLQJWUDQVLHQWYROW-
age actuation, with the power frequency voltage, V as determined in 5.1.8. and 6.2.12 across the main coil.
5.2.6 Tuning device insulation level
7KHLQVXODWLRQOHYHOIRUWKHWXQLQJGHYLFHVKDOOEHDWOHDVWDERYHWKHYDOXHRIWKHPD[LPXPN9
VIURQWRIZDYHSURWHFWLYHYROWDJHRURIWKHN$GLVFKDUJHYROWDJHRIWKHSURWHFWLYHGHYLFHZKLFKHYHULV
higher.
The insulation level for the tuning device components protected by an auxiliary protective device shall be at
OHDVWDERYHWKHLPSXOVHVSDUNRYHUYROWDJHGHWHUPLQHGLQLWHPDRI6.2.13.
6. Testing
6.1 General
6.1.1 Test conditions
The test conditions are outlined as follows:
a) The ambient temperature range shall be from +10 °C through +50 °C.
18
IEEE Std C93.3-2017
b) The line trap for application at an unusual altitude service condition may be tested at an altitude less
than 1000 m if appropriate altitude corrections from Table 2, Table 3, and Table 4 are applied.
c) The line trap for application at a usual altitude service condition may be tested at any altitude higher
than 1000 m if appropriate attitude corrections from Table 2, Table 3, and Table 4 are applied.
d) The test units shall be new and in clean, dry condition.
e) The sequence of testing shall be optional, except where otherwise noted.
6.1.2 Design tests
6.1.2.1 General
The following design tests shall be performed by the manufacturer on one-line trap of each current and
inductance rating to ensure that its characteristics and performance meet the requirements of this standard:
a) Measurement of main coil inductance (see 6.2.1)

b) Temperature rise at rated continuous current (see 6.2.2)
c) Calculation of time to reach limiting temperature for rated short-time current (see 6.2.3)
d) Tensile strength test for suspension mounted line traps (see 6.2.4)
e) Mechanical strength for rated short-time current (see 6.2.5)
f) Turn-to-turn insulation test of the main coil (see 6.2.6)
g) Protective device tests (see 6.2.7)
K 5DGLRLQÀXHQFHYROWDJHWHVWVHH6.2.8)
i) Self-resonant frequency test (see 6.2.9)
6.1.2.2 Tuned type
The following additional design tests shall be performed by the manufacturer on one tuned-type line trap of
each current and inductance rating to help ensure that its tuning characteristics and performance meet the
requirements of this standard:
a) Bandwidth test (see 6.2.10)

E 9DULDWLRQRIEORFNLQJFKDUDFWHULVWLFVZLWKFKDQJHLQDPELHQWWHPSHUDWXUHDQGFKDQJHLQFRQWLQXRXV
current (see 6.2.11)
c) Power Frequency Test of protective device and auxiliary protective device(s) (see 6.2.12)
d) Insulation tests of the tuning device components protected by auxiliary protective device(s) (see
6.2.13)
e) Insulation test of an assembled tuned-type line trap (see 6.2.14)
6.1.3 Production routine tests
6.1.3.1 General
The following production tests shall be performed by the manufacturer on each line trap:
a) Measurement of main coil true inductance (see 6.3.1)

b) Measurement of main coil apparent power-frequency inductance (see 6.3.2)
19
IEEE Std C93.3-2017
c) Power-frequency test of protective device and auxiliary protective device(s) (see 6.3.3)
d) Turn-to-turn insulation test of the main coil (see 6.3.7)
Measurement of main coil power frequency losses is optional per agreement between the manufacturer and
purchaser (see Annex B).
6.1.3.2 Tuned-type
The following additional production tests shall be performed by the manufacturer on each tuned-type line trap:
D 0HDVXUHPHQWRIEORFNLQJLPSHGDQFHVHH6.3.4)
b) Measurement of tuning device component values (see 6.3.5)
c) Power-frequency dielectric withstand test on tuning device (see 6.3.6)
d) Power-frequency test of auxiliary protective device(s) (see 6.3.3)
6.2 Design test procedures

6.2.1 Measurement of main coil inductance
Measurements of the main coil inductance shall be performed as follows:
a) The true inductance ( LT ) shall be determined, and shall be not less than the rated value in accordance
with 5.1.4 and 6.3.2. The main coil shall be parallel or series resonated at two frequencies, F1 and
F2 , with capacitors that will have values of C1 and C2 , respectively (see C.2).
E ,QROGHUYLQWDJHOLQHWUDSVWKHWXQLQJSDFNVFRQWDLQHGGLVFUHWHFDSDFLWRUVDQGSRVVLEO\UHVLVWRUVDQG
LQGXFWRUVWKDWFRXOGEHVWUDSSHGE\WKHXVHUWRREWDLQVHOHFWHGWXQLQJSDFNIUHTXHQFLHVDVZHOODVWR
allow the user to replace parts. In today’s line traps, especially for those that are factory tuned, these
FDSDFLWRUVDQGRWKHUUHVLVWRUVDQGLQGXFWRUVDUHSDUWRIWKH³WXQLQJSDFN´ZKLFKDUHGHVLJQHGDWWKH
IDFWRU\IRUJLYHQIUHTXHQFLHVDQGWHQGWREHUHSODFHGDVDXQLWSDFN7KHOLJKWQLQJDUUHVWHULVLQVLGH
DFURVVWKHPDLQLQGXFWLYHFRLO,QD¿[HGZLGHEDQGOLQHWUDSWKHWXQLQJSDFNFRPSRQHQWVDUHDOVR
in parallel with the lightning protection device across the full winding of the main inductive coil. In
DGMXVWDEOHRUWZRIUHTXHQF\WUDSVWKHWXQLQJSDFNFRPSRQHQWVPD\EHDWWDFKHGIURPDFRPPRQHQG
RIWKHOLQHWUDSWRGL൵HUHQWZLQGLQJSDUWVRIWKHPDLQFRLO
c) The true inductance is given in Equation (2) as follows:
2
⎛ F1 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ −1
LT = ⎝ F2 ⎠ (2)
( 2π F1 ) × ( C2 − C1 )
2
where:
F1 and F2 are the frequency in Hz

C1 and C2 are the capacitance in F
To minimize computational errors, F1 should be considerably larger than F2 . Also, the GMF of F1 and F2
VKRXOGEHDSSUR[LPDWHO\N+]WKHUHIRUHWHVWIUHTXHQFLHVRIN+]DQGN+]DUHUHFRPPHQGHG
d) The apparent power-frequency inductance shall be measured to permit calculation of the voltage V as
required in 5.1.8.
20
IEEE Std C93.3-2017
e) When item b) of 6.3.1 is used for the production test for the main coil true inductance, the apparent
power-frequency inductance of the main coil shall be calculated by dividing the reactance by the
angular power frequency.
The ratio of the true inductance (determined in item a) above) to the apparent power-frequency inductance
(determined in item c) above) is the ratio used in item b) of 6.3.1.
6.2.2 Temperature rise at rated continuous current
6.2.2.1 General conditions
All temperature rise tests shall be performed in an indoor area as free from drafts as practicable. The area shall
EHVX൶FLHQWO\ODUJHVRWKDWWKHDPELHQWWHPSHUDWXUHLVQRWDSSUHFLDEO\LQFUHDVHGE\KHDWLQJH൵HFWVRIWKHOLQH
trap being tested. The line trap shall be fully assembled and shall be tested in each of the positions in which it
is intended to operate.
7KHUHVKDOOEHVX൶FLHQWFOHDUDQFHIURPWKHOLQHWUDSWRÀRRUVZDOOVFHLOLQJVDQGRWKHUREMHFWVLQWKHWHVWDUHD
so that there will be no hindrance to free natural convection or to normal radiation cooling.
Temperature rise tests shall be performed at rated continuous current and power frequency. It is permissible to
shorten the time required for the test by the use of initial overloads or other suitable methods.
6.2.2.2 Ambient or cooling air temperature
The temperature of the cooling air shall be determined from the average of the readings of at least three
thermometers or thermocouples placed uniformly around the line trap at the same level as the bottom of the
coil at a horizontal distance of one to two coil diameters from the edge of the coil. To reduce to a mini-
mum, the errors due to time lag between the temperature of the line trap and the variations in the ambient
temperature, the thermocouples or thermometers shall be placed in suitable containers. The container shall
have such proportions as will require not less than two hours for the indicated temperature within to change
6.3 °C if suddenly placed in air that has a temperature 10 °C higher, or lower, than the previous steady-state
indicated temperature within the container.
For measurements of increasing resistance of the coil, when the ambient temperature is other than 40 °C, the
winding losses will not be the same as the values that would have been obtained at 40 °C ambient conditions.
The correction factor is shown below in Equation (3):
T + 40°C
K= (3)
T + θ a °C
where:
K is the correction factor

