AN1306

Thermocouple Circuit Using MCP6V01 and PIC18F2550

Author: Yang Zhen and Ezana Haile THERMOCOUPLE OVERVIEW

Microchip Technology Inc.
Thermocouples are constructed of two dissimilar metals
such as Chromel and Alumel (Type-K). The two
INTRODUCTION dissimilar metals are bonded together on one end of the
wires with a weld bead, or Hot Junction. The junction
point is the temperature sensor. Temperature
Target Audience difference between the Hot Junction and the open
This application note is intended for hardware and junction, Cold Junction, generates measurable voltage
firmware design engineers who need to accurately between the two terminals of the open junction. This
measure Type-K Thermocouple voltage and convert it voltage is commonly called the Electromotive Force
to degree Celsius (°C). (EMF) voltage or Seebeck Effect. This EMF voltage
does not require excitation current or voltage. If the
Goals difference in temperature between the open and closed
end of the Thermocouple wires increases, then the
• Accurately measure Type-K Thermocouple EMF voltage increases proportionally.
Electromotive Force (EMF) The Type-K thermocouple used in the circuit is from
• Provide low-cost and accurate Thermocouple OMEGA with part number 5SRTC-TT-K-24-36. The
solution EMF voltage and temperature range of Type-K
thermocouple are shown in Figure 1. The voltage
Description shown is referenced to 0°C.

This application note shows how to use a difference

amplifier system to measure EMF voltage at the Cold 60
Junction of the thermocouple in order to accurately 50
measure temperature at the Hot Junction. This can be
40
done by using the MCP6V01 auto-zeroed op amp
EMF (mV)

because of its extremely low input offset voltage (VOS) 30

and very high Common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR). 20
This solution minimizes cost by using resources
10
internal to the PIC18F2550, such as 10-bit ADC and
4-bit adjustable reference, to achieve less than 0.1°C 0

resolution from a measurement range of -100°C to -10

1000°C. -300 -100 100 300 500 700 900 1100 1300
Temperature (°C)

Note: Consider the MCP9600 and MCP9601 FIGURE 1: EMF Voltage vs. Tempera-
family of Thermocouple ICs which provide
ture.
a factory trimmed plug-and-play solution
for various thermocouples. From Figure 1, it can be summarized that the EMF
voltage has relatively small magnitude (millivolts).
Related Reference Design Board Consequently, the signal conditioning portion of the
electronics requires an analog gain stage. In addition,
The measurements for this application note were the signal conditioning circuit must have absolute
based on the MCP6V01 Thermocouple Auto-Zeroed reference voltage in order to measure temperature with
Reference Design Board. Refer to Microchip’s absolute accuracy.
“MCP6V01 Thermocouple Auto-Zeroed Reference
Design” (DS50001738).
• Order Number: MCP6V01RD-TCPL
• Assembly Number: 114-00169

 2009-2020 Microchip Technology Inc. DS00001306B-page 1

AN1306
SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM range is segmented into 16 smaller ranges. This gives
a greater range (-100°C to +1000°C) and better
Figure 2 shows the system block diagram of the accuracy.
thermocouple solution. The difference amplifier uses
The MCP1541 provides a reference voltage of 4.1V
MCP6V01 auto-zeroed op amp to amplify the
which references the PIC18F2550’s internal 10-bit
thermocouple’s EMF voltage.
ADC. The 2nd order RC low-pass filter reduces noise
The CVREF is an internal comparator voltage reference and aliasing at the ADC input.
of PIC18F2550, which is a 16-tap resistor ladder
The MCP9800 senses temperature at the
network that provides a selectable reference voltage. It
thermocouple connector, or Cold Junction. It should be
has low accuracy and high variable output resistance.
located as close as possible to the connector on the
The buffer amplifier eliminates the output impedance
PCB. This measurement is used to perform Cold-
loading effect and produces the voltage VSHIFT that
Junction compensation for the thermocouple
shifts the VOUT1.
measurement.
The VSHIFT is brought back into the PIC18F2550,
The Thermal Management Software is used to perform
sampled and calibrated by the internal ADC, then used
data acquisition to show the real-time temperature
to adjust measured VOUT1, so that the temperature
data.

PC
(Thermal Management Software)

USB

PIC18F2550 (USB) Microcontroller

I2CTM Port CVREF 10-Bit ADC Module

VOUT2
Buffer x1
Amplifier
2nd Order RC MCP1541 4.1V
Low-Pass Filter Voltage Reference
3
I2C + ALERT
VOUT1

VSHIFT Difference VREF

Amplifier
MCP6V01

Cold-Junction Type-K Thermocouple

+ VP
Compensation TCJ
TTC
MCP9800
Welded Bead
Temp. Sensor - VM
(Hot Junction)
Connector
(Cold Junction)

FIGURE 2: System Block Diagram.

