ENGR.

BON RYAN ANIBAN

 Pressure is the force per unit area exerted by a liquid or gas on a body or surface, with the force acting
perpendicular to the surface uniformly in all directions.
Force, 𝐹 N lb

Atmospheric Pressure
𝑝= = 2 = 2 (psi)
Area, 𝐴 m in
Atmospheric Pressure
under normal condition

Decreasing
Types of Pressure
at sea level

Absolute Pressure
Atmospheric pressure = 1 atm
= 101325 Pa
Pressure caused by the air above a point =760 mmHg
-measured using barometer Gage Pressure at any
Gage Pressure free surface level of
fluid
Pressure measured above or below the = 0 Pa
atmosphere

Gage Pressure
-measured using manometer

Increasing
Absolute Pressure
pabs = pgage + patm
PASCAL’S LAW
According to Blaise Pascal, the external static pressure applied on a confined liquid is distributed or
transmitted evenly throughout the liquid in all directions.

As the liquid flows into the large container at the

bottom, pressure pushes the liquid equally up into the
tubes above the container. The liquid rises to the
same level in all of the tubes, regardless of the shape
or angle of the tube.
VARIATIONS IN PRESSURE

liquid surface
By Equilibrium
Σ𝐹x = 0 → +
𝐹2 − 𝐹1 − 𝑊sin𝜃 = 0
This means that the p1 F1
since
difference in pressure
Force, 𝐹 1
𝑝= between any two points
Area, 𝐴
in a homogeneous fluid at x
𝑊 = 𝛾𝑉 rest is equal to he product a
L
of the unit weight of the
then
fluid (γ) to the vertical h
𝑝2 𝑎 − 𝑝1 𝑎 − 𝛾(𝑎𝐿)sin𝜃 = 0 distance (h) between any W θ
𝑝2 − 𝑝1 − 𝛾(𝐿)sin𝜃 = 0
points. y
θ
2
𝐿sin𝜃 = ℎ
p2
𝑝2 − 𝑝1 − 𝛾ℎ = 0 F2 P1 and p2 are gage pressures
𝑝2 − 𝑝1 = 𝛾ℎ
VARIATIONS IN PRESSURE

liquid surface
By Equilibrium
Σ𝐹x = 0 → +
𝐹2 − 𝐹1 − 𝑊sin𝜃 = 0
This means that any F1
since change in pressure at p1
Force, 𝐹 point 1 would cause an 1
𝑝=
Area, 𝐴 equal change at point 2.
Therefore; a pressure x a
𝑊 = 𝛾𝑉 L
applied at any point in a
then liquid at rest transmitted h
equally and undiminished
𝑝2 𝑎 − 𝑝1 𝑎 − 𝛾(𝑎𝐿)sin𝜃 = 0 θ
to every other point of the W
y
𝑝2 − 𝑝1 − 𝛾(𝐿)sin𝜃 = 0 liquid
2
but 𝐿sin𝜃 = ℎ
p2
𝑝2 − 𝑝1 − 𝛾ℎ = 0 F2 P1 and p2 are gage pressures
𝑝2 = 𝛾ℎ + 𝑝1
VARIATIONS IN PRESSURE

liquid surface
By Equilibrium
1

Σ𝐹x = 0 → + x a
L
𝐹2 − 0 − 𝑊sin𝜃 = 0
h
since θ
W
Force, 𝐹 This means that the y
𝑝=
Area, 𝐴 pressure at any point “h”
below a free liquid 2
𝑊 = 𝛾𝑉
surface is equal to the p2
then product of the unit weight F2 P1 and p2 are gage pressures
of the fluid (γ) and h
𝑝2 𝑎 − 0 − 𝛾(𝑎𝐿)sin𝜃 = 0
𝑝2 − 0 − 𝛾(𝐿)sin𝜃 = 0

but 𝐿sin𝜃 = ℎ
𝑝2 − 0 − 𝛾ℎ = 0

𝑝 = 𝛾ℎ
 𝑆𝐴𝑀𝑃𝐿𝐸 𝑃𝑅𝑂𝐵𝐿𝐸𝑀 1
If the pressure at a point in the ocean is 60 kPa. What is the pressure 27 meters below this point?