T is 234.5 °C for copper or 225 °C for aluminum (based on values at T =40 °C, otherwise K needs to
be applied to arrive at the corrected factor for temperature)
T a is the ambient air temperature in °C at the termination of the temperature rise test
To obtain the corrected temperature rise, the measured temperature rise shall be multiplied by the correction
factor K .
6.2.2.3 Temperature rise measurement
The average temperature rise of the main coil winding shall be measured by the increase in resistance method,
and shall not include contact resistance. This may be accomplished by using the double bridge method.
21
IEEE Std C93.3-2017
The maximum measurable hot spot temperature rise of the main coil winding conductor insulation, line
terminals, tuning devices, and protective devices shall be measured by thermocouples or thermometers.
The use of thermocouples is the preferred method of measuring hot spots and surface temperatures. The
WKHUPRFRXSOHVVKRXOGEHSODFHGDQGKHOG¿UPO\DQGVQXJO\DJDLQVWWKHFRQGXFWRUVXUIDFHDQGWKHUPDOO\LQVX-
lated from the surrounding cooling medium.
The temperature rise shall be considered constant when all temperatures, which can be measured at intervals
RIQRWOHVVWKDQPLQVKRZWKDWWKUHHFRQVHFXWLYHUHDGLQJVDUHZLWKLQRIWKHSUHYLRXVWKUHHUHDGLQJV
'XULQJWKLVSHULRGWKHWHVWFXUUHQWVKDOOEHWKHUDWHGFRQWLQXRXVFXUUHQWDQGVKDOOYDU\QRPRUHWKDQ
'HWHUPLQDWLRQRIZLQGLQJUHVLVWDQFH5TDWWLPHRIVKXWGRZQFRROLQJFXUYH

PHWKRG
$FRUUHFWLRQVKDOOEHPDGHIRUWKHFRROLQJWKDWRFFXUVIURPWKHWLPHZKHQWKHSRZHULVVKXWR൵WRWKHWLPH
when the hot resistance is measured. The recommended method of determining the temperature of the winding
at the time of shutdown is to measure the resistance of the winding as the line trap cools immediately after
shutdown and to extrapolate to the time of shutdown. At least four measurements shall be made at intervals of
no more than three minutes.
lf the main coil winding employs an aluminum conductor, then the leads and connections for the bridge used
to measure the dc resistance shall also be of aluminum or special testing alloy system-designed to avoid
WKHUPRFRXSOHH൵HFWVWKDWFDQUHVXOWLQHUURQHRXVUHVLVWDQFHPHDVXUHPHQWV
6.2.2.5 Determination of average winding temperature by the resistance method
The average temperature of the winding shall be determined by either Equation (4) or Equation (5):
Rt
θt = × (T + θo ) − T (4)
Ro
⎛ R − Ro ⎞
θt = ⎜ t ⎟ × (T + θo ) + θ 0 (5)
⎝ Ro ⎠
where:
T is 234.5 °C for copper or 225 °C for aluminum (based on values at T = 40 °C, otherwise K needs to
be applied to arrive at the corrected factor for temperature)
Tt is the temperature in °C corresponding to the resistance of the winding at time of shutdown
To is the temperature in °C corresponding to the reference resistance of the winding
Rt is the resistance of the winding at time of shutdown
Ro is the reference resistance of the winding
6.2.2.6 Determination of temperature rise
6.2.2.6.1 Average winding temperature rise
7KHDYHUDJHWHPSHUDWXUHULVHLVWKHGL൵HUHQFHEHWZHHQWKH¿QDOWHPSHUDWXUHHVWDEOLVKHGLQ6.2.2.5 and the am-

bient temperature at the completion of the test in 6.2.2.2. The corrected average temperature rise is the product
of the average temperature rise and the correction factor K (see 6.2.2.2).
22
IEEE Std C93.3-2017
6.2.2.6.2 Maximum measurable hot spot temperature rise
7KHPD[LPXPPHDVXUDEOHKRWVSRWWHPSHUDWXUHULVHLVWKHGL൵HUHQFHEHWZHHQWKHKRWWHVWWKHUPRFRXSOHRU
thermometer reading and the measured ambient temperature at the completion of the test.
The corrected maximum measurable hot spot temperature rise is the product of the hottest observable spot
temperature rise and the correction factor K (see 6.2.2.2).
In accordance with 6.2.11, the maximum measurable temperature rise of the tuning device capacitor should be
measured at this time.
6.2.2.7 Correction for temperature rise for variation in altitude
If the tests are made at an altitude exceeding 1000 m above sea level, the temperature rise shall be corrected by
the following method in Equation (6):
⎡ ⎛ h − 1000 ⎞ ⎤
θ r = θ m ⎢1 − 0.005 ⎜ ⎟⎥ (6)
⎣ ⎝ 100 ⎠ ⎦
where:
T r is the corrected temperature rise for altitude above 1000 m

T m is the measured temperature rise corrected to 40 °C conditions
h is the altitude above sea level in m
6.2.3 Calculation of time to reach limiting temperature for rated short-time current
7KHDELOLW\RIWKHOLQHWUDSWRZLWKVWDQGWKHKHDWLQJH൵HFWVRIWKHUDWHGVKRUWWLPHFXUUHQWIRUVVKDOOEH
YHUL¿HGE\FDOFXODWLRQRIWKHWLPHWRUHDFKOLPLWLQJWHPSHUDWXUHEDVHGRQWKHDVVXPSWLRQWKDWDOOWKHKHDWLV
stored in the conductor.
7KHWLPHUHTXLUHGWRUHDFKDVSHFL¿HGOLPLWLQJWHPSHUDWXUHPD\EHFDOFXODWHGE\WKHIROORZLQJIRUPXODLQ
Equation (7):
t=
(T + θ s ) C × ln ⎛ 1 + θ ⎞
⎜ ⎟ (7)
Ws ⎝ T + θs ⎠
where:
t is the time in seconds for a temperature rise T from a starting temperature of T s

T is the temperature rise in °C (limiting temperature from 5.1.6, Table 7 minus the starting
temperature)
Ts is the starting temperature in °C (45 °C plus average temperature rise rated continuous current)
C LVWKHKHDWFDSDFLW\RIFRQGXFWRUMRXOHVNJSHUGHJUHH&HOVLXVFRSSHU C NJ T = 234.5 °C
aluminum C NJ T = 225 °C.). (Based on values at T = 40 °C, otherwise K needs to be
applied to arrive at the corrected factor for temperature)
T is the inferred absolute temperature for conductor (°C)
Ws LVWKHKHDWLQSXWSHUXQLWWLPHLQ:NJDWVWDUWLQJWHPSHUDWXUH
23
IEEE Std C93.3-2017
6.2.4 Tensile strength test for suspension mounted line traps
The tensile strength test shall be performed prior to the mechanical strength for rated short-time current test
(see 6.2.5).
The line trap shall be vertically suspended using the suspension members and hardware normally supplied for
this purpose. An additional tensile force of 13 300 N shall be applied axially to the line trap and maintained for
a period of one hour.
Successful completion shall be determined by the absence of permanent deformation of any part of the line
trap.
6.2.5 Mechanical strength for rated short-time current test
The mechanical strength for rated short-time current test shall be performed subsequent to the following tests:
insulation test of the main coil (see 6.2.6) and the tensile strength test (see 6.2.4) when applicable.
The ability of a line trap to withstand the mechanical forces produced by the rated short-time current shall
EHYHUL¿HGE\DQR൵VHWFXUUHQWKDYLQJDVLQJOHSHDNZLWKDYDOXHRIWLPHVWKHUDWHGVKRUWWLPHFXUUHQW
Successful completion of the test shall be determined by the absence of visible damage and conformance to the
ratings in accordance with the production tests in 6.3.
6.2.6 Turn-to-turn insulation test of the main coil
The insulation test for the main coil shall be performed prior to and following the mechanical strength for rated
short-time current test.
The insulation test procedures for the main coil shall be performed according to the latest version of
IEEE Std C57.21 (see equivalent 10.3.3.2 of IEEE Std C57.21-1990). The insulation test level shall not be less
than that required in 5.1.9.
6.2.7 Protective device test
The following tests shall be performed on the protective devices according to IEEE Std C62.11:
a) Protective device voltage rating, determined in 5.1.8 of this document

