Interview
Interview
Interview
Hub is a layer 1 device. It will out the signal from all of its port except the one from where its insert. It
is unable to detect the collision. It works on single collision and single broadcast domain.
Switch is layer 2 device. It maintains a CAM table that store the MAC address of devices attached on its
port. CAM table is used to make the forwarding decision. It works on per port collision and single
broadcast domain.
What is layer?
Layer is a completely logical partition of PDU (protocol data unit) process. That define how the
information is travel form one computer to other over the network.
What is TCP/IP?
It is combination of two protocols TCP and IP. It is used for reliable data transfer.
What is IEEE?
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers or IEEE (read eye-triple-e) is an international
non-profit, professional organization for the advancement of technology related to electricity. It has the
most members of any technical professional organization in the world, with more than 365,000 members
in around 150 countries.
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What is 802.3?
802.3 - IEEE 802.3 is a collection of IEEE standards defining the physical layer and the media access
control (MAC) of the data link layer of wired Ethernet. Physical connections are made between nodes
and infrastructure devices hubs, switches and routers by various types of copper or fiber cable
What is the difference between an unspecified passive open and a fully specified passive open?
An unspecified passive open has the server waiting for a connection request from a client.
A fully specified passive open has the server waiting for a connection from a specific client.
What are the three type of routing tables and What are the advantages and disadvantages of these?
The three types of routing tables are fixed, dynamic, and fixed central.
The fixed table must be manually modified every time there is a change.
A dynamic table changes its information based on network traffic, reducing the amount of manual maintenance.
A fixed central table lets a manager modify only one table, which is then read by other devices. The fixed central
table reduces the need to update each machine's table, as with the fixed table.
Usually a dynamic table causes the fewest problems for a network administrator, although the table's contents
can change without the administrator being aware of the change.
What is OSPF?
It is an Internet routing protocol that scales well, can route traffic along multiple paths, and uses knowledge of an
Internet's topology to make accurate routing decisions.
What is Kerberos?
It is an authentication service developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Kerberos uses encryption
to prevent intruders from discovering passwords and gaining unauthorized access to files.
What is region?
When hierarchical routing is used, the routers are divided into what we call regions, with each router knowing all
the details about how to route packets to destinations within its own region, but knowing nothing about the
internal structure of other regions.
What is MAU?
In token Ring , hub is called Multistation Access Unit(MAU).
What is the difference between TFTP and FTP application layer protocols?
The Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) allows a local host to obtain files from a remote host but does not
provide reliability or security. It uses the fundamental packet delivery services offered by UDP.
The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is the standard mechanism provided by TCP / IP for copying a file from one host
to another. It uses the services offered by TCP and so is reliable and secure. It establishes two connections
(virtual circuits) between the hosts, one for data transfer and another for control information.
What is the minimum and maximum length of the header in the TCP segment and IP datagram?
The header should have a minimum length of 20 bytes and can have a maximum length of 60 bytes.
What is ICMP?
ICMP is Internet Control Message Protocol, a network layer protocol of the TCP/IP suite used by hosts and
gateways to send notification of datagram problems back to the sender. It uses the echo test / reply to test
whether a destination is reachable and responding. It also handles both control and error messages.
What is Bandwidth?
Every line has an upper limit and a lower limit on the frequency of signals it can carry. This limited range is called
the bandwidth.
What is attenuation?
The degeneration of a signal over distance on a network cable is called attenuation.
What is cladding?
A layer of a glass surrounding the center fiber of glass inside a fiber-optic cable.
What is RAID?
A method for providing fault tolerance by using multiple hard disk drives.
What is redirector?
Redirector is software that intercepts file or prints I/O requests and translates them into network requests. This
comes under presentation layer.
What is Beaconing?
The process that allows a network to self-repair networks problems. The stations on the network notify the other
stations on the ring when they are not receiving the transmissions. Beaconing is used in Token ring and FDDI
networks.
What is SAP?
Series of interface points that allow other computers to communicate with the other layers of network protocol
stack.
What is subnet?
A generic term for section of a large networks usually separated by a bridge or router.
What is telnet?
Telnet is a text based communication program that allows you to connect to a remote server over a
network.
port number of this service is 23 (TELNET service).
How to determine whether there is an issue with the DNS configuration of your connection to your
ISP?
At a command prompt, type ipconfig /all, and then press ENTER to display the IP address of your DNS
server. If the IP address for your DNS server does not appear, you need contact your ISP.
What do you need to do that your browser will point URL www.YourTest.com to the internal IP
address 127.99.11.01?
Make changes in the hosts file in C:\WINDOWS\system32\drivers\etc
The Hosts file is looked at first before going out to the DNS (Domain Name Service) servers. you have
to put the following on new lines at the end of hosts file:
127.99.11.01 YourTest.com
127.99.11.01 www.YourTest.com
What is FTP?
