2017

LEARNING MODULE
Mathematics G8|Q1

Patterns and
Algebra
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MATHEMATICS 8

Module 1: Patterns And Algebra

LESSON 1. Special Products and Factoring

INTRODUCTION AND FOCUS QUESTION(S):

Have you ever wondered how the architect of your school came up with
its structure? Is the structure of your school the same as before? How is it
possible for school buildings to be constructed without tearing down the old
structures to preserve its historical essence? Or maybe, did you ever think why
your school needs to be remodeled this way?
What essential skills did the architect use in designing your school
structure? What were the preparations made and the tools which were used?
How many revisions could have been made in the initial plan until the desired
structure was attained?
In this module, you will discover how important it is to plan well and
utilize essential mathematical skills to be able to accomplish several tasks and
come up with the desired output.
As you go through this module, think of this question: How can unknown
quantities in geometric problems be solved?

LESSON COVERAGE:

In this lesson, you will examine this question when you take the following
topics:

Developed by the Private Education Assistance Committee 1

under the GASTPE Program of the Department of Education
 1.1: Special Products
1.2: Factoring
1.3: Applications
In these lessons, you will learn the following:

Special products
1.1  identify polynomials which are special products
Special  find special products of certain polynomials
Product  use special products to solve geometric problems
s
Factoring
1.2  relate special products with factoring
Factoring  factor polynomials
 use factoring to model and solve geometric problems
1.3 Applications
Applications  apply special products and factoring in solving real-
life problems
 MODULE MAP:
Here is a simple map of the above lessons you will cover:

Special Products
Factoring

Kinds: Techniques:

Distributive Property Common Monomial Factor

Difference of Two Squares

FOIL Method

Square of a Binomial
Perfect Square Trinomial

Sum and Difference

General Trinomial

Cube of a Binomial
Square of a Trinomial Sum and Difference of Two Cubes
Grouping

Applications

EXPECTED SKILLS:

To do well in this module, you need to remember and do the following:

1. follow the directions carefully
2. master the prerequisite skills such as operations on integers, laws
of exponents, and basic geometry formulae
3. solve with speed and accuracy
PRE-ASSESSEMENT

Let’s find out how much you already know about this module. Click on the
letter that you think correctly answers the question. Please answer all
items. After taking the test, you will see your score. Take note of the items
that you were not able to correctly answer and look for the right answer
as you go through this module.

1. Which mathematical statement is

correct? A. (2x -y)(3x -y ) = 6x2 – 5x2y2
+y2
B. (4x – 5)(4x – 5)= 16x2 +25
C. (3x – 4)(2x + 7) = 6x2 + 13x – 28
D. (2x + 5)2 = 4x2 + 25

2. Which of the following DOES NOT belong to the group?

1
A. x4 – 1
4
B. x2 – 0.0001y4
C. 1.6(x – 1)2 – 49
D. (x + 1)4 – 4x6

3. Which of the following factors gives a product of x2 + 5x +

4? A. (x + 1)(x + 4)
B. (x + 2)(x + 2)
C. (x + 5)(x – 1)
D. (x + 2)2

4. A polynomial expression is evaluated for the x- and y-values shown in the

table below. Which expression was evaluated to give the values shown in
the third column?

X y Value of the Expression

0 0 0
-1 -1 0
1 1 0
1 -1 4

A. x2 - y2
B. x2 + 2xy + y2
C. x2 – 2xy + y2
D. x3 – y3

5. Find the missing term: (x + )(3x + ) = 3x2 + 27x + 24

A. 6 , 4
B. 4, 6
 C. 8, 3
D. 12, 2

6. The length of a box is five inches less than twice the width. The height is 4
inches more than three times the width. The box has a volume of 520 cubic
inches. Which of the following equations can be used to find the height of
the box?
A. W(2L – 5) (3H + 4) = 520
B. W(2W + 5) (3W – 4) = 520
C. W(2W – 5) (3W – 4) = 520
D. W(2W – 5) (3W + 4) = 520

7. One of the factors of 2a2 + 5a – 12 is a + 4. Which is the other factor?

A. 2a – 3
B. 2a + 3
C. 2a – 8
D. 2a + 8

8. The area of a square is 4x2 +12x + 9 square units. Which expression

represents the length of the side?
A. (3x + 2) units
B. (2x + 3) units
C. (4x + 9) units
D. (4x + 3) units

9. The side of a square is x cm long. The length of a rectangle is 5 cm longer

than a side of this square and the width is 5 cm shorter. Which statement is
true?
A. The area of the square is greater than the area of the rectangle.
B. The area of the square is less than the area of the rectangle.
C. The area of the square is equal to the area of the rectangle.
D. The relationship cannot be determined from the given information.