b) Establish protective device characteristics, required in 5.1.9 and 5.2.6 of this document
c) Protective device power frequency voltage test required in 6.3.3 of the document
d) Protective device fault-current withstand capability shall be tested in accordance with IEEE Std C62.11
5DGLRLQÀXHQFHYROWDJH5,9WHVW
The RIV test shall be performed with the line trap suitably supported to determine the RIV produced by the
line trap itself. The equipment and general method used in determining the RIV shall be in accordance with
ANSI/NEMA CC 1, Annex A. The RIV shall not exceed the value in accordance with 5.1.10.
6.2.9 Self-resonant frequency test
The self-resonance of the main coil shall be determined by measuring the impedance of the coil using a
specialized instrument(s) for measuring impedance. The frequency shall be varied until the self-resonant point
is determined (maximum impedance of the coil).
The self-resonant frequency shall be in accordance with 5.1.12.
24
IEEE Std C93.3-2017
6.2.10 Bandwidth test
7KHEDQGZLGWKWHVWIRUDOLQHWUDSVKDOOEHSHUIRUPHGE\PHDVXULQJWKHEORFNLQJLPSHGDQFHRIWKHOLQHWUDS
7KHPHDVXUHPHQWVKDOOGHWHUPLQHWKHORZHVWDQGKLJKHVWIUHTXHQFLHVDWZKLFKWKHUDWHGEORFNLQJLPSHGDQFH
in accordance with 5.2.3LVREWDLQHG6X൶FLHQWGDWDVKDOOEHWDNHQWRFKDUDFWHUL]HWKHLPSHGDQFHYDULDWLRQ
between these two extremes.
6.2.10.1 Single-frequency line trap
The test shall be performed at the upper, middle, and lower frequency of each rated tuning range (see Table 9).
6.2.10.2 Two-frequency line trap
The test shall be performed at the extremes of each rated tuning range. A test shall be performed at the lowest
IUHTXHQF\RIWKHUDQJHZLWKWKHVHFRQGIUHTXHQF\EHLQJVSDFHGVRWKDWWKHORZHVWIUHTXHQF\LVRUN+]
(whichever is greater) lower than the upper frequency. Another test shall be performed at the highest frequency
RIWKHUDQJHZLWKWKHVHFRQGIUHTXHQF\EHLQJVSDFHGVRWKDWWKHORZHUIUHTXHQF\LVRUN+]ZKLFKHYHU
is greater) lower than the upper frequency (see Table 9).
)LHOGDGMXVWDEOHZLGHEDQGOLQHWUDS
The test shall be performed at the upper, middle, and lower frequency of each rated tuning range and for each
UDWHGEORFNLQJLPSHGDQFH7KHUHVLVWLYHEORFNLQJLPSHGDQFHVKDOODOVREHPHDVXUHGVHHTable 9).
)DFWRU\¿[HGZLGHEDQGOLQHWUDS
7KH WHVW VKDOO EH SHUIRUPHG IRU WKH VSHFL¿HGE DQGZLGWKD QGE ORFNLQJL PSHGDQFH7 KHU HVLVWLYHEORFNLQJ
impedance shall also be measured.
9DULDWLRQRIEORFNLQJFKDUDFWHULVWLFVZLWKFKDQJHLQDPELHQWWHPSHUDWXUHDQGFKDQJH
in continuous current
The variation in resonant frequency(s) of a single-frequency or two-frequency line trap and the GMF of a
¿HOGDGMXVWDEOHZLGHEDQGOLQHWUDSFDXVHGE\YDULDWLRQRIWKHDPELHQWWHPSHUDWXUHIURP±&WR&
and concurrent variations of the continuous current from zero to rated continuous current shall be determined
E\PHDVXULQJWKHFDSDFLWDQFHDWN+]RIWKHWXQLQJGHYLFHVRYHULWVRSHUDWLQJWHPSHUDWXUHUDQJH7KH
resulting variation in resonant frequency or GMF shall be in accordance with 5.2.4.1 or 5.2.4.2 (whichever is
applicable) and shall be calculated as shown below in Equation (8):
V% =
( f h − f l ) × 100 (8)
( fh + fl ) 2
where:
f h is the highest frequency calculated from capacitor measurements

f l is the lowest frequency calculated from capacitor measurements
7KHYDULDWLRQLQEORFNLQJLPSHGDQFHRIDIDFWRU\¿[HGZLGHEDQGOLQHWUDSFDXVHGE\DFKDQJHLQDPELHQW
temperature from –40 °C to +45 °C, and concurrent variations of the continuous current from zero to rated
FRQWLQXRXVFXUUHQWVKDOOEHGHWHUPLQHGE\EORFNLQJLPSHGDQFHPHDVXUHPHQWVRYHUWKHRSHUDWLQJWHPSHUDWXUH
UDQJHRIWKHWXQLQJGHYLFHV7KHPLQLPXPEORFNLQJLPSHGDQFHRYHUWKHEDQGZLGWKVKDOOEHLQDFFRUGDQFH
with 5.2.4.2.
The lower limit of the operating temperature range of the capacitor is –40 °C with zero current. The upper limit
is +45 °C, plus the temperature rise of the tuning device(s) measured in 6.2.2.6.
25
IEEE Std C93.3-2017
Because the inductance of the line trap basically does not change with variations in temperature or current, it is
VX൶FLHQWWRVXEMHFWRQO\WKHWXQLQJGHYLFHVWRWKHWHPSHUDWXUHF\FOHV
3RZHUIUHTXHQF\WHVWRISURWHFWLYHGHYLFHDQGDX[LOLDU\SURWHFWLYHGHYLFHVV
For these tests the tuning device shall not be connected to the main coil.
The requirements for the auxiliary protective device in accordance with 5.2.5VKDOOEHYHUL¿HGE\WKHIROORZ-
ing tests:
a) A power frequency voltage, V , in accordance with 5.1.9 shall be applied across the terminals of the
WXQLQJGHYLFHIRUDPLQLPXPRIVGXULQJZKLFKWLPHWKHDX[LOLDU\SURWHFWLYHGHYLFHVKDOOQRWVSDUN
over.
b) With the voltage, V , applied across the terminals of the tuning devices as in a), a 1.2 to 5.0 × 40 to
VLPSXOVHYROWDJHZLWKWKHVX൶FLHQWPDJQLWXGHWRFDXVHVSDUNRYHURIWKHDX[LOLDU\SURWHFWLYH
GHYLFH VKDOO EH DSSOLHG$W WKH ¿UVW SRZHU IUHTXHQF\ FXUUHQW ]HUR DIWHU WKH LPSXOVH WKH DX[LOLDU\
SURWHFWLYHGHYLFHVKDOOQRWFRQWLQXHWRVSDUNRYHU
6.2.13 Insulation testing of the tuning device components protected by auxiliary protective
GHYLFHV
To verify the requirements of 5.2.6, the following test shall be performed:
D 7KHLPSXOVHVSDUNRYHUYROWDJHRIWKHDX[LOLDU\SURWHFWLYHGHYLFHVKDOOEHGHWHUPLQHGE\WHVWLQJZLWK
DWRîWRVZDYHIRUP7KHWHVWVVKDOOFRQVLVWRI¿YHSRVLWLYHDQG¿YHQHJDWLYHLPSXOVH
voltage waves. The setting of the auxiliary protective device shall be the maximum production setting
and shall not be less than that required in 6.2.12.
b) An impulse voltage of 1.2WRîWRVVKDOOEHDSSOLHGWRWKHWXQLQJGHYLFH7KHDX[LOLDU\
protective device shall be disconnected and the components shall be in the same physical relation
and with the same electrical connections they will have in service. Components not protected by the
DX[LOLDU\ SURWHFWLYH GHYLFH VKDOO EH GLVFRQQHFWHG 7KH WHVW VKDOO FRQVLVW RI ¿YH SRVLWLYH DQG ¿YH
QHJDWLYHLPSXOVHYROWDJHZDYHV7KHSHDNYDOXHVKDOOEHRIWKHYDOXHVSHFL¿HGLQ5.1.9.
6.2.14 Insulation test of the assembled tuned-type line trap
The insulation test shall be performed on an assembled tuned-type line trap. Tuning device components and
wiring shall be connected in the operations setting, which produces a condition of maximum voltage stress on
the components and wiring, and between the live parts.
The insulation test of the assembled tuned-type line trap shall be performed by applying a 1.2 to 5.0 × 40 to 60
VLPSXOVHYROWDJHWRWKHWHUPLQDOVRIWKHOLQHWUDSZLWKWKHSURWHFWLYHGHYLFHGLVFRQQHFWHGDQGWKHDX[LOLDU\
protective device shorted. The magnitude of the voltage is determined from 5.1.9.
$VHULHVRI¿YHSRVLWLYHDQG¿YHQHJDWLYHLPSXOVHYROWDJHZDYHVVKDOOEHDSSOLHGWRWKHOLQHWUDS
To verify successful completion of the test, waveform records shall show no disruption in the 1.2 to 5.0 × 40
WRVSRVLWLYHDQGQHJDWLYHYROWDJHZDYHIRUPVDQGWKHEORFNLQJLPSHGDQFHVKDOOEHPHDVXUHGEHIRUHDQG
after the test.
These impulse/discharge tests as outlined in 5.1.9, 5.2.6, 6.2.12, and 6.2.13 shall be performed in accordance
with IEEE Std 4.
26
IEEE Std C93.3-2017
6.3 Production test procedures