Solution
Note :
specific gravity s of salt water is 𝟏. 𝟎𝟑

𝑝2 = 𝛾ℎ + 𝑝1
1 p1= 60 kPa
kN
= 9.81 x 1.03 27m + 60kN/m2
m3
27 m
𝑝2 = 332.816 kPa

2
 𝑆𝐴𝑀𝑃𝐿𝐸 𝑃𝑅𝑂𝐵𝐿𝐸𝑀 2
A pressure gage 6 m above the bottom of an open tank containing a liquid reads 90 kPa. Another gage height 4m from the
bottom reads 103 kPa. (a)Determine the specific weight of the liquid. (b) Determine the total height of the liquid in side the
tank.
Solution
Solving for the unit wt.
𝑝2 = 𝛾ℎ + 𝑝1 Open
103 kPa = 𝛾(2) + 90
𝛾 = 6.5 kN/m3

Solving for the total height of liquid. x

𝑝 = 𝛾ℎ 1
kN 90 kPa
90 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = (6.5 3)(𝑥)
m h
2m
x = 13.846 m 6m
103 kPa
ℎ=𝑥+6
2 4m
ℎ = 19.946 m
 𝑆𝐴𝑀𝑃𝐿𝐸 𝑃𝑅𝑂𝐵𝐿𝐸𝑀 3
If the pressure in the air space above an oil (s = 0.75) surface in a closed tank is 115 kPa absolute, what is the gage pressure
2m below the surface?

Solution
Note : close
Gage pressure on the surface of a liquid
inside a close tank is not equal to zero
pair = 115 kPa abs
Solving for 𝑝surface 1
𝑝𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 𝑝𝑔𝑎𝑔𝑒 + 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚 psurface ≠ 0
115 kPa = 𝑝𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 + 101.325 kPa
𝑝𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 = 13.675kPa
2m
Solving for gage pressure 2 m below the surface
𝑝 = 𝛾ℎ
𝑝2 = 𝛾ℎ + 𝑝1 p2?
𝑝2 = (9.81 𝑥 0.75)(2) + (13.675) 2
𝑝2 = 28.390 kPa
 𝑆𝐴𝑀𝑃𝐿𝐸 𝑃𝑅𝑂𝐵𝐿𝐸𝑀 4
The small piston A of a hydraulic lift has a cross-sectional area of 32.3 sq.cm while that of larger piston B is 3230 sq.cm with
the latter lower than piston A by 4.6 m . If the intervening passages are filled with oil whose specific gravity is 0.78. What is
the required force at piston A that will hold the net weight at piston B in position.
Solution
𝑝2 − 𝑝1 = 𝛾ℎ
44 𝐹 F
− = (9.81 x 0.78)(4.6) W = 44 kN
0.323 0.00323
A B
A = 0.00323 m2
1
𝐹 = 0.326 kN 4.6 m
A = 0.323 m2
2

Oil, s = 0.78
PRESSURE BELOW LAYER OF DIFFERENT LIQUIDS

Air pressure in gage = pA

𝑃bottom = γ1ℎ1
+ γ2ℎ2
+ γ3ℎ3 h3 Liquid 3
+ 𝑝𝐴

𝑃bottom = Σγℎ + 𝑝𝐴 h2 Liquid 2

h1 Liquid 1
pbottom
 𝑆𝐴𝑀𝑃𝐿𝐸 𝑃𝑅𝑂𝐵𝐿𝐸𝑀 5
In the figure shown, if the atmospheric pressure is 101.325 kPa and the absolute pressure at the bottom of the tank is
231.3 kPa, what is the specific gravity of the olive oil?

Solution
Solving the gage pressure at the bottom
𝑝𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 𝑝𝑔𝑎𝑔𝑒 + 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚
231 kPa = 𝑝𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 + 101.325 kPa 1.5 m SAE Oil, s = 0.89
𝑝𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 = 129.675 kPa
Solving the s of olive oil
2.5 m Water
𝑃bottom = Σγℎ + 𝑝𝐴

129.675 kPa = 9.81 x 13.6 0.4 +

9.81 x 𝑠 2.9 + Olive, oil s = ?
2.9 m
9.81 x 1 2.5 +
9.81 x 0.89 1.5

𝑠 = 1.360 0.4 m Mercury, s =13.6

pbottom
 𝑆𝐴𝑀𝑃𝐿𝐸 𝑃𝑅𝑂𝐵𝐿𝐸𝑀 6
For the tank shown in the Figure,. Determine the value of h3