DS00001306B-page 2  2009-2020 Microchip Technology Inc.

 AN1306
HARDWARE CIRCUITS Common-mode noise is reduced by shielding, PCB
layout, and using a difference or instrumentation
amplifier. In this application note, we will focus on using
Voltage Sensors With Common-Mode
a difference amplifier to reduce the Common-mode
Noise noise.
Any remote voltage sensor with differential output is
usually subject to high Common-mode noise. An Difference Amplifier
example would be a temperature sensor for an engine,
Figure 5 shows a difference amplifier using an op amp.
such as a thermocouple sensor.
It presents an impedance of R1 to each end of the
EQUATION 1: sensor (V1 and V2) and amplifies the input difference
V1 + V2 voltage (V1 - V2).
V CM = ------------------- V DM = V 1 – V 2
2 An ideal difference amplifier gives an output as:
Where:
EQUATION 2:
VCM = Common-Mode Voltage
VDM = Difference Mode Voltage V OUT = G DM   V 1 – V 2 

V1, V2 = Differential Outputs of R2

G DM = ------
Remote Voltage Sensor R1
Where:
Figure 3 shows voltage sensors with high Common-
mode noise. GDM = Difference Mode Gain

VDD
R1 R2
V1
VDD/2 V1
V2
VDD
0V
VDD + VOUT
-
VCM VDD/2
VDM
V2
0V R1 R2
FIGURE 3: Voltage Output Sensor with
High Common-Mode Noise. FIGURE 5: Difference Amplifier.

Figure 4 shows voltage sensors with low Common- Advantages:

mode noise. • Resistive isolation from the source
• Large input voltage range is possible
VDD • Rejects Common-mode noise
V1
• Simplicity
V2
VDD/2 Disadvantages:
• Resistive loading of the source
0V • Input stage distortion
VDD
VCM
VDD/2
VDM
0V
FIGURE 4: Local Sensors with Low
Common-Mode Noise.

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AN1306
Equation 3 gives a more practical result for the differ- Analog Sensor Conditioning Circuit
ence amplifier.
Figure 6 shows the analog sensor conditioning circuit.
EQUATION 3: It includes three building blocks:
V1 + V2 • Buffer Amplifier
V OUT = G DM   V 1 – V 2  + G CM   ------------------- • Difference Amplifier
 2 
R2 G DM • 2nd Order Low-Pass Filter
G DM = ------ G CM = -----------------------------
R1 CMRR DIFF BUFFER AMPLIFIER
Where: • MCP6001 standard op amp used as unity gain
buffer
GDM = Difference Mode Voltage • Provides a low-impedance adjustable reference
GCM = Common-Mode Voltage voltage
CMRRDIFF = Common-Mode Rejection
Ratio of Difference Amplifier EQUATION 5:
CV REF = V SHIFT
From the above equation, it can be summarized that a
practical difference amplifier amplifies the difference Where:
mode voltage by GDM and the Common-mode voltage
by GCM. CVREF = Selectable reference voltage of
PIC18F2550
The CMRRDIFF is given by:

EQUATION 4: DIFFERENCE AMPLIFIER

1 • VDD = 5.0V, VSS = 0V
CMRR DIFF = -------------------------------------------------------
1
------------------------ + 2  TOL R • Uses a MCP6V01 auto-zeroed op amp (U5)
CMRR OP • Two 0.1% tolerance gain resistors (R8 and R11)
Where: • Two 0.1% tolerance input resistors for shifting
VOUT1 (R9 and R10)
TOLR = Resistors’ Tolerance
• Two 0.1% tolerance input resistors for the
CMRROP = Common-Mode Rejection thermocouple output (R6 and R7)
Ratio of Operational Amplifier
The difference amplifier is powered in single supply
configuration and VDD should have a local bypass
Notice that a difference amplifier with lower TOLR and capacitor (i.e., 0.01 µF to 0.1 µF). VOUT1 must be kept
higher CMRROP will have the higher CMRRDIFF. within the ADC’s allowed voltage range, which is scaled
If the op amp’s CMRR (CMRROP) is given in V/V (e.g., by the gain of MCP6V01. The low tolerance gain
80 dB is converted to 10,000 V/V), and the resistor setting resistors are matched to provide symmetry for
tolerance (TOLR) is given in absolute terms (e.g., 0.1% good Common-mode rejection.
becomes 0.001), then the difference amplifier’s CMRR The MCP6V01 auto-zeroed op amp less than 2 µV
(CMRRDIFF) will be in V/V (for the example already input offset voltage and high Common-mode rejection
given, 476 V/V = 54 dB). ratio makes it ideal for thermocouple sensing
Equation 3 shows that as CMRRDIFF increases, GCM applications.
becomes smaller. For a perfectly symmetrical
difference amplifier, as CMRRDIFF approaches infinity,
GCM approaches zero.