6.3.1 Measurement of main coil true inductance
The main coil true inductance shall be obtained by either of the following methods:
a) Measurement in accordance with item a) of 6.2.1.

b) Determination from the apparent power-frequency inductance of the main coil calculated by dividing
this reactance by the angular power frequency. The product of this value and the ratio determined in
6.2.1, shall be not less than the rated inductance.
6.3.2 Measurement of main coil apparent power-frequency inductance
The voltage/current method shall be used to determine the power frequency reactance of the main coil. The
apparent power frequency inductance of the main coil is calculated by dividing this reactance by the angular
power frequency.
3RZHUIUHTXHQF\WHVWRISURWHFWLYHGHYLFHDQGDX[LOLDU\SURWHFWLYHGHYLFHV
The protective device shall be subjected to power-frequency voltage withstand tests for metal-oxide surge
arresters according to IEEE Std C62.11. The auxiliary protective device(s) shall be given three consecutive
SRZHUIUHTXHQF\VSDUNRYHUWHVWVHDFKRIZKLFKVKDOOEHZLWKLQWKHVSDUNRYHUYROWDJHUDQJHFHUWL¿HGE\WKH
manufacturer.
6.3.4 Measurement of blocking impedance
7KHEORFNLQJLPSHGDQFHRIHDFKOLQHWUDSVKDOOEHPHDVXUHGXVLQJDVSHFLDOL]HGLQVWUXPHQWVIRUPHDVXULQJ
impedance and shall meet the requirements of 5.2.3.
)RUD¿HOGDGMXVWDEOHOLQHWUDSWKHPHDVXUHPHQWVKDOOEHSHUIRUPHGZLWKWKHOLQHWUDSWXQHGWRWKHVSHFL¿HG
IUHTXHQF\RUIUHTXHQFLHVRULIQRWVSHFL¿HGWRDIUHTXHQF\RUIUHTXHQFLHVWKDWUHTXLUHVDOOWXQLQJGHYLFH
components to be connected in the circuits.
6.3.5 Measurement of tuning device component values
The capacitance, inductance, and resistance of the tuning device capacitors, inductors, and resistors, respec-
tively, shall be measured to verify the component design values.
6.3.6 Power-frequency dielectric withstand test on tuning device
For the purpose of this test, the tuning device is disconnected from the main coil and a test voltage Vt = 1.3 V
applied for 5 s. The voltage V is determined in accordance with 5.1.8.
6.3.7 Turn-to-turn insulation test of the main coil
The insulation test procedures for the main coil shall be performed according to IEEE Std C57.21. The insula-
tion test level shall not be less than that required in 5.1.9.
7. Manufacturing/design requirements
7.1 Mounting
/LQHWUDSVIRUPRXQWLQJRQLQVXODWRUVVKDOOEHHTXLSSHGZLWKÀDQJHVWR¿WSUHGHWHUPLQHGEROWFLUFOHGLDPHWHUV
that could be for porcelain or composite insulators.
27
IEEE Std C93.3-2017
,QVXVSHQVLRQPRXQWLQJRIOLQHWUDSVFDUHPXVWEHWDNHQQRWWRH[FHHGWKHWHQVLOHVWUHQJWKUHTXLUHPHQWVLQ
accordance with 5.1.11.
7.2 Terminals
7.2.1 Location
The line-side and station-side terminals have been historically located at opposite ends of the line trap, but
SK\VLFDOO\OLQHWUDSVFDQKDYHWHUPLQDOVDWWKHVDPHVLGHLIXVLQJVWDQGR൵WHUPLQDOV
7.2.2 Types
7KHWHUPLQDOVRIWKHOLQHWUDSVIRUFXUUHQWV$DQGEHORZVKDOOEHÀDWSDGVDWOHDVWPPE\PP7KH
WHUPLQDOVRIWKHOLQHWUDSVIRUFXUUHQWV$DQGDERYHVKDOOEHÀDWSDGVDWPPE\PP)RXUPP
diameter holes shall be drilled symmetrically on 45 mm centers to allow connections both in line with, and at
right angles to, the coil axis.
Terminals that are an integral part of a structural member, such as a crossarm, shall conform to the above, ex-
cept it shall be permissible to allow connections only in line with the coil axis.
,WVKDOOEHSRVVLEOHWRPDNHFRQQHFWLRQWRHLWKHURUERWKVLGHVRIWKHWHUPLQDOV
Copper terminals shall be treated to allow the use of either aluminum or copper connectors.
Aluminum terminals are suitable for aluminum connectors. When copper connectors are used with aluminum
terminals, the connectors should be treated to allow an aluminum to copper joint.
For additional information on connections, see ANSI/NEMA CC 1.
Alternate terminal locations can be found in Annex C.
7.3 Tuning and protective device location and mounting

Tuning and protective devices shall be located and mounted so that they can be adjusted or replaced without
removing the line trap main coil from its installation.
7.4 Bird barriers

All line traps shall be provided with barriers. No entrance to the line trap shall admit a sphere having a diame-
ter greater than 16 mm.
7.5 Nameplate markings for the main coil

The following minimum information shall be on the nameplates of all line traps:
a) Manufacturer’s name and year of manufacture

b) Manufacturer's type or model designation
c) Manufacturer's serial number
G 0DQXIDFWXUHU
VLQVWUXFWLRQERRNRUGDWDVKHHWQXPEHU
e) Rated inductance (mH)
28
IEEE Std C93.3-2017
f) Rated continuous current (A)

g) Type of tuning
h) Frequency band(s) or center frequency(s) or GMF
L :HLJKWNJ
j) Tensile strength rating for suspension only
N 0DLQFRLORULHQWDWLRQ
l) Insulation class
P 5DWHGVKRUWWLPHFXUUHQWN$DQGGXUDWLRQV
n) Rated power frequency (Hz)
7.6 Nameplate markings for the tuning device