10. A square piece of land was rewarded by a master to his servant. They
agreed that a portion of it, represented by the rectangle inside, should be
used to construct a grotto. How large is the area of the land that is available
for the other uses?
 A. 4x2 – 9
B. 4x2 + x + 9
C. 4x2 – 8x – 9
D. 4x2 + 9

11. Which of the following values will make the largest area of the square with
a side of 3x + 2?
3
A. -
4
B. 0.4

1
C.
3
D. -0.15

12. Which strategy could not be used to solve for the area of the figure below?

2x + 6 x+8

2x

A. 1
A = 2 x( 2 x + 6 ) + ( 2 x )( x + 8 )
2
A = 4 x 2 + 12 x + x 2 + 8 x
A = 5 x 2 + 20 x

B. 1
A = 2 x(3 x + 14 ) - 2 ( )( x )( x + 8 )
2
A = 6 x 2 + 28 x - x 2 - 8 x
A = 5 x 2 + 20 x
C.
1
A = [2x(2x + 6) + (x + 8)(2x)] - 2( )( x )( x + 8)
2 2
2 2
A = [( 4 x + 12 x) + (2x + 16 x) - (x + 8x)
A = 6 x 2 + 28 x - x 2 - 8x
A = 5x 2 + 20x

D. 1
A = 2x(2x + 6) +( )(2 + x)(x +
2
8) A = 4x2 +12x + x2 + 8x
A = 5x2 + 20x
13. In your quiz, you were asked to square (2x – 3). Your classmate answered
4x2 – 9. Is your classmate’s answer correct?
A. Yes, because squaring a binomial always produces a binomial product.
B. Yes, because product rule is correctly applied.
C. No, because squaring a binomial always produces a trinomial product.
D. No, because the answer must be 4x2 + 9.

14. Expression A: 4x2 - 81

Expression B: (2x-9)(2x+9)
If x = 2, which statement is true about the given expressions?

A. The value of expression A is greater.

B. The value of the expression B is greater.
C. The values of the two expressions are equal.
D. The relationship cannot be determined from the given information.

15. Your sister plans to remodel her closet. She hired a carpenter to do the
task. What could be the best way that your sister can do so that the
carpenter can do the task according to what she wants to happen?
A. Show a replica of a closet.
B. Download a picture from the internet.
C. Leave everything to the carpenter.
D. Provide the lay out drawn to scale.

16. Which of the following standards would best apply in checking

the carpenter’s work?
A. accuracy of measurements and wise utilization of materials
B. accuracy of measurements and workmanship
C. workmanship and artistic design
D. workmanship and wise utilization of materials

For 17 – 18 use the problem below.

Your dad decided to fence the rectangular garden with an area of (x 2 +

13x + 42) ft2. The width is (x + 6) ft. and the cost of fencing is P100/ft.
17. How much will you spend if you want to surround the garden with fences
if x = 5?
A. P13,200
B. P4,600
C. P1,840
D. P5,280

18. If the cost of fertilizer is P40.00/ft2, how much will you then spend if you
want to fertilize the entire garden?
A. P13,200
B. P4,600
C. P1,840
D. P5,280

For 19 – 20, use the information below.

19. A factory makes rectangular cartons for its flower vases. If the volume of
each carton is given by V = y3 + 14y2 + 48y, which are the possible
dimensions of the carton?
A. (y2 + 8) (y + 6)
B. y (y + 16) (y + 3)
C. y (y + 12) (y + 4)
D. y (y + 6)(y + 8)

20. Based from your answer in the previous number, which are the
dimensions of the carton if y = 4?
A. 4 x 24 x 10
B. 4 x 20 x 7
C. 4 x 10 x 12
D. 4 x 16 x 8
Lesson 1.1: Special Products

LESSON PRE-ASSESSMENT

Let’s find out how much you already know about this lesson. Click on the
l etter that you think correctly answers the question. Please answer all
i ems. After taking the test, you will see your score. Take note of the items
that you were not able to correctly answer and look for the right answer
tas ou go through this lesson.

1. Which law of exponents states that when a power is raised to another

power, keep the base and multiply the exponents?
A. product B. quotient C. power D.negative exponent

2. Which equation is true?

A. (x – 2) (x + 2) = x2 – 4x + 4
B. (x – 2) (x + 2) = x2 – 4
C. (x + 2) (x + 2) = x2 + 4
D. (x – 2) (x – 2) = x2 + 4

3. Which expression is equivalent to (3a + b)(2a + 4b)?

A. 5a + 3b
B. 5a2 + 10ab + 5ab2
C. 6a2 + 4b2
D. 6a2 + 14ab + 4b2

4. Which is the area of a square that has a side 1

x  1?
of 2
1
A. x2 x1
4
1
B. x  x 1
2
4  x 1
1
C. x
2
4
1
D. x 2x1
2
4

5. Express (r2s3) (rs4) using exponents.

A. r3s7
B. r7s3
C. r2s12
D. r7s7
 How long would it take you to solve the following multiplication
expressions below without using pen and paper? Give yourself three
minutes to solve the following expressions.