DS00001306B-page 4  2009-2020 Microchip Technology Inc.

 AN1306
The transfer function set by the difference amplifier is: 2ND ORDER RC LOW-PASS FILTER
• Fast enough to quick changes in temperature
EQUATION 6:
• Double pole for anti-aliasing and removing high-
V OUT1 = G 1  V TH + G 2   0 – V SHIFT  + V REF frequency noise
= G 1  V TH – G 2  V SHIFT + V REF • No DC offset and simple architecture
The pole set by the low-pass filer is:
Where:
VTH = VP - VM ; EMF Voltage from EQUATION 7:
Thermocouple
1 1
VREF = 4.1V ; Reference Voltage f P = ---------------------- = ---------------------- = 3.19Hz
2  R 12 C 6 2  R 13 C 7
VSHIFT = CVREF
VOUT1 = Output Voltage of Difference
Amplifier
G1 = R11/R7 = R8/R6 = 1000 V/V
G2 = R11/R10 = R8/R9 = 17.86 V/V

R10 R11
5.6 k 100 k
VREF

R7 U5
MCP6V01 R12 R13
100
VP 499 499
VOUT2
VM
C6 C7
R6 100 nF 100 nF
CVREF 100
VSHIFT

2nd order low-pass filter

R9 R8
5.6 k 100 k
U4
MCP6001 Difference Amplifier

Buffer Amplifier

FIGURE 6: Analog Sensing Circuit Diagram.

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AN1306
VSHIFT Operation Description In this application note, CVRSS = 1 is set for VREF+
and CVRSS = 0 is set for VREF-. The MCP1541 pro-
PIC18F2550’S COMPARATOR VOLTAGE vides an absolute reference voltage 4.1V. (VREF+ =
REFERENCE BLOCK DIAGRAM 4.1V and VREF- = 0V).
The comparator voltage reference is a 16-tap resistor
ladder network that provides a selectable reference
voltage. Although its primary purpose is to provide a
reference for the analog comparators, it may also be
used independently of them. A block diagram of the
module is shown in Figure 7. The resistor ladder is
segmented to provide two ranges of CVREF values and
has a power-down function to conserve power when
the reference is not being used. The module’s supply
reference can be provided from either device VDD/VSS
or an external voltage reference.

CVRSS = 1
VREF+
VDD
CVRSS = 0 8R
CVR3 : CVR0

CVREN R

R
16-to-1 Mux

16 Steps
CVREF
VSHIFT

CVRR 8R

CVRSS = 1
VREF-

CVRSS = 0

FIGURE 7: PIC18F2550 Comparator Voltage Reference Block Diagram.

DS00001306B-page 6  2009-2020 Microchip Technology Inc.

 AN1306
VSHIFT OPERATION CONCEPTUAL DIAGRAM This solution minimizes cost by using resources
internal to the PIC® Microcontroller to achieve high
Figure 8 shows the VSHIFT operation conceptual
accuracy and high resolution thermocouple solution.
diagram. VSHIFT is also connected to the PIC18F2550
This solution eliminates the need for a high end and
ADC channels along with VOUT2, which is uses to
costly instrumentation system to measure temperature
calculate Thermocouple EMF voltage. The 10-bit ADC
using thermocouple. Further savings could be
and the 4-bit adjustable reference voltage provide a
achieved by using a voltage reference internal to the
14-bit measurement resoution. The MCP1541 provides
PIC Microcontroller instead of the external MCP1541.
an absolute reference to the ADC and difference
amplifier circuit.
• 14-bit Resolution, 10-bit ADC:
- PIC18F2550’s CVREF (4-bit Adjustable
Reference Voltage)
- PIC18F2550’s internal 10-bit ADC
- The firmware automatically searches for
correct CVREF level

VREF
VSHIFT Difference V
CVREF ×1 OUT1
VP Amplifier
MCP6V01
VM

(VOUT1 without VSHIFT)

(Voltages not to Scale)

VOUT1
VSHIFT

VP – V M

TTC (°C)
-100

400

500

900
0

100

200

300

600

700

800

1000

1100

FIGURE 8: VSHIFT Operation Conceptual Diagram.