FTP is short for File Transfer Protocol. This is the protocol used for file transfer over the Internet.
What is ADS?
A central component of the Windows platform, Active Directory service provides the means to
manage the identities and relationships that make up network environments.
What is full form DHCP and how will you configure it?
Dynamic host configuration protocol
To configure it on Server
Configure your server Add/Remove a role DHCP server complete the wizard
Start administrative tools DHCP New scope Wizard
Now authorized this server and do activate it
On client
Local area network tcp/ip obtain ip automatically
Obtain DNS automatically
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When were OSI model developed and why its standard called 802.XX and so on?
OSI model was developed in February1980 that why these also known as 802.XX
Standard (Notice 80 means 1980, 2means February)
What is IP?
It’s a unique 32 bits software address of a node in a network.
What are the differences between static ip addressing and dynamic ip addressing?
With static IP addressing, a computer (or other device) is configured to always use the same IP
address. With dynamic addressing, the IP address can change periodically and is managed by a
centralized network service
What is APIPA?
Automatic private IP addressing (APIPA) is a feature mainly found in Microsoft operating systems.
APIPA enables clients to still communicate with other computers on the same network segment until
an IP address can be obtained from a DHCP server, allowing the machine to fully participate on the
network. The range of these IP address are the 169.254.0.1 to 169.254.255.254 with a default Class B
subnet mask of 255.255.0.0.
What is FQDN?
An FQDN contains (fully qualified domain name) both the hostname and a domain name. It uniquely
identifies a host within a DNS hierarchy.
Which command will you use to find out the name of the pc in networks?
NSLOOKUP [192.168.0.1]
[Ip of target computer]
What is firewall?
The primary method for keeping a computer secure from unauthorized user. A firewall allows or
blocks traffic into and out of a private network or the user's computer. Firewalls are widely used to
give users secure access to the Internet as well as to separate a company's public Web server from its
internal network.
XP pack 2 has a built in firewall that is enabled by default. To change the setting of it use this path
Local area network properties advance setting
Where are the Windows NT Primary Domain Controller (PDC) and its Backup Domain
Controller (BDC) in Server 2003?
Ans. The scheme of PDC and BDC is replaced by The Active Directory in server 2000 and further.
Now all domain controllers share a multi master peer-to-peer read and write relationship that hosts
copies of the Active Directory.
What is LILO?
Ans LILO stands for Linux boot loader. It will load the MBR, master boot record, into the memory,
and tell the system which partition and hard drive to boot from.
I can’t seem to access the Internet, don’t have any access to the corporate network and on IP
configuration on my address is 169.254.*.*. What happened?
Ans. The 169.254.*.* net mask is assigned to Windows machines running 98/2000/XP if the DHCP
server is not available. The name for the technology is APIPA (Automatic Private Internet Protocol
Addressing).
We’ve installed a new Windows-based DHCP server, however, the users do not seem to be
getting DHCP leases off of it.
Ans. The server must be authorized first with the Active Directory.
What’s the major difference between FAT and NTFS on a local machine?
Ans. FAT and FAT32 provide no security over locally logged-on users. Only native NTFS provides
extensive permission control on both remote and local files.
What is presentation layer and how it is responsible for in the OSI model?
Ans. The presentation layer establishes the data format prior to passing it along to the network
application’s interface. TCP/IP networks perform this task at the application layer.
What is Client/Server?
Ans. Clients and Servers are separate logical entities that work together over a network to accomplish
a task. Many systems with very different architectures that are connected together are also called
Client/Server.
Which command is used to check the physical connectivity between two computers?
Ans. Ping
What is IP?
Internet Protocol (IP) is an unreliable, best effort delivery, connection-less protocol used for
transmitting and receiving data between hosts in a TCP/IP network.
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What are the differences between FAT and NTFS ?.
Ans FAT NTFS
Support limited hard disk portion Support 16EB portion size
Doesn’t provide local security Provide local security
Doesn’t provide disk quota Provide disk quota
Doesn’t provide file compression Provide file compression
Doesn’t provide other security feature Provide other security feature
How will you remove this error “ Ntldr missing press any key to reboot the system” ?
Ans.
Reboot the system with XP, ( apply also on server2003,) cd
On setup screen press to R to repair the window
Now provide the administrator password
C:\>cd f:( your cd drive latter, f is taken as the example )
f:\>cd i386
f:\>copy ntldr c:\
f:\>exit
reboot the system
What is network?
A network is basically all of the components (hardware and software) involved in connecting computers
across small and large distances.
What is networking?
A process that is describes how the network will connect.
What is topology?
A topology defines how the devices are connected. Further it is divided in physical and logical topology.
In a star topology, a central device has many point-to-point connections to other devices.
In a ring topology, device one connects to device two, device two connects to device three, and so on to
the last device, which connects back to device one.
What is meshing?
Meshing generically describes how devices are connected together. It is also the part of topology.
