Task 3 - Electromagnetic waves in guided media

Individual work format

Eder Armando Castañeda Rios

Group 53
1116546684

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería
Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas
2021 16-01
 Exercises development

Activity
Answers: (write with your own words)
1. The transmission lines consist of two conductors which are separated by
insulating material, they are sent by an electromagnetic wave which is
represented in difference of potential and current

2.
a) the input impedance of the line is understood as the ratio between the total
voltage and the total current.

𝑉𝑆1 𝑉1+ 𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑥 + 𝑉1− 𝑒 𝑗𝛽𝑥

𝑍𝑖𝑛 = = + −𝑗𝛽𝑥
𝐼𝑆1 𝐼1 𝑒 + 𝐼1− 𝑒 𝑗𝛽𝑥

b) the relationship between maximum and minimum voltage within the line is
called the VSWR voltage standing wave ratio, its formula is:

𝑉𝑀𝐴𝑋 1 + |Γ|
𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅 = =
𝑉𝑀𝐼𝑁 1 − |Γ|
When total reflection occurs, the standing wave ratio becomes infinite.
c) The electrical length is the relationship that exists between the physical line
and the wavelength, the physical length is the measure of the line, in this case
it can be meters, that is, the length.

3. The Smith chart is the graphical representation in the Gaussian plane of the
coefficient of reflection of the normalized resistance and reactance as a
graphical tool.
The Smith chart allows obtaining some parameters of the transmission lines
and solving impedance matching problems, avoiding operations with complex
numbers.
Application exercises:
For the development of the following exercises, note that 𝐺𝐺 corresponds to the
group number and 𝐶𝐶𝐶 to the last 3 digits of the identification number.
1. A coaxial line has the following characteristics:
Geometric parameters: 𝑎 = 0.1𝑚𝑚 𝑏 = 10𝑚𝑚 𝑡 = (53 + 10)𝜇𝑚
Conductor properties: (conductivity) 𝜎𝑐 = 4.3𝑥106 𝑆𝑚/𝑚
Properties of the insulator: 𝜎𝑑 = 1𝑥10−10 𝑆𝑚/𝑚 𝜖𝑟 = 2.3 𝜇𝑟 = 1
Applied signal frequency: 𝑓 = 684 𝐾𝐻𝑧
a. Calculate the electrical parameters R L C G.
𝑎 = 0.1 𝑚𝑚 = 0.0001𝑚 = 0.1𝑥10−3 𝑚
𝑏 = 10𝑚𝑚 = 0.01𝑚 = 10𝑥10−3 𝑚
𝑡 = 63𝜇𝑚 = 0.000063𝑚 = 63𝑥10−6 𝑚
𝑓 = 684𝐾𝐻𝑧 = 684000𝑀𝐻𝑧 = 684𝑥103 𝑀𝐻𝑧

𝜇0 = 4 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 10−7
1
𝛿𝑃 =
√𝜋𝑓𝜎𝑐 𝜇0
1
𝛿𝑃 =
√𝜋 ∗ 684000𝐻𝑧 ∗ 4.3𝑥106 𝑆𝑚/𝑚 ∗ 𝜇0

𝛿𝑃 = 2.93𝑥10−4 𝑚
 1 1 1
𝑅= ( 2+ )
𝜋𝜎𝑐 𝑎 𝑏
1 1 1
𝑅= ( + )
𝜋4.3𝑥106 𝑆𝑚/𝑚 0.00012 𝑚 0.01𝑚

𝑅 = 7.46 𝑂ℎ𝑚/𝑚

𝜇0 𝑏
𝐿= [1 + ln ( )]
2𝜋 𝑎
𝜇0 0.01𝑚
𝐿= [1 + ln ( )]
2𝜋 0.0001𝑚

𝐿 = 1.121𝑥10−6 𝐻/𝑚

2𝜋𝜀
𝐶=
𝑏
ln (𝑎)

2𝜋 ∗ 0.0000000000204
𝐶=
0.01𝑚
ln (0.0001𝑚)

𝐶 = 2.778𝑥10−11 𝐹/𝑚
 2𝜋𝜎𝑑
𝐺=
𝑏
ln (𝑎 )

𝐺 = 1.364𝑥10−10 𝑆𝑚/𝑚

b. Using the distributed model, calculate the propagation parameters

𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍0 .

𝛾 = √(𝑅 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿)(𝐺 + 𝑗𝜔𝐶)

𝛾 = 0.01558 + 0.0286𝑖

𝑅 + 𝑖𝜔𝐿
𝑍0 = √
𝐺 + 𝑖𝜔𝐶

7.46 𝑂ℎ𝑚/𝑚 + 𝑖 ∗ 𝜔 ∗ 1.121𝑥10−6 𝐻/𝑚

𝑍0 = √
1.364𝑥10−10 𝑆𝑚/𝑚 + 𝑖 ∗ 𝜔 ∗ 2.778𝑥10−11 𝐹/𝑚

𝑍0 = 239.50451 − 130.444𝑖 𝑂ℎ𝑚

 𝛼 = 0.01557657𝑁𝑝/𝑚

𝛽 = 0.02859961𝑅𝑎𝑑/𝑚

c. Calculate the propagation velocity 𝑉𝑝 , the wavelength 𝜆 and the attenuation

𝛼𝑑𝐵/𝐾𝑚 .