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AN1306
Automatic Reference Voltage Search VSHIFT is adjusted until the output is scaled within a
voltage range of 0.2V to 4V as shown in Table 1. The
Figure 9 shows a screen capture from an oscilloscope search is sequenced by first setting CVREF levels 0, 15,
while the PIC18F2550 searches a reference voltage 1, 14, 2, 13, ... 6, 9, and 7. The voltage at level 7 set the
VSHIFT, for the accurate thermocouple output voltage output to equal approximately 0.7V. Then, EMF is
range, VOUT1. Channel 1 as represented in blue trace calculated by measuring VSHIFT and VOUT2.
is the MCP6V01 output VOUT1, whereas Channel 2 in
red trace is the VSHIFT.

End at High TTC

VOUT1

Start at Hunt for

Low TTC correct
VSHIFT

VSHIFT

FIGURE 9: Voltage vs. Time Plot.

TABLE 1: VSHIFT OPERATION CHANGING POINTS

Approximate Approximate Temp
# Ref ADC (Code) VOUT1 (V) VTH (mV)
VSHIFT Range (°C)
0 0 50 to 1000 0.200 to 4.000 -3.900 to -0.096 -102 to +2
1 0.208333 50 to 1000 0.200 to 4.000 -0.180 to 3.624 -4 to +88
2 0.416667 50 to 1000 0.200 to 4.000 3.541 to 7.344 +86 to +180
3 0.625000 50 to 1000 0.200 to 4.000 7.261 to 11.065 +178 to +272
4 0.833333 50 to 1000 0.200 to 4.000 10.981 to 14.785 +270 to +361
5 1.041667 50 to 1000 0.200 to 4.000 14.701 to 18.505 +359 to +449
6 1.250000 50 to 1000 0.200 to 4.000 18.422 to 22.225 +447 to +537
7 1.458333 50 to 1000 0.200 to 4.000 22.142 to 25.946 +535 to +624
8 1.666667 50 to 1000 0.200 to 4.000 25.862 to 29.666 +622 to +712
9 1.875000 50 to 1000 0.200 to 4.000 29.582 to 33.386 +710 to +802
10 2.083333 50 to 1000 0.200 to 4.000 33.303 to 37.106 +800 to +894
11 2.291667 50 to 1000 0.200 to 4.000 37.023 to 40.827 +892 to +988
12 2.500000 50 to 1000 0.200 to 4.000 40.743 to 44.547 +986 to +1083
13 2.708333 50 to 1000 0.200 to 4.000 44.463 to 48.267 +1081 to +1184
14 2.916667 50 to 1000 0.200 to 4.000 48.184 to 51.987 +1182 to +1277
15 3.125000 50 to 1000 0.200 to 4.000 51.904 to 55.707 +1275 to +1372

DS00001306B-page 8  2009-2020 Microchip Technology Inc.

 AN1306
FIRMWARE AND SOFTWARE The temperature data is stored in memory in IEEE
Standard for Floating-Point Arithmetic (IEEE 754).
When a temperature data is requested from the PC the
Firmware
floating point data is converted to Binary Code Decimal
The firmware uses the PIC18F2550 USB PIC (BCD) and each byte is loaded in the USB data transfer
Microcontroller to compute Thermocouple temperature buffer. Along with the temperature data, VOUT2, VSHIFT
and transfer temperature data to PC via the USB and the Cold-Junction temperature are loaded. The PC
interface. The firmware has two major functions, Graphical User Interface (GUI) converts the BCD data
maintain USB interface with PC and measure/compute to floating point number which represents temperature.
temperature. The temperature data is displayed and plotted on the
graphical display. Additionally, the GUI displays EMF
The firmware uses USB HID interface and does not
voltage, thermocouple output and Cold-Junction
require PC side driver software. Once the USB is
temperature.
connected to a PC the USB module is initialized, and
the Thermocouple temperature conversion is started
upon a successful USB initialization.
Start
The Thermocouple measurement routine starts by
measuring the thermocouple output voltage from the
Initialize
MCP6V01. If the output voltage is out of range as USB
shown in the Table 1 then the reference voltage is
automatically adjusted as shown in Figure 9. Once the
corresponding VSHIFT value is determined, both VOUT2 Perform
USB tasks
and VSHIFT are digitized using the 10-bit ADC. From
these voltages, the Thermocouple EMF is calculated.
The EMF voltage is converted to temperature in degree
Perform
Celcius (°C) using the 9th order equation provided by Thermocouple
ITS-90 standard (see https://srdata.nist.gov/its90/ Measurement
main). The temperature value is Cold-Junction
Adjust
compensated using the MCP9800 temperature sensor. VSHIFT