PART 1:

97 x 103

26 x 26 =

99 x 99 x 99 =

Let us now see if your answers are correct. Click the answer button.

How many answers did you get correctly?

Now, answer the following process questions:

1. What do you notice about the given expressions?

2. Did you solve them easily?

SAVE

3. What technique/s did you use?

4. What hindered you from solving the expressions easily?

 The given multiplication expressions show us how that with the use of
patterns, the operation can be performed easily. Click the box below to
see the patterns used.

Solutions:
97 x 103 = (100 – 3) (100 + 3) = 10000 – 9 = 9991
26 x 26 = (20 + 6) (20 + 6) = 400 + 2(20)(6) + 36 = 676
99 x 99 x 99 = (100 – 1)3 = 1003 + 3(100)2(-1) + 3(100)(-1)2 + (-1)3 =
= 1000000 – 30000 + 300 – 1 = 970299

Now, answer the following process questions:

1. What did you realize regarding the different solutions?

2. What was used in order to arrive at the products easily?

SAVE

Part 2:

Let us now see whether you can make a connection between what you
did in part one with the problems that you see below.

1. One side of the square below measures 5.5 m. How will you compute for
its area?

2. If the side of the square will be increased by 3.2 m, what will be the
new area?

SAVE
 3. If six squares of the same dimension in number two will be put
together to form a box, what would be the volume?

SAVE

Now, answer the following process questions:

1. How long did you solve the answers to the questions in Part 2?

2. Were you able to make use of the knowledge that you gained in Part 1?

SAVE

3. How did you arrive easily at the answers?

The problems you answered show one of the many situations where we
can apply knowledge of special products. As you go through all the
activities in this module, think of this question: How can unknown
quantities in geometric problems be solved?

Part 3:
In this lesson, you will do varied activities which will help you answer this
topical focus question: What makes a product special?

Let’s begin by answering the “I” portion of the IRF Worksheet that you see
below. Fill it up by writing your initial answer to the topical focus question:
 IRF Worksheet
Initial Answer

Revised Answer

Final Answer

Well, those were your thoughts and ideas about our lesson. Let’s start a
new activity to further explore on the important key concepts about
special products.

ACTIVITY 1.WHAT PATTERNS CAN DO!

In this activity, you will work with other examples which will allow you to
apply the patterns that were presented in the previous activity.

52 x 49 = (x + 5) (x – 5) =
29 x 29 = (x + 5) (x + 5) =
43 x 43 x 43 = (x + 5) (x + 5) (x +

52 x 49 =

29 x 29 =

43 x 43 x 43 =

(x + 5) (x – 5)
 (x + 5) (x + 5)

(x + 5) (x +
5) (x + 5)
=
Questions to Answer:

1. How long did it take you to answer the questions?

2. Were you able to make use of patterns in solving?

SAVE

3. How did the patterns facilitate ease in solving?

4. In real life, what patterns have you used to make your tasks easier?

5. What makes a product special?

SAVE

END OF EXPLORE:

You just tried finding out how products can be found easily through the
use of patterns. Let us now find out what the answer is by doing the next
part. What you will learn in the next sections will also enable you to do the
final project which involves the making of a packaging box using the
concepts of special products.
 Your goal in this section is to learn and understand key concepts of
special products.

We will start by doing the next activity.

ACTIVITY 2.THE MYSTERY BEHIND SPECIAL PRODUCTS

In this activity, you will read an article which will explain what Special
products are all about by visiting this website,
http://konigcruz.wikispaces.com/file/view/Special+Products.pdf

Questions to Answer:

1. What are special products?

2. Discuss the processes involved when using special products.

SAVE

3. Why do you need a rule when finding the product of binomials when
you
already know the FOIL method?

4. Can you formulate a rule for finding the product of (x + 2y + 3)2?

SAVE
 ACTIVITY 3. SQUARING TRINOMIALS ON VIDEO

Let us now extend our lesson on special products by learning how to

square trinomials. In this activity, you will watch a video which will teach you how
trinomials are squared. The video is available on this link:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-_8DFxTl0Ls.

Questions to Answer:

1. Describe the form of the new special product which you just learned.

2. Name the steps involved when squaring a binomial.

SAVE

3. How can you relate this new concept with the other special
products that you learned?

4. From the new pattern that you learned, can you think of a
pattern which you could use to square a polynomial with four
terms?