Solution No
Solve the pressure at the bottom
considering left tank
𝑝bottom = 𝛾oilℎoil + 𝛾waterℎwater
pbottom = 9.81(0.84)(2.5) + (9.81)(0.4)
pbottom = 24.525 kPa

Solve the pressure at the bottom 2.5 m oil

considering right tank
s = 0.84
Note:
Pressure is equal at any level of same fluid h3
water
𝑝bottom = 𝛾waterℎwater
water
0.4 m
24.525 = 9.81(h3)
h3 = 2.5 m
PRESSURE HEAD
It is the height “h” of a column of homogeneous liquid of unit weight (γ) that will produce an intensity of
pressure (p).
pressure, 𝑝
ℎ= =m
unit wt. , γ

Converting pressure head of fluid A to fluid B

𝑝=𝑝 A B
γ𝐵ℎ𝐵 = γ𝐴ℎ𝐴

𝛾𝐴ℎ𝐴 𝜌𝐴ℎ𝐴
ℎ𝐵 = or ℎ𝐵 =
𝛾𝐵 𝜌𝐵
hA γA hB γB

Same pressure, p
 MANOMETER
A manometer is a tube, usually bent in form a U, containing a liquid of known specific gravity, the surface f
which moves proportionally to changes of pressure. It is used to measure pressure.
Types of Manometer
Piezometer is the simplest form of manometer which is tapped into the
wall of pressure conduit for the purpose of measuring pressure. Though
effective in many purposes, piezometer is not practical to use in lighter
liquids with large pressure and cannot be used to measure gas pressure..

Three piezometers A, B, and C are attached to

a pressure conduit at bottom, top, and side,
respectively. The column of liquid at A, B, and
C will rise at the same level above M
indicating a positive pressure at M. Also, the
piezometer D measures the negative pressure
at N.
 MANOMETER
A manometer is a tube, usually bent in form a U, containing a liquid of known specific gravity, the surface f
which moves proportionally to changes of pressure. It is used to measure pressure.
Types of Manometer

Open manometer is a tube bent into a U- Differential manometer cannot measure

shape to contain one or more fluids of pressure but can measure pressure
different specific gravities. It is used to difference. Frequently in hydraulic problems,
measure pressure. difference in pressure is more useful
information than the pressure itself.
 𝑆𝐴𝑀𝑃𝐿𝐸 𝑃𝑅𝑂𝐵𝐿𝐸𝑀 7
In the figure shown, determine the difference between the pressure of points A and B.
Solution No
𝑝2 = Σγℎ + p1
Add pressure if going down and
subtract if going up

𝑝𝐴 = 𝑝𝐵 +9.81(0.0012)(0.1)
𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡
−9.81(0.4 − 0.15)
+9.81(0.82)(0.4 − 0.09) + −
𝑒𝑛𝑑 +
+9.81(13.6)(0.09)
−9.81(0.88)(0.2)
−
𝑝𝐴 − 𝑝𝐵 = 10.323 kN
+ +
−
 𝑆𝐴𝑀𝑃𝐿𝐸 𝑃𝑅𝑂𝐵𝐿𝐸𝑀 8
The U-tube shown is 10mm in diameter and contains mercury and 12 mL of water is poured into the right leg, what are the
ultimate heights in the two legs.
Solution No
10 mm ∅
Convert mL to volume (m3)
1
1L 1m3 2
𝑉 = 12mL x x x
1000mL 1000L
x
𝑉 =0.000012 m3
120 mm 120 -x 120 mm
π 𝐷 2
𝑝2 = p1 + Σγℎ
𝑉= (ℎ)
4 0 = 0 +9.81(0.153)
π 0.010 2 120 mm
0.000012 = (ℎ) +9.81 13.6 0.120 − 𝑥)
4
− 9.81(13.6)(0.120 + 𝑥)
ℎ = 0.153 m
𝑥 = 5.617 𝑥 10−3 m
Solving for x
𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝐿𝑒𝑔 = 120 + 𝑥 𝑅𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝐿𝑒𝑔 = 120 − 𝑥 + ℎ𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝐿𝑒𝑔 = 125.617 mm 𝑅𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝐿𝑒𝑔 = 267.18 mm