EQUATION 8: EMF CALCULATION Measure VOUT2

is 0.2V < VOUT2< 4V?
EMF =  V OUT2 + V SHIFT  Gain – V REF 
Where:
EMF = Thermocouple voltage (mV)
VOUT2 = MCP6V01 Filtered Output (V)
Measure VSHIFT
VSHIFT = Adjustable reference voltage (V)
Gain = Difference Amplifier Gain (R8/R9)
VREF = Absolute reference voltage, Calculate EMF (mV)
MCP1541 output (V) Also see Equation 8

Convert EMF to ×C
EQUATION 9: COLD-JUNCTION Also see ITS-90 Standard
COMPENSATION
T = T CJ – T HJ
Measure Cold-Junction temperature
Where: and Compensate Sensor
Also see Equation 9
T = Absolute Thermocouple temperature (°C)
TCJ = Cold-Junction temperature,
MCP9800 output (°C) Save
Temperature
THJ = Hot-Junction temperature or Thermocouple
temperature from ITS-90 standard (°C)

If requested, send temperature

data to PC via USB

FIGURE 10: Top Level Flow Chart.

 2009-2020 Microchip Technology Inc. DS00001306B-page 9

AN1306
Thermal Management Software GUI Additionally, user can calibrate the Thermocouple
sensor by using the calibration option from the GUI.
The GUI is a measurement tool which enables user to This feature can be enabled by clicking on the Enable
see the changes in temperature graphically by Calibration check box. Once enabled, user can type in
displaying the Thermocouple raw output data along the thermocouple calibration temperature and click the
with linearized temperature data. It also enables user to Calibrate! button. When calibrated, the temperature
calibrate the system. difference between the thermocouple and calibration
Temperature can also be measured over an extended temperature is stored in the PIC Microcontroller
period of time by clicking the Start Acquisition button EEPROM. The difference is also shown in the
or Play button. The measurement interval is controlled “Calibration Offset” display of the GUI. Once calibrated,
by the software timer. When the timer ticks a command the offset is subtracted from temperature
is sent to the hardware to acquire temperature data measurements. In addition, clicking the Reset button
then the firmware transfers the last successfully clears the calibration offset value to 0 (the EEPROM
converted temperature data. content is set to 0).

FIGURE 11: Graphical User Interface.

DS00001306B-page 10  2009-2020 Microchip Technology Inc.

 AN1306
SUMMARY REFERENCES
This application note shows hardware and firmware 1. “The OMEGA® Made in the USA Handbook™”,
design engineers how to use a PIC® Microcontroller Vol. 1, OMEGA Engineering, Inc., ©2002.
and a difference amplifier system to measure Type-K 2. “The OMEGA® Made in the USA Handbook™”,
Thermocouple voltage to accurately measure Vol. 2, OMEGA Engineering, Inc., ©2002.
temperature from -100°C to 1000°C using a 10-bit ADC 3. AN990, “Analog Sensor Conditioning Circuits –
and 4-bit adjustable reference voltage. An Overview” (DS00990), Kumen Blake, Micro-
chip Technology Inc.
4. AN1258, “Op Amp Precision Design: PCB Lay-
out Techniques” (DS01258), Kumen Blake,
Microchip Technology Inc.
5. AN679, “Temperature Sensing Technologies”
(DS00679), Bonnie Baker, Microchip Technol-
ogy Inc.
6. AN684, “Single Supply Temperature Sensing
with Thermocouples” (DS00000684), Bonnie
Baker, Microchip Technology Inc.
7. MCP6V01/2/3 Data Sheet, “Auto-Zeroed Op
Amps” (DS22058), Microchip Technology Inc.
8. PIC18F2455/2550/4455/4550 Data Sheet,
“28/40/44-Pin, High-Performance, Enhanced
Flash, USB Microcontrollers with nanoWatt
Technology” (DS39632), Microchip Technology
Inc.
9. “MCP6V01 Thermocouple Auto-Zeroed Refer-
ence Design” (DS50001738), Yang Zhen,
Microchip Technology Inc.
10. AN1297, “Microchip’s Op Amp SPICE Macro
Models” (DS01297), Yang Zhen, Microchip
Technology Inc.

 2009-2020 Microchip Technology Inc. DS00001306B-page 11

AN1306
NOTES:

DS00001306B-page 12  2009-2020 Microchip Technology Inc.

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DS00001306B-page 14  2009-2020 Microchip Technology Inc.

02/28/20