SAVE

For additional information regarding how multiplication could be linked with

special products, you can visit this link:

http://hanlonmath.com/pdfFiles/199.SpecialProductsBH.pdf
 ACTIVITY 4.IRF Worksheet

Now that you have learned the different special products, using the “R”
portion of the IRF Worksheet, answer the topical focus question: “What
makes a product special?

IRF Worksheet
Initial Answer

Revised Answer

Final Answer

ACTIVITY 5.DRAG AND DROP

Now, that you have learned the various special products, you will now do
an interactive activity which will allow you to drag sets of factors and drop them
beside special products. The activity is available in this website:
http://www.media.pearson.com.au/schools/cw/au_sch_bull_gm12_1/dnd/2_spec.
html.

Questions to Answer:

1. What special products did you use in the activity?

 2. Name some techniques which you used to make the work easier.

SAVE

3. What generalizations about solving for special products can you draw
out of the examples shown?

4. Given the time constraint, how could you do the task quickly yet
accurately?

SAVE

ACTIVITY 6.PRACTICE MAKES PERFECT

Let us now practice deriving special products. In this activity, you will be
asked to complete a worksheet that contains problems where students could use
special products.

Solve for the following special products.

1. (3a + 2b) (3a + 2b) 6. (3x – 2y)3

2. (a – 8) (a – 6) 7. (8x – 5 + 2y)2
3. (2x + 5)3 8. (4c2 + 2d) (4c2 – d)
4. (12k3 – 6) (12k3 + 6) 9. (g3 + h2)2
5. (7x + y) (7x – y) 10. (2x + 3y) (2x - 3y)

ANSWERS:
 ACTIVITY 7.ERROR RECOGNITION

After practicing how to solve for special products, let us now find out how
well you can detect errors in the way special products are solved. You will be
given equations containing factors on one side and special products on the other.
Terms of the product are labeled with letters. You will click the letter which
corresponds to the part of the product that is erroneous. If the product does not
contain an error, click letter E.

1. (2x + 5y)2 = 4x2 + 10xy + 25y2

A B C D
2. (8x + 4) (4 – 8x) = 16 + 64x2
A B C
3. (9z – 5)3 = 27z3 – 1215z2 + 225z – 125
A B C D
4. (-10x + y2 + 2z)2 = 100x2 + y4 + 4z2 – 20xy2 – 20xz2 + 4y2z
A B C D
5. (R + 2S) (R – 2S) = R2 – 4S2
AB C
6. (ab2 + c) (a2b – c2) = a3b3 – ab2c2 + a2bc – c3
A B C D
7. (9v3 + w2) (9v3 + w2) = 81v9 – w4
A B C
8. (7 + 5a – b) = 49 + 25a – b2 + 70a – 14b – 10ab
2 2

A B C D
3 3 2
9. (-8x + 5) = -512x + 960x – 600x + 75
A B C D
2 2 4 2
10. (6z + 9) (6z + 9) = 36z + 54z + 81
A B C D

After taking the exercise, click the answer button to check your answer.
Questions to Answer:

1. How did you determine the errors of each special product?

2. Name the techniques that you used to make the work easier
to perform.

SAVE

3. Why is error recognition important in learning special products?

What does this indicate?

4. What new idea did you learn from this activity?

SAVE

ACTIVITY 8.3-2-1 CHART

In this activity, you will be asked to complete the 3-2-1 Chart regarding the
special products that you have discovered.

3-2-1 Chart

Three things you found out:

1.

2.

3.

Two interesting things:

1.
 2.

One question I still have:

1.

ACTIVITY 9.MAKING CONNECTIONS

Let us now connect special products with real life problems, specifically on
geometry and measurement. In this activity, you will read about how special
products can be used to solve the perimeter, area and volume of figures. Recall
the formulae that could be used to find such measurements. Click this link:
http://www.qub.ac.uk/keyskills/WN/Numeracyperimeter.html. Read the
discussion in the link. After which, answer the questions below.

Questions to Answer:
1. Differentiate among perimeter, area and volume.

2. What operation/s is/are involved in deriving perimeter, area

and volume?

3. What formulae are needed to solve for each?

4. How can special products be used to solve for these measures?

 ACTIVITY 10.ADVENTURES INTO THE UNKNOWN

From the previous activity, you learned how perimeter, area and volume
could be solved using various operations and formulae. In this next activity, you
will find out how unknown dimensions in geometric figures could be derived by
using algebraic expressions. After finding these dimensions, you will also learn to
see how special products can facilitate the solving of perimeter, area and
volume.

To do this activity, proceed to the link:

WORKSHEET:

1. The rectangular garden below has a length that is two more than three times
the width.

Source: www.rotarygardens.org

Use algebraic expressions to represent the dimensions of the

garden in terms of x.
What is the length?
What is the width?