1DPHSODWHPDUNLQJVIRUWKHWXQLQJGHYLFHDUHDVIROORZV
a) Manufacturer’s name and year of manufacture

b) Manufacturer's type or model designation
c) Serial number
G )UHTXHQF\EDQGVN+]
H %ORFNLQJLPSHGDQFHPLQLPXPYDOXHȍ
I 5DWHGLPSXOVHSURWHFWLYHOHYHON9
29
IEEE Std C93.3-2017
Annex A
(informative)
Guide for emergency overload current capability of line traps

Line traps are designed within temperature-rise limitations to ensure normal life expectancy. Any values of
currents in excess of the rated current in this standard may cause the designed temperature rise to be exceeded
and may shorten the life expectancy of the line trap.
If the short-time withstand current rating is exceeded, or the current in the line trap exceeds the continuous
current rating, then consideration should be given to utilizing a higher continuous current rated line trap so
WKDWORVVRIOLIHGRHVQRWRFFXU*HQHUDOO\VSHDNLQJDKLJKHUUDWHGFRQWLQXRXVFXUUHQWUDWLQJUHVXOWVLQDODUJHU
physical size line trap. There may be instances where a custom line trap can be provided that would provide a
line trap that still meets space requirements.
Table A.1 shows percentages of rated continuous current that should not be exceeded in order to minimize the
shortening in operating life.
The percentages in Table A.1 may be applied to all line traps covered in this standard. Exceeding these values
will generally result in some loss of life expectancy.
To avoid loss of life expectancy for the line trap it is recommended that the purchaser clearly specify the emer-
gency overload requirements at time of purchase.
Table A.1—Emergency overload current as a percentage of rated continuous current

Ambient temperature Emergency period
(°C) 15 min 30 min 1h 2h
45 138 128 118 108
40 140 130 120 110
20 145 135 125 115
0 150 140 130 120
–20 155 145 135 125
–40 160 150 140 130
When Table A.1GRHVQRWSURYLGHVX൶FLHQWLQIRUPDWLRQWRGHWHUPLQHHPHUJHQF\RYHUORDGFXUUHQWFDSDELOLW\

beyond the ranges shown, the following two methods may be used to calculate the extended overload capa-
ELOLWLHVRIWKHWUDS,WLVLPSRUWDQWWRGHWHUPLQHLIWKHORVVRIOLIHLVDQDFFHSWDEOHULVNIRUDSDUWLFXODUVLWXDWLRQ
This is not intended as a requirement of this standard. Many users have developed their own procedures and
SROLFLHVIRUPDNLQJDVLPLODUGHWHUPLQDWLRQ
A.1 Line traps and emergency overload current capability

It may be necessary to calculate the emergency overload current capability of a line trap with regard to con-
ditions shown in Table A.1, or based on facility ratings. The following discussion describes two methods for
SHUIRUPLQJWKLVWDVN
30
IEEE Std C93.3-2017
A.1.1 Design criteria used to evaluate facility ratings

Based on usual service conditions in 4.1WKHNH\DVVXPSWLRQVFRQVLGHUDWLRQVIRUWKHIDFLOLW\UDWLQJVDUHDV
follows:
— Ambient temperature is –40 °C to +45 °C

— Altitude is less than 1000 m
— Any values of currents in excess of the nominal rated continuous current in this standard may cause the
designed temperature rise to be exceeded and may shorten the life expectancy of the line trap.
The manufacturer provides the normal rating for rated continuous current for line traps. Emergency overload
current capacity is not stated within this standard other than the limited data in Table A.1. The following ex-
amples provide alternative methods when the overload falls outside the normal capacity ratings stated in Table
A.1.
A.1.2 Method 1
Ta + θ NR + θ ER ≤ TE max (A.1)
where:
Ta is the ambient air temperature: the assumed temperature of the air surrounding the line trap
measured at the station
T NR is the normal-continuous current temperature rise supplied by the manufacturer: the
temperature rise above ambient at rated continuous current in °C. (Use Table A.2 if
manufacturer’s data is unavailable.)
T ER is the emergency rating overload current capability temperature rise: the temperature rise in
°C above the rated continuous current temperature rise when operating at the emergency
overload current for the duration of the emergency
TE max is the emergency maximum allowable temperature supplied by the manufacturer: the
maximum allowable temperature under emergency conditions. (Use Table A.2 if
manufacturer’s data is unavailable.)
Altitude: the elevation of the line trap above sea level.
7DEOH$²/LQHWUDSLGHQWL¿FDWLRQREVROHWHDQGVRPHFXUUHQWH[DPSOHV
Line trap Line trap Limit of Normal Emergency maximum allowable
LGHQWL¿FDWLRQ insulation observable allowable temperature durations
class temperature maximum Greater 24 h or less
rise at rated temperature than 24 h
continuous
current
T NR TE max
Type or °C °C °C °C °C
Obsolete Traps
General Electric 130 90 130 145 160
(GE) type CF
(1954–1965) open
Table continues
31
IEEE Std C93.3-2017
7DEOH$²/LQHWUDSLGHQWL¿FDWLRQREVROHWHDQGVRPHFXUUHQWH[DPSOHV(continued)

Line trap Line trap Limit of Normal Emergency maximum allowable
LGHQWL¿FDWLRQ insulation observable allowable temperature durations
class temperature maximum Greater 24 h or less
rise at rated temperature than 24 h
continuous
current
Westinghouse 150 110 150 165 180
type M open
Trench type L En- 150 110 150 170 190
capsulated < 1981
GE type CF (af- 155 115 155 170 190
ter 1965) open
Current Traps
Typical 1981– present 105 65 105 — 125
Typical 1981– present 130 90 130 — 160
Trench B 90 130 155 160
Trench F 115 155 180 200
Trench H 140 180 200 220
Alstom-Areva- 155 115 155 180 195
Ritz open style
Alstom-Areva-Ritz 155 115 155 180 200
encapsulated style
Most line traps use the temperature designation rather than the B, F, or H designation.
The emergency rating overload current capability temperature rise ( T ER ) is calculated using the following
formula provided by one of the line trap manufacturers:
θ ER = ⎡( I ER I NR ) − 1⎤ × [θ NR ] × ⎡⎣1 − e( − tER τ ) ⎤⎦
2
(A.2)
⎣ ⎦
where:
I ER is the emergency overload current: the desired emergency overload current

I NR is the normal continuous current: the rated continuous current
tER is the duration of emergency rating: the length of time of the emergency period in minutes
W is (tau) thermal time constant of the winding in minutes. This is 48 min for encapsulated
coils and 15 min for open style coils
(YHQZLWKLQWKHVDPHFRLOWHFKQRORJ\WKHWKHUPDOWLPHFRQVWDQWPD\YDU\VLJQL¿FDQWO\GHSHQGLQJRQWKHOLQH
WUDSUDWLQJVDQGVL]HV7KHXVHRIWKHDERYHPHQWLRQHG¿JXUHVPD\EHFRQVHUYDWLYHLQVRPHSDUWLFXODUFDVHV
The desired emergency current ( I ER ) and duration ( tER ) must be selected so that the inequality in
Equation (A.2) is true for the calculated emergency rating temperature rise T ER .
A.1.3 Method 2
The emergency overload current as a percentage of rated continuous current values from Table A.1 can be
JUDSKHGDQGDJUDSKLFDOWUHQGOLQHFDQEHGHWHUPLQHGXVLQJWKHEHVW¿WHTXDWLRQPHWKRG7KHIRUPXODIRUWKH
32
IEEE Std C93.3-2017
trend line may be used to extrapolate the emergency overload current as a percentage of rated continuous cur-
rent corresponding to durations not included in Table A.1.
In the graphical example below, the Table A.1 data for an ambient temperature of 40 °C was plotted and a trend
line was established. The trend line formula was then used to extrapolate the emergency overload current as a
percentage of rated continuous current of 153% for a 7 min duration. The trend line formula was also used to
extend the curve from 15 min to 7 min. The emergency overload current as a percentage of rated continuous
current of 148% for a 10 min duration was then determined from the extended portion of the graph.
Figure A.1—Line trap emergency ratings at 40 °C ambient
Adding these graphically determined values to Table A.1 provides the following extended table:
Table A.3—Emergency ratings for line traps