Figure 1: Geometrical parameters in coaxial line.

𝜔
𝑉𝑝 =
𝛽
4297698.750
𝑉𝑝 =
0.02859961𝑅𝑎𝑑/𝑚

𝑉𝑝 = 1.503𝑥108 𝑚/𝑠
 2𝜋
𝜆=
𝛽
2𝜋
𝜆=
1.503𝑥108 𝑚/𝑠

𝜆= 219.6947698 𝑚

𝑁𝑝
𝛼 𝑑𝐵⁄𝑚 = −8.68𝛼 ( )
𝑚

𝛼 𝑑𝐵⁄𝑚 = −0.1352046 𝑑𝐵/𝑚

Attention, for the calculations:

1. Replace your values (with units) in the equation.
2. Perform the operation on a virtual scientific calculator. *
3. Paste the calculator image into the report.
4. Write the answer with your units.
If the image is not included, the exercise rating is 0 points.
* You can use https://www.geogebra.org/scientific
Interpretation: According to the concepts explored, explain the meaning
of the value obtained for 𝑉𝑝 , 𝜆 and 𝛼𝑑𝐵/𝐾𝑚 .
2. A 𝑍𝑜 = 75Ω lossless transmission line has a 𝑍𝐿 = 35 − 𝑗75Ω. If it is 53 𝑚 long and
the wavelength is 684 𝑚𝑚, Calculate:

a. Input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛 .

2𝜋
𝑍𝐿 + 𝑗𝑍0 tan ( )𝐿
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 𝑍0 𝜆
2𝜋
𝑍0 + 𝑗𝑍𝐿 tan ( ) 𝐿
𝜆

2𝜋
35 − 𝑗75Ω + 𝑗75Ω tan (0.684𝑚 ) 53𝑚
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 75Ω
2𝜋
75Ω + 𝑗35 − 𝑗75Ω tan (0.684𝑚 ) 53𝑚

𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 42.72746 − 88.19666𝑖

b. Reflection coefficient Γ (magnitude and phase).

𝑍𝐿 − 𝑍0
Γ=
𝑍𝐿 + 𝑍0
35 − 𝑗75Ω − 75Ω
Γ=
35 − 𝑗75Ω + 75Ω
 Γ = 0.6911 − 0.6347𝑖

c. VSWR.

Figure 2: Graphic representation of the transmission line.

1 + |𝑇|
𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅 =
1 − |𝑇|
 Attention, for the calculations:
1. Replace your values (with units) in the equation.
2. Perform the operation on a virtual scientific calculator. *
3. Paste the calculator image into the report.
4. Write the answer with your units.
If the image is not included, the exercise rating is 0 points.
* You can use https://www.geogebra.org/scientific
Interpretation: According to the concepts explored, explain the meaning
of the value obtained for 𝑍𝑖𝑛 , Γ and VSWR.
3. Bearing in mind that Smith's letter is used to determine parameters of the
transmission lines, use the "Smith 4.1" software to check the results obtained
in point 2.
a. Input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛 .
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 42.905 − 𝑗88.469Ω
b. Reflection coefficient Γ.
Γ = 0.641/−83501°
c. VSWR.
𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅 = 4.57
 Application example

Example:
fiber optics

Fiber optics is nothing more than a conductor of light. Light is trapped in this
conduit and travels at the maximum possible speed along it. The speed of
propagation of light depends on the type of transparent material used, since
the maximum speed c = 299,792,458 m / s is only reached in a vacuum. In
the rest of the media the propagation occurs at a lower speed, the relationship
between the speed of light in a vacuum and in another medium is known as
the refractive index of the medium and is characteristic of each material.

The physical reason why light is trapped inside the conduit is based on the
laws of reflection and refraction of light, according to which, when a ray
crosses the border from a transparent physical medium to another also
transparent, but where the velocity of propagation is lower, its trajectory
varies, following a physical law known as Snell's Law.
(Pierri, 2010)

Video link

URL: http://youtu.be/FXmqPz4NFdY?hd=1

References

Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Boston:

Academic Press, (pp. 525-551). Recovered
from http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://searc
h.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=117152&lang
=es&site=ehost-live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_525

Joines, W., Bernhard, J., & Palmer, W. (2012). Microwave

Transmission Line Circuits. Boston: Artech House, (pp. 23-68).
Recovered
from http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2051/login.aspx?direct=true
&db=nlebk&AN=753581&lang=es&site=eds-
live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_23
Hierauf, S. (2011). Understanding Signal Integrity. Boston: Artech
House, Inc. Chapter 6, 7, 11. Recovered
from http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2051/login.aspx?direct=true
&db=nlebk&AN=345692&lang=es&site=eds-
live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_49

Impedance Matching Networks. (2001). Radio-Frequency & Microwave

Communication Circuits, (pp. 146-188). Recovered
from http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2051/login.aspx?direct=true
&db=aci&AN=14528229&lang=es&site=eds-live

Pierri, J. (Abril de 2010). Citel . Obtenido de

http://www.oas.org/es/citel/infocitel/2010/abril/ftth_e.asp