Based from the previous activity, what formula will you use to
solve for the perimeter in algebraic form?

What is the perimeter of the figure?

Based from the previous activity, what formula will you use to
solve for the area in algebraic form?

What is the area of the figure?

2. Your mother wants to purchase a shell grotto for your house. When she
visited a store, she found a shell grotto that is shaped like a square as
shown in figure 1. It has a side which measures x + 2 cm. However, when
she
 looked at the wall, where it would be placed, she noticed that it was small so
she requested the store to add three more centimeters to each side.

www.flickr.com
www.flickr.com

Based from the previous activity, what formula will you use to
solve for the perimeter in algebraic form?

Express in algebraic form the perimeter of the

a. Smaller shell grotto -
b. larger shell grotto -

Based from the previous activity, what formula will you use to
solve for the area in algebraic form?

Express in algebraic form the area of the

a. Smaller shell grotto -
b. larger shell grotto -

3. The circular swimming pool below has a diameter which measures 2x + 4.

Source: www.susancohangardens.com

Based from the previous activity, what formula will you use to
solve for the area in algebraic form?

Express in algebraic form the area of the pool.

4. A piece of land is triangular in shape. The hypotenuse measures three
more than twice the height. The base measures two more than twice the
height.

Based from the previous activity, what formula will you use to
solve for the perimeter in algebraic form?

Express in algebraic form the perimeter of the land.

5. Try solving this problem on your own using the processes that
you performed in the previous number.

A packaging box has a length that is two more than the width. The height is 3
more than the length. Express in algebraic form the volume of the packaging
box.

www.alibaba.com

After solving, click on the link below to be able to see the correct
answer:

LINK:
V=LxWxH
Length = x + 2, width = x and height = x + 5
V = (x + 2) (x) (x +5)
V = x3 + 7x2 + 10x

Questions to Answer:

1. What did you discover from the activity?

Developed by the Private Education Assistance Committee 25

under the GASTPE Program of the Department of Education
 2. How did you apply special products in solving for the various
measurements?

3. What procedures are usually involved or done?

4. Can the procedures be changed or altered? In what way?

5. What special product did you use the most?

6. What new insights did you gain?

7. How can unknown quantities in geometric problems be solved?

END OF FIRM UP:

In this section, the discussion focused on special products and how they
are easily derived through the use of patterns. Go back to the previous
section and compare your initial ideas with the discussion. How much of
your initial ideas are found in the discussion? Which ideas are different
and need revision?

Now that you know the important ideas about this topic, let us go deeper
by moving on to the next section.

Developed by the Private Education Assistance Committee 26

under the GASTPE Program of the Department of Education
 Your goal in this section is to take a closer look at some aspects of the
topic.

ACTIVITY 11.EXTENDING ONE’S KNOWLEDGE

After learning the different special products, you will now learn how to
apply the special products in order to expand higher powers for binomials and
trinomials and solve non-routine problems involving the concepts that you have
learned. Click the link below to the guided worksheet which will assist you on
how to solve non-routine problems on special products.

GUIDED WORKSHEET:

Your knowledge on special products could be used to solve each problem below.
Study the following examples below.

1. (x + 2y)2 + (x – 2y)2

Step 1: (x + 2y)2 = x2 + 4xy + 4y2

Step 2: (x – 2y)2 = x2 – 4xy + 4y2
Step 3: (x2 + 4xy + 4y2) + (x2 – 4xy + 4y2) = 2x2 + 8y2

What special products were used to solve the problem?

Aside from multiplication, what other algebraic processes did you use to solve
the problem?

2. [(3x) (2x) – (2y)(-4y)]2

Step 1: (3x) (2x) = 6x2

Step 2: Multiply the subtrahend.
Combine like terms.
Step 3: Square the binomial.
Step 4:

What special products were used to solve the problem?

Aside from multiplication, what other algebraic processes did you use to solve
the problem?

3. (3x – 2)4
Step 1: (3x – 2)2 (3x – 2)2
Step 2: (3x – 2)2 = 9x2 – 12 x + 4
Step 3: (9x2 - 12x + 4)2
Step 4: Derive the square of a trinomial.

What special products were used to solve the problem?

Aside from multiplication, what other algebraic processes did you use to solve
the blem?
pro _____

4. [2h – k + 3]3
Step 1: [(2h + k) + 3]3
Step 2: (2h + k)3 + 3(2h + k)2 (3) + 3(2h + k) (3)2 + 33
Step 3: 8h3 + 12h2k + 6hk2 + k3 + 36h2 + 36hk + 9k2 + 54h + 27k + 27

What special products were used to solve the problem?

Aside from multiplication, what other algebraic processes did you use to solve
the problem?