There are two types of meshed topologies: partial and full.
In a partially meshed environment, every device is not connected to every other device. In a fully
meshed environment, every device is connected to every other device.
Wireless is the good example of meshing. Wan ( internet is also a good example of meshing where a
computer have connectivity with all internet network.)
Content Networks
Content networks (CNs) were developed to ease users’ access to Internet resources.
Companies deploy basically two types of CNs:
■ caching downloaded Internet information
■ Distributing Internet traffic loads across multiple servers
Intranet
An intranet is basically a network that is local to a company. In other words, users from within this
company can find all of their resources without having to go outside of the company. An intranet can
include LANs, private WANs and MANs,
Extranet
An extranet is an extended intranet, where certain internal services are made available to known external
users or external business partners at remote locations.
Internet
An internet is used when unknown external users need to access internal resources in your network. In
other words, your company might have a web site that sells various products, and you want any external
user to be able to access this service.
VPN
A virtual private network (VPN) is a special type of secured network. A VPN is used to provide a secure
connection across a public network, such as an internet. Extranets typically use a VPN to provide a
secure connection between a company and its known external users or offices.
Authentication is provided to validate the identities of the two peers.
Confidentiality provides encryption of the data to keep it private from prying eyes.
Integrity is used to ensure that the data sent between the two devices or sites has not been tampered
with.
.
What is difference between packet switch and circuit switch network?
To make a baseband network practical for many computers to share, the data transmitted by each system
is broken up into separate units called packets. When your computer transmits data it might be broken
up into many packets, and the computer transmits each packet separately. When all of the packets
constituting a particular transmission reach their destination, the receiving computer reassembles them
back into original data. This is the basis for a packet-switching network.
Circuit-switching means that the two systems wanting to communicate establish a circuit before they
transmit any information. That circuit remains open throughout the life of the exchange, and is only
broken when the two systems are finished communicating. Circuit switching is more common in
environments like the public switched telephone network (PSTN), in which the connection between your
telephone and that of the person you're calling remains open for the entire duration of the call.
What is attenuation ?
The progressive weakening of a signal as it travels over a cable or other medium. The longer the
distance a signal travels, the weaker the signal gets, until it becomes unreadable by the receiving system
What is Crosstalk ?
A type of signal interference caused by signals transmitted on one pair of wires bleeding over into the
other pairs. Crosstalk can cause network signals to degrade, eventually rendering them unviable.
Crossover cables should by used when you connect a DTE to another DTE or a DCE to another DCE.
■ A hub to another hub ■ A switch to another switch
■ A hub to a switch ■ A PC, router, or file server to another PC, router, or file
server
What is protocol?
Protocol - A set of standards sets of standards that define all operations within a network. There are
various protocols that operate at various levels of the OSI network model such as transport protocols
include TCP.
What are the port number / socket number and Connection Multiplexing?
Transport layer assigns a unique set of numbers for each connection. These numbers are called port or
socket numbers TCP, and UDP, provide a multiplexing function for a device: This allows multiple
applications to simultaneously send and receive data.
Network Devices
LAN Card
Also know as Ethernet Card, or NIC Network interface card.
In device manage Reason In LAN card properties
Yellow sign driver not installed Will not show
Red Cross disable Show with disable status
No Ethernet option physical not installed Will not show
Command
C:/> ipconfig
Used to check the ip address of computer.
Possible out put
Ip address of computer everything is fine
Windows ip Configuration either media is disconnected or LAN disable
C:/> ping <Remote computer ip>
Used to check the physical connectivity
Possible out put
Reply From…………….. Host is up and operational
Request time out either firewall is on remote desktop or network plug is loose
Destination net unreachable there is route to reach to remote network
What is router?
Routers is a hardware device that is used to connect two different networks together. In this sense,
routers contain broadcast problems: routers, by default, do not propagate broadcast traffic.
Fiber channel is a technology specification for one gigabit per second (Gbps) data transfer across fiber optic
cabling, and in some configurations, over copper wires. Fiber optic cables can be used up to a length of 10
kilometers, which is more or less four miles. Copper cable can be used up to 30 meters in length, or about 100
feet.
Fiber channel includes its own model for networking. FC 0 is similar to the physical layer of the OSI reference
model in that it specifies the physical characteristics of the interfaces, media, and data transfer rate. FC 1 defines
the encoding scheme for the data that is transferred, which is also a physical layer type of specification. FC 2
offers a description for data transfer sequence and data framing, much like the data-link layer of the OSI model.
FC 3 defines bandwidth management, and FC 4 describes the application and protocol management.
Fiber channel can be a star topology, physically, because it uses a hub with point-to-point connections between
the hub and each of its nodes. Fiber channel is also found in a physical ring topology, with point to-point
connections between each node until the last node connects to the first. The manufacturer's specification and the
media you use will determine which physical topology will be applied.