Ambient temperature = 40 °C
Duration of emergency
7 10 15 30 60 120
overload current (min)
Emergency overload current as a per-
153a 148a 140 130 120 110
centage of rated continuous current
a
graphical extended
This method may be used to produce extended curves and tables for other ambient temperatures in Table A.3.
These “extended values” are outside the normal test data results provided by the manufacturer unless other-
wise stated in their literature. It also assumes that the line equation holds true over the entire curve.
33
IEEE Std C93.3-2017
)LJXUH$²2YHUORDGUDWLQJRIOLQHWUDSVIURP&DPELHQWH[WUDSRODWHGIURPPLQWR
PLQXVLQJHTXDWLRQRIOLQHPHWKRG
A.2 Calculation of line trap overload ratings sample calculations

A.2.1 Background information
7KHOLQHWUDSLVVRPHWLPHVUHIHUUHGWRDVDZDYHWUDS,WKDVUDWLQJVGH¿QHGLQTable 5 in 5.1.2DQGLVVSHFL¿F
to transmission lines with the application for carrier current communications as described in the Introduction.
7KHOLPLWLQJIDFWRUKHUHLVWKHLQVXODWLRQFKDUDFWHULVWLFDQGWKHKHDWLQJH൵HFWWKDWWDNHVSODFHIURPWKHORDG
current and any external temperature outside the upper temperature limit. Also, there are generally two types
of line traps, an “open” design and an “encapsulated” design.
For most applications, where the line trap is not subjected to any overload requirements, no further consider-
ations are involved. However, if there are occasional random events that need to be considered and whether the
line trap can survive the event of higher than rated continuous currents for a given time, then further evaluation
may be needed to determine if the insulation temperature will remain below the maximum limit.
Table A.1 is an overload table that can be used to remain within the design temperatures of the line trap and
avoid shortening the life of the trap. Excursions beyond these limits may still be within the maximum limita-
tions of the insulation, but may result in some loss of life of the line trap.
A.2.2 Overload calculations

In the event that a more precise value of time, overload current, or temperature calculation is needed, there are
formulas that can be used to determine if a given type of line trap can carry a given current for a given time at
a given ambient temperature without exceeding the maximum limitations of the insulation ending up in line
trap failure. Again, exceeding the rated continuous current can be expected to result in some loss of life of the
line trap.
%HORZDUHWZRH[DPSOHVRQHRSHQDLUFRLODQGRQHHQFDSVXODWHGFRLOIRUVSHFL¿FPRGHOV
34
IEEE Std C93.3-2017
A.2.3 Examples
Given all of the above methodology, a practical question is to determine whether the line trap capabilities were
DGHTXDWHIRUWKHORVVRIRQHOLQHLQDWKUHHOLQHFRQ¿JXUDWLRQEHWZHHQWZRVWDWLRQVJLYHQWKDWWKHORDGZRXOG
be forced to automatically divide between the two remaining lines if one line tripped out. This was of special
LPSRUWDQFHZLWKDSRZHUSODQWDWRQHHQGWKDWFRXOGIRUFHWULSSLQJWKHXQLWVR൵OLQHLIWKHOLQHVZHUHQRWFDSD-
ble of carrying the line current.
For the loss of one line, the 3000 A line traps could potentially be subjected to up to 4800 A for 4 min on the
WZRUHPDLQLQJOLQHVWKDWLWZRXOGWDNHXQGHUH[LVWLQJRSHUDWLQJSURFHGXUHVWRUHGXFHWKHFXUUHQWRQWKHOLQHV
This could correlate up to 160% overload (OL) for 4 min. The line traps are pedestal mounted up high above
WKHJURXQGZKHUHWKHUHJHQHUDOO\LVVRPHZLQGÀRZWDNLQJSODFH8VHWKHDVVXPSWLRQRIPSKDVDUHDVRQDEOH
PLQLPXPLIWDNHQLQWRDFFRXQW
A.2.3.1 Trap data
,QWKLVH[DPSOHWKHOLQHWUDSVRQHDFKHQGRIWKHOLQHVDUHWZRGL൵HUHQWW\SHVRQHW\SHLVHQFORVHGRUHQFDSVX-
lated and the other is an open coil design. The manufacturer indicates a normal temperature rise ( T NR ) of
115 °C for the Trench Type L and 100 °C for the General Electric (GE) Type CF. Both are rated 190 °C
( TE max ) for max temperature rating of the insulation per Trench.
— Six 3000 A - Trench Type: LTP, Rated Inductance: 265 uH, Type No.:L3000XZ0265-632PC1
— Six 3000 A - GE type 4CF02A
$ 2SHQDLUVW\OHOLQHWUDSYHUVXVDQHQFDSVXODWHGGHVLJQOLQHWUDS
I NR is 3000 A
Ta is 40 °C
T NR is 100 °C, which is recommended by the manufacturer for no loss of life in this case, (note this is less
than the value in Table A.2, for a GE Type CF (after 1965) where a T NR of 115 °C is listed).
I ER is 4800 (160% OL) i.e., (3000 × 160% = 4800)
W is 15 min
tOL is the duration of the overload: 4 min and 6 min
The overload condition for the problem is 4 min; however, the overload will be calculated for both 4 min
and 6 min to assist in understanding boundaries for the overload capability. Substituting these values into
Equation A.2 yields:
⎡⎛ 4800 ⎞ 2 ⎤ ⎡ −( 6 ) ⎤
θ ER = ⎢⎜ ⎟ − 1⎥ × [100] × ⎢1 − e = [1.56] × [100] × [0.33] = 51.4°C temperature rise in 6 min
15
⎢⎣ ⎝ 3000 ⎠ ⎥⎦ ⎣ ⎦⎥
For 6 min, the overload caused a 51.4 °C average rise in temperature from the steady state condition. (151.4 °C
total average rise-at the end of the overload). Adding the ambient temperature results in 151.4 °C + 40 °C =
191.4 °C total average temperature for 6 min.
Repeating the calculation using Equation A.2 for 4 min yields:
35
IEEE Std C93.3-2017
⎡⎛ 4800 ⎞ 2 ⎤ ⎡ −( 4 ) ⎤
θ ER = ⎢⎜ ⎟ − 1⎥ × [100] × ⎢1 − e = [1.56] × [100] × [0.234] = 36.5°C temperature rise in 4 min
15
⎢⎣⎝ 3000 ⎠ ⎥⎦ ⎣ ⎦⎥
For 4 min, the overload results in a total temp of 177 °C, and for 6 min a temperature of 191 °C as summarized
in Table A.4. The allowable maximum temperature TE max is 190 °C for 24 h or less.
Table A.4—GE line trap data at 160% overload

Overload time 6 min 4 min
T NR rise 10 100
T ER rise 51.4 36.5
Add ambient Ta 40.0 40.0
Final line trap temperature 191.4 176.5
A.2.3.3 Encapsulated style line trap
I NR is 3000 A
Ta is 40 °C
T NR is 115 °C, which is recommended by the manufacturer for no loss of life in this case, (note this is more
than the value for a Trench encapsulated Type L in Table A.2 where a T NR of 110 °C is listed).
I ER is 4800 A (160% OL)
W is 48 min
tOL is 4 min and 6 min
Once again, the overload condtion for the problem is 4 min; however, the overload will be calculated for both 4
min and 6 min to assist in understanding boundaries for the overload capability. Substituting these values into
Equation A.2 for 6 min yields:
⎡⎛ 4800 ⎞ 2 ⎤ ⎡ −( 6 ) ⎤
θ ER = ⎢⎜ ⎟ − 1⎥ × [115] × ⎢1 − e ⎥⎦ [
= 1.56] × [115] × [ 0.1175] = 21.1°C temperature rise in 6 min
48
⎢⎣ ⎝ 3000 ⎠ ⎥⎦ ⎣
For 4 min, the overload results in a total temperature of 169 °C, and for 6 min a temperature of 176 °C as sum-
marized in Table A.5. The allowable maximum temperature TE max is 190 °C for 24 h or less.
Table A.5—Trench line trap data at 160% overload