5. [8a – 7 + 3b] [8a + 7 – 3b]

Step 1: [8a – (7 – 3b)] [8a + (7 – 3b)]

Step 2: [(8a)2 – (7 – 3b)2]
Step 3: 64a2 – (49 – 42b + 9b2)
Step 4: Remove the grouping symbol.

What special products were used to solve the problem?

Aside from multiplication, what other algebraic processes did you use to solve
the problem?

Questions to Answer:

1. In solving the problems above, how many special products did

you utilize?

2. What algebraic processes did you perform aside from

multiplying polynomials?
 3. How are the special products related?

4. What can you generalize regarding solutions to the non-

routine problems that you discussed?

5. Compare the solutions that you used in these problems with the
routine problems that you solve before. In what way are they similar?
different?

ACTIVITY 12.MUDDIEST POINT

In this activity, you will complete the journal below.

The part of the lesson that I still find confusing is

because
.

Let us see if by doing the next activity, the muddiest point will be given
clarification.

ACTIVITY 13.SKILL BOOSTER

In this activity, you will solve non-routine problems similar to the ones
given in the guided worksheet. Justify each step that you have performed by
citing a special product used or any algebraic processes performed.

WORKSHEET:
Simplify the following expressions below. Justify each step that you perform.

1. (6x – 7y + 9z)3
STEPS REASONS

2. [m + p + 5] [m + p – 5]

STEPS REASONS

3. (3 + x) (2x + 5) + (3x + 5)2

STEPS REASONS

4. (m – p)5

STEPS REASONS

5. (2x + y + z – 1)2

STEPS REASONS
Questions to Answer:

1. After answering the worksheet, what new knowledge did you find out
regarding special products?

2. Why was there a need to cite the reasons for performing each step of
the simplification process?

3. Which part do you still find confusing?

4. In which particular algebraic process did you commit the most error?

After answering the process questions, compare the new knowledge that
you have gained in the previous part of the lesson. What new realizations did you
gain? What new connections have you made for yourself?

ACTIVITY 14.IRF Worksheet

Now that you have learned the different special products, using the
“F” portion of the IRF Worksheet, answer the topical focus question:
“What makes a product special?
 IRF Worksheet
Initial Answer

Revised Answer

Final Answer

ACTIVITY 15.MANAGING COMPLEXITY

Let us now extend our knowledge on solving for the measurement of

complex figures. In this activity, you will watch a video about finding the area of
composite figures. Click this link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=9HE3kfu8K1I.

Questions to Answer:
1. What kind of figures did you see?

2. How were the figures shown dealt with?

3. Name the steps performed to get the area of the entire figure.
Explain why such steps need to be done.

4. What would happen if the dimensions are not given in numerical form.
 ACTIVITY 16.PART BY PART

You will now be asked to practice solving on your own. In this activity, you
will complete the worksheet on solving for the area of composite figures. Click on
the link

WORKSHEET:
3x
1.

x
2x

2x + 1

2.

3x + 1
2x + 3

2x + 3

Questions to Answer:
1. How did you solve each given problem?

2. What did you find difficult?

3. How did you use special products?

 4. What new insights did you gain?

5. How can unknown quantities in geometric problems be solved?

END OF DEEPEN:

cepts of special products to be able to solve non routine problems which will involve higher order polynomials derived from the

c, you are ready to do the tasks in the next section.

 Your goal in this section is to apply your learning to real life
situations. You will be given a practical task which will demonstrate
your understanding.

ACTIVITY 17.SCAFFOLD FOR TRANSFER 1 (SCALE DRAWING)

In preparation for your performance task, you will watch this video on scale
drawing: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u5LaVILWzx8.

Questions to Answer:

1. What is a scale drawing?

2. How is a scale made?

3. How do you construct a scale drawing?

4. Why is using scale drawing important?

5. How can you use scale drawing in your daily tasks?

 ACTIVITY NO. 18: SCAFFOLD FOR TRANSFER 1 (MODEL MAKING)

Aside from scale drawing, another skill that you need to learn for the
packaging box construction is model making. This next video will help you learn
how geometric models are constructed. Click this link:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=er2-q86kJ9s.

Questions to Answer:

1. What model was constructed in the video?

2. What procedures were used in the construction?

3. How did you find the scaffolding activities?

4. How did the task help you see the real world use of the topic?

END OF TRANSFER:

In this section, your task was to look at how the skills needed to accomplish the performance task were done.

You have completed this lesson. Before you go to the next lesson, you have to answer the following post-assessment.
LESSON POST-ASSESSMENT

I
t
m
y

1. Which is the error in the product below?

(2x3 – 5)3 = 8x9 – 60x6 + 150x3 + 75
A B C D

2. Which of the following is a perfect square trinomial?

A. x2 + 2xyz2 – y2z4
B. x2 + 2xyz + y2z4
C. x2 – 2xyz – y2z4
D. x2 – 2xyz2 + y2z4

3. The side of a square is x meters long. The length of a rectangle is 3 meters

longer than a side of the square and the width of the rectangle is 3 meters
shorter than the side of the square. Which has greater area and by how
much?
A. the rectangle has larger area by 6 units
B. the rectangle has larger area by 9 units
C. the square has larger area by 6 units
D. the square has larger area by 9 units

4. The length of a side of a square window in Jessica’s bedroom is represented

by 2x - 1. Which expression represents the area of the window?
A. 2x2 + 1
B. 4x2 + 4x – 1
C. 4x2 - 4x + 1
D. 4x2 + 1

5. Which equation is
true? A. (a + 2)3 = a3 +
8
B. (3 – 2y)2 = 9 – 12y + 4y2
C. (m2 – 2) (m2 + 2) = m4 + 4
D. (2m + 5) (2m – 5) = 4m2 + 25
Lesson 1.2: Factoring

LESSON PRE-ASSESSMENT

Let’s find out how much you already know about this lesson. Click on the
letter that you think correctly answers the question. Please answer all
items. After taking the test, you will see your score. Take note of the
items that you were not able to correctly answer and look for the right
answer as you go through this lesson.

1. Which of the following gives the product 3x2 – 5x – 2?

A. (3x + 1)(x – 2)
B. (3x – 1)(x + 2)
C. (3x + 2)(x – 1)
D. (x + 2)(3x – 3)

2. How is 4x2 – 36 be expressed as product of factors?

A. 4(x – 6)(x + 6)
B. 4(x – 3)(x + 3)
C. (2x - 6)(2x + 6)
D. 4(x2 - 9)

3. What should you multiply to 3m + n to obtain the product of 9m 2 – n2?

A. 3m – 1
B. 3m – n2
C. 3m – n
D. 3m2 – 1

4. What are factors of -72b2 such that their sum is -34b?

A. -36b and 2b
B. -72b and b
C. 36b and -2b
D. -36 and 2b2

5. Which of the following is a perfect square

trinomial? A. 25m2 + 6m + 1
B. 36x2 + 72x + 81
C. 4a2 + 12a + 36
D. 8x2 + 16x +16

6. What is the missing term in 4s2 + + 121 so that the expression becomes a
perfect square trinomial?
A. 44s
B. 88s
 C. 22s
D. 48s

7. The area of a rectangle is 2x2 + x – 190. What may be its length and
width?
A. length = x - 10, width = 2x + 19
B. length = 2x + 10, width = x - 19
C. length = 2x - 10, width = x + 19
D. length = x + 10, width = 2x – 19

8 The length of a rectangular piece of cardboard is twice its width. A 4- cm

square is cut out of each corner, and the sides are turned up to make a box.
The volume of the box is 616 cm 3. How long and wide was the card board
originally?

4 4
4 4

4 4
4 4

A. 15 cm by 30 cm
B. 9 cm by 18 cm
C. 81 cm by 85 cm
D. 3 cm by 15 cm

9. Which of the following is NOT

true? A. x3 + y3 = (x + y)(x2 –
2
xy + y )
B. x2 + y2 = (x + y)(x + y)
C. x2 – y2 = (x + y)(x – y)
D. x3 – y3 = (x – y)(x2 - xy + y2)

10. A rectangular floor has an area of 2x2 +13x +15 m2. If the width is (x + 5) m,
how long is it if the actual width is 12 m?

A. 27 m
B. 17 m
C. 19 m
D. 10 m

11. How many tiles of 1 meter by 1 meter would be needed to cover the floor?
A. 58 pieces
B. 116 pieces
 C. 204 pieces
D. 104 pieces

12. If Mr. Reyes bought 11 boxes of 1 m by 1 m tile and each box contains 20
pieces of tiles, how many excess would there be if there is any?
A. 36 pieces
B. 104 pieces
C. 24 pieces
D. 16 pieces

13. Which of the following is equal to 4x2 – 28x + 49?

A. (2x - 7)(2x - 7) or (2x - 7)2
B. (7x + 2)(2x – 7)
C. (2x + 7)2(2x – 7)2
D. 4x2 – 49

14. The area of a square is defined by 25a2 + 20a + 4 sq. cm. Which of the
following represents the length of its side?
A. (5a + 4) cm
B. 5a cm
C. (5a + 2) cm
D. (10a + 2) cm

15. The actual area of the square in item # 14 is 144 sq. ft. when a = 2 ft.
How much difference would the area be if the value of a is doubled?
A. 144 sq. ft
B. 340 sq. ft.
C. 288 sq. ft
D. 140 sq. ft
http://www.treehugger.com/corporate-responsibility/cadburys-dairy-milk-chocolate-bar-goes-fairtrade.html

Have you ever thought of why these chocolate bars contain small
squares inside? Why are most chocolates designed as small bars? Can
you relate it with the previous lesson on special products? Write down
your answers on the box provided below.
.