Overload time 6 min 4 min
T NR rise 115 115
T ER rise 21.1 14.3
Add ambient Ta 40.0 40.0
Final line trap temperature 176.1 169.3
After performing the calculations for both examples, the Trench and GE line traps on both ends of the lines
meet the 160% overload current criteria for 4 min.
36
IEEE Std C93.3-2017
A.2.3.4 Notes for examples
The maximum permissible total average temperature for the various coil types of this example, with no loss of
life per the manufacturer, are:
² )RURSHQVW\OHWKH¿QDOOLQHWUDSWHPSHUDWXUH && &

² )RUHQFDSVXODWHGVW\OHZLWKWKHWZRLQVXODWLRQFODVVHVWKH¿QDOOLQHWUDSWHPSHUDWXUH &&
155 °C
Overloads with no loss of life should be calculated so that the rise in average temperature due to the overload
compensates for the drop in ambient temperature. In other words, overloads at rated ambient are not allowed
unless loss of life is acceptable.
Trench is the supplier of Trench Electric Line Traps. They also bought the design and support of the (out of
production) GE Line Traps and carrier equipment.
Some loss of life may occur when operated at the upper end of these extended higher overload current.
After performing the calculations in both examples, the Trench and GE line traps on both ends of the lines
meet the 160% overload current criteria for 4 min.
,QWKLVH[DPSOHWKHOLQHWUDSVDUHWZRGL൵HUHQWW\SHVRQHW\SHLVHQFORVHGRQHW\SHLVDQRSHQFRLOGHVLJQ
Both are rated 190 °C for max temperature rating of the insulation per Trench.
A.3 Insulating materials

Currently, a wide range of conductor insulating materials are available. Most materials utilized today are poly-
mers, which tend to be available in tape form, enamels or varnishes, and extruded format. Selection of a con-
ductor insulation material may be a function of thermal requirements, voltage requirements, mechanical re-
TXLUHPHQWVRURWKHUVHUYLFHFRQVLGHUDWLRQV%HFDXVHPDWHULDOVFDQH[KLELWGL൵HUHQWSHUIRUPDQFHFDSDELOLWLHV
under various operating conditions, individual materials or combination of materials can be used in reactors of
GL൵HUHQWWHPSHUDWXUHFODVVHVGHSHQGLQJRQWKHHQGDSSOLFDWLRQ,WLVIRUWKLVUHDVRQWKDWPDWHULDOVDUHQRORQJHU
GH¿QHGDV&ODVV%)RU+DQGDUHQRZDVVLJQHGWHPSHUDWXUHLQGLFHV(DFKWHPSHUDWXUHLQGH[DVVLJQHGWRD
material carries the implied descriptors of temperature, number of serviceable hours at that temperature, and
HQGRIOLIHFULWHULD,QJHQHUDOWHUPVDQLQVXODWLQJPDWHULDOFDQEHDVVLJQHGPRUHWKDQRQHVSHFL¿FWHPSHUDWXUH
index depending on the end of life criteria and performance characteristics desired. Therefore, because mate-
ULDOVFDQH[KLELWGL൵HUHQWSHUIRUPDQFHFDSDELOLWLHVXQGHUYDULRXVFRQVWUXFWLRQIRUPDWVDQGRSHUDWLQJFRQGL-
WLRQVWKHFODVVL¿FDWLRQRIDGU\W\SHUHDFWRUDVEHLQJRIDSDUWLFXODUWHPSHUDWXUHFODVVGRHVQRWLPSO\WKDWHDFK
individual material used in its construction is of the same thermal capability. The assignment of the tempera-
ture index of the insulation system and of the associated “hot spot” temperature rise is the responsibility of the
UHDFWRUPDQXIDFWXUHU2QO\H[SHULHQFHRUDGHTXDWHDFFHSWDQFHWHVWVSURYLGHDEDVLVIRUGH¿QLQJWKHWHPSHUD-
ture limits for the insulation system.
37
IEEE Std C93.3-2017
IEEE Standard Requirements for Power-Line Carrier Line Traps(30 kHz to 500 kHz)
Annex B
(informative)
Loss measurement at power frequency

Because line traps operate at extremely low power factors, small variations in frequency, deviations from the
true sine wave in applied voltage, errors in measuring components, and electromagnetic interference may in-
WURGXFHVLJQL¿FDQWHUURUVLQORVVPHDVXUHPHQWV3URSHUWHVWFRQGLWLRQVDQGSUHFLVLRQFRPSRQHQWVVSHFL¿FDOO\
designed for low power factor measurements, are essential for an accurate determination of line trap losses.
Impedance bridges and current comparator bridges are frequently used to measure losses. They are generally
PRUHDFFXUDWHWKDQZDWWPHWHUPHDVXUHPHQWV:KLOHPDQ\FRQ¿JXUDWLRQVRILPSHGDQFHEULGJHQHWZRUNVDUH
SRVVLEOHWKHFKRLFHRIDSDUWLFXODUQHWZRUNVKDOOEHGHWHUPLQHGE\WKHPHDVXUHPHQWSUREOHPDWKDQGDQGWKH
testing facilities available.
If the purchaser requires the losses to be determined, this should be done by agreement with the manufacturer.
$UHTXLUHPHQWIRUORZHUSRZHUORVVHVFDQLQÀXHQFHWKHRYHUDOOH[SHQGLWXUHIRUWKHOLQHWUDS
Because line traps vary widely in design and construction, it is recommended, for comparison purposes, that
the losses be corrected for a temperature of 75 °C.
Measurements should be in accordance with IEEE Std C57.21.
38
IEEE Std C93.3-2017
Annex C
(informative)
Terminal orientation and construction

C.1 Terminal orientation examples
See Figure C.1 and Figure C.2 for 13 examples of the most common terminal orientations in use. Other ar-
UDQJHPHQWVDUHDOVRSRVVLEOHLIVSHFL¿HGDWWKHWLPHRISXUFKDVH
)LJXUH&²&RPPRQWHUPLQDORULHQWDWLRQDQGFRQVWUXFWLRQSDUW
39
IEEE Std C93.3-2017
)LJXUH&²&RPPRQWHUPLQDORULHQWDWLRQDQGFRQVWUXFWLRQSDUW
C.2 Schematic
The following schematic (see Figure C.3) is typical for an FWB trap as described in 6.2.1. L is the main power
LQGXFWLYHFRLO7KHWXQLQJSDFNFRQVLVWVRI&1, R1, C2, and L2. C1 and C2 are capacitors, where C1 forms a reso-
nance with L. C2 and L2DUHWKHVHULHVHOHPHQWVWKDWD൵HFWWKHVHULHVUHVRQDQFHDWWKHJHRPHWULFPHDQIUHTXHQF\
(GMF). R1D൵HFWVWKHPLQLPXPOLQHWUDSLPSHGDQFHDWWKH*0)
40
IEEE Std C93.3-2017
Figure C.3—Common typical schematic refers to 6.2.1W\SLFDOIRU):%WUDS
41
IEEE Std C93.3-2017
Annex D
(informative)
7\SLFDO¿[HGZLGHEDQGEDQGZLGWKUDQJHV
Refer to Table D.1IRUDOLVWLQJRIW\SLFDO¿[HGZLGHEDQGEDQGZLGWKUDQJHVIRUDQGPLQ
N+]
Table D.1—Typical bandwidth ranges for factory wideband 0.265 mH line traps
PLQ PLQ PLQ PLQ
kHz kHz kHz kHz
40.0–48.0 46.0 –53.0 60.0–68.0 70.0–79.0
42.0–52.0 50.0–58.0 65.0–75.0 74.0–84.5
45.0–57.0 54.0–64.5 70.0–82.0 78.0–90.0
50.0–66.0 58.0–70.5 75.0–89.0 82.0–95.5
54.0–73.5 62.0–76.8 80.0–97.0 86.0–101.5
58.0–81.5 66.0–83.5 85.0–104.5 90.0–107.5
62.0–89.5 70.0–90.3 90.0–113.0 94.0–113.5
66.0–98.5 74.0–97.0 95.0–121.0 98.0–119.5
70.0–108.0 78.0–104.0 100.0–130.0 102.0–126.5
74.0–117.0 82.0–112.0 105.0–139.0 106.0–132.5
78.0–128.0 86.0–120.0 110.0–148.0 110.0–139.0
82.0–139.0 90.0–128.0 115.0–158.0 114.0–146.0
86.0–153.0 94.0–136.0 120.0–168.0 118.0–152.0
90.0–166.0 98.0–144.0 125.0–178.0 122.0–159.0
94.0–181.0 102.0–154.0 130.0–191.0 126.0 –166.0
98.0–199.0 106.0–163.0 135.0–203.0 130.0–174.0
102.0–214.0 110.0–173.0 140.0–214.0 134.0–181.0
106.0–234.0 114.0 –184.0 145.0–227.0 138.0–189.0
110.0–255.0 118.0 –195.0 150.0–241.0 142.0–196.0
114.0– 278.0 122.0–208.0 155.0–254.0 146.0–204.0
118.0–306.0 126.0– 221.0 160.0–269.0 150.0–212.0
122.0–339.0 130.0–233.0 165.0–283.0 154.0–220.0
126.0–376.0 134.0–247.0 170.0–299.0 158.0–229.0
128.5–400.0 138.0–262.0 175.0–316.0 162.0–238.0
133.0–450.0 142.0–278.0 180.0–333.0 166.0–247.0
137.0 –500.0 146.0–294.0 185.0–351.0 170.0–256.0
— 150.0–311.0 190.0–370.0 175.0–270.0
— 155.0–335.0 195.0–390.0 180.0–281.0
— 160.0–361.0 200.0–410.0 185.0–294.0
— 165.0–388.0 205.0–434.0 190.0–306.0
— 170.0–416.0 210.0–458.0 195.0–321.0
— 175.0–450.0 215.0–488.0 200.0–337.0
— 180.0–486.0 217.0–500.0 205.0–351.0
— 182.0–500.0 — 210.0–368.0
Table continues
42
IEEE Std C93.3-2017
Table D.1—Typical bandwidth ranges for factory wideband 0.265 mH line traps (continued)
PLQ PLQ PLQ PLQ
kHz kHz kHz kHz
— — — 215.0–384.0
— — — 220.0–400.0
— — — 225.0–418.0
— — — 230.0–436.0
— — — 235.0–455.0
— — — 240.0–476.0
— — — 245.0–500.0
43
IEEE Std C93.3-2017
Annex E
(informative)
Bibliography
Bibliographical references are resources that provide additional or helpful material but do not need to be un-
derstood or used to implement this standard. Reference to these resources is made for informational use only.
[B1] ANSI C93.1, American National Standards Requirements for Power Line Carrier Coupling Capacitors &
Coupling Capacitor Voltage Transformers.6
[B2] ANSI/NEMA C29.8, American National Standards for Wet-Process Porcelain Insulators (Apparatus,
Cap and Pin Type).7
>%@%DJZHOO$DQG+'REVRQ³8VHRI&DUULHU/LQH7UDSV:LWK1R7XUQLQJ3DFNV´79$3DSHU7±±
36&&,(((:LQWHU0HHWLQJ>$GHPRQVWUDWLRQRIWKHLGHDRIVHOIWXQLQJZLWKRXWWXQLQJSDFNVLQOLQH
traps].
[B4] IEEE Std 693™, Recommended Practice for Seismic Design of Substations.8
6
ANSI publications are available from the Sales Department, American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, 4th Floor, New
<RUN1<86$http://www.ansi.org/).
7
NEMA publications are available from Global Engineering Documents, 15 Inverness Way East, Englewood, CO 80112, USA (http://
global.ihs.com/).
8
IEEE publications are available from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854,
USA (http://standards.ieee.org/).
44

Line Trap Standards

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What are line traps and what is their purpose?

What are line traps and what is their purpose?

What frequencies do line traps operate in?

What frequencies do line traps operate in?

IEEE Standard Requirements for

Power-Line Carrier Line Traps

IEEE Power and Energy Society

IEEE IEEE Std C93.3™-2017

IEEE Std 11073-10427™-2016

Health informatics—Personal health

Part 10427: Device specialization—

Approved 22 September 2016

IEEE-SA Standards Board

Recognized as an American National Standard

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

Copyright © 2017 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

PDF: ISBN 978-1-5044-3971-8 STD22546

IEEE prohibits discrimination, harassment, and bullying.

Notice and Disclaimer of Liability Concerning the Use of IEEE Standards

Comments on standards should be submitted to the following address:

Secretary, IEEE-SA Standards Board

Laws and regulations

Updating of IEEE Standards documents

Bruce A. Pickett, Chair

Tony Bell Andre Lanza James O’Brien

Roy Alexander Werner Hoelzl Michael Roberts

Jean-Philippe Faure, Chair

&KXFN$GDPV Michael Janezic Robby Robson

2. Normative references ................................................................................................................................ 10

4. Service conditions ..................................................................................................................................... 13

Annex B (informative) Loss measurement at power frequency...................................................................... 38

Annex C (informative) Terminal orientation and construction ....................................................................... 39

$QQH[' LQIRUPDWLYH 7\SLFDO¿[HGZLGHEDQGEDQGZLGWKUDQJHV................................................................ 42

Annex E (informative) Bibliography ............................................................................................................. 44

ANSI/NEMA CC 1, Electric Power Connection for Substations.2

$16,1(0$&&$QQH[$0HWKRGVRI0HDVXUHPHQWRI5DGLR,QIOXHQFH9ROWDJH 5,9 RI+LJK

IEEE Std 4™, IEEE Standard for High-Voltage Testing Techniques.3,4

main coil: An inductor that carries the power-frequency current.

rated blocking impedance ( Z B )7KHPLQLPXPYDOXHRIEORFNLQJLPSHGDQFHRYHUWKHEDQGZLGWK

rated inductance ( LR )7KHPLQLPXPYDOXHRIWUXHLQGXFWDQFHGHWHUPLQHGDWN+]

resistive blocking impedance ( RB )7KHUHVLVWLYHFRPSRQHQWRIWKHEORFNLQJLPSHGDQFHRYHUWKHUHVLVWLYH

true inductance ( LT )7KHVHOILQGXFWDQFHRIWKHPDLQFRLODWDVSHFL¿HGIUHTXHQF\FRPSHQVDWHGIRUWKHHI-

3.2 Acronyms and abbreviations

4.2 Unusual service conditions

:KHQDOLQHWUDSLVDSSOLHGLQDPELHQWWHPSHUDWXUHVWKDWH[FHHGWKHOLPLWVVSHFL¿HGLQTable 1, the allowable

Table 1—Upper ambient temperature limit conditions

4.2.2.1 Temperature rise

Table 2—Current correction factors

Table 3—Altitude versus temperature

4.2.2.2 Dielectric strength

Table 4—Dielectric strength correction factors

4.2.3 Other unusual service conditions

The ratings of this standard shall apply to the following orientations:

— Main coil axis orientation interchangeable, vertical, or horizontal

5.1.2 Current ratings

Table 5—Current ratings

5.1.3 Power losses

5.1.4 Main coil inductance

5.1.5 Temperature rise at rated continuous current

$QQH['LQIRUPDWLYH7\SLFDO¿[HGZLGHEDQGEDQGZLGWKUDQJHV................................................................ 42

$16,1(0$&&$QQH[$0HWKRGVRI0HDVXUHPHQWRI5DGLR,QIOXHQFH9ROWDJH5,9RI+LJK

rated blocking impedance ( Z B )7KHPLQLPXPYDOXHRIEORFNLQJLPSHGDQFHRYHUWKHEDQGZLGWK

rated inductance ( LR )7KHPLQLPXPYDOXHRIWUXHLQGXFWDQFHGHWHUPLQHGDWN+]

resistive blocking impedance ( RB )7KHUHVLVWLYHFRPSRQHQWRIWKHEORFNLQJLPSHGDQFHRYHUWKHUHVLVWLYH

true inductance ( LT )7KHVHOILQGXFWDQFHRIWKHPDLQFRLODWDVSHFL¿HGIUHTXHQF\FRPSHQVDWHGIRUWKHHI-

5DGLRLQÀXHQFHYROWDJH5,9

'HWHUPLQDWLRQRIZLQGLQJUHVLVWDQFH5TDWWLPHRIVKXWGRZQFRROLQJFXUYH

5DGLRLQÀXHQFHYROWDJH5,9WHVW