To give you a glimpse of our next lesson, let us do Activity 1.

ACTIVITY 1. Measure Me!

This activity will lead you to think of the reverse process of Special
Products.

Given a rectangle with an area of 18 sq. units, what are other dimensions
that you can think of aside from what is shown below? Write in the box provided
as many answers as you can think of.
 http://www.crewtonramoneshouseofmath.com/factoring-polynomials.html

What do you consider in looking for the other dimensions? Suppose, one
side is increased by an unknown quantity; example, x, how would you
represent the new dimensions?

How can unknown quantities in geometric problems be solved?

.

The following activities would somehow lead us to answer this question.

Let us do the next activity.

ACTIVITY 2.IRF Sheet

This activity will check the prior knowledge on factoring.

The IRF sheet contains polynomial expressions in the first column. You
are going to write an equivalent expression that is the product form of each of the
polynomial expressions in the second column under “My Initial Answer”. You may
apply the ideas that you gained from your Lesson on Special Products.

The IRF Sheet

Polynomial Expressions The factored Form
My Initial Answer My Revised Answer My Final
Answer
1. 8x6 – 12x5 + 36x3
2. m2 – 81n2
3. 144 – 9a2b4
4. 9m2 + 30m + 25
5. 4x2 – 36x + 81
6. x2 – 2x - 63
 7. 6x2 + 31x + 35
8. 20x2 + 7x - 3
9. 8x2 + 27y3
10. ax + bx – 2a – 2b

END OF EXPLORE:

Let us find out if your initial answers are correct after performing the next
activities. What you will learn in the next activities will also enable you to
do the final project which involves model and lay – out making of a
packaging box.

In order for you to gain knowledge on factoring polynomials, watch the

videos through the different links and answer the practice exercises after
each of the discussions about factoring and be ready to complete the
graphic organizer.

ACTIVITY 3.Video Watching A

This activity will provide a direct instruction on Factoring Polynomials by

GCF (Greatest Common Factor).

Click the following link below for the complete discussion of the first
technique of factoring polynomials: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3RJlPvX-
3vg. This site discusses the first technique in factoring polynomials, factoring by
GCF)

Questions to Answer:
1. What factoring technique was presented in the video clip?
 2. How was the process of factoring done?

3. How will it be useful in finding the factors of a certain polynomial?

Now, let us do a practice exercise to check on your mastery of the first

technique of factoring polynomials.

Assessment 1: Practice Exercise A

This activity will check on your retention and mastery on the first method of
factoring polynomials, by GCF.

Click the button that corresponds to the product form of the given polynomial:

1. 3x4 + 9x3 3x 3
(x + 3)
3x4(1 + 3x)
3
3x(x + 3x2)
3
x (3x + 9)

2. 3abc – 2ab2c + 5a2b3c2 abc(b + 5ab 2

c)
abc(3 – 2b + 5abc)
abc(3 – 2b + 5ab2c)
abc(1 + 5ab3c)

3. 12x3y2z2 + 24x4y3z2 12x 3 2

y z(1 + 2xyz)
3 2 2
12x y z (1 + 2xy)
2 2 2
12x y z (1 + 2xy)
3 2 2
12x y z (1 + 2xyz)

4. 13m4n2 + 39m3n3 – 26m2n4 13m 2n2(m2 + 3mn – 2n2)

13m2n2(m2 + 3mn – 2n)
13m2n(m2 + 3mn – 2n2)
13m2n2(m + 3mn – 2n2)

5. x(a + 2) – y(a + 2) (x + y)(a - 2)

xy(a + 2)
-xy(a + 2)

Developed by the Private Education Assistance Committee 43

under the GASTPE Program of the Department of Education
 (x – y)(a + 2)

The exercises that you have just performed involved only one technique
of factoring polynomials.

What if a polynomial expression does not have a GCF, for example x 2 + 3x

+ 2, or x2 - 9? Will you immediately conclude that the expression is prime or non-
factorable? How can these expressions be written in product form?

Let’s now learn another factoring technique. Click on the following link.

ACTIVITY 4.Video Watching B

This activity will provide direct instructions on the two techniques of

Factoring Polynomials: Factoring Trinomials of the form ax2 + bx + c and
Factoring Difference of Two Squares.

http://www.onlinemathlearning.com/algebra-factoring-2.html
(This site contains videos that introduce two factoring techniques; factoring
trinomials and factoring difference of two squares.)

Questions to Answer:

1. What factoring techniques did you encounter in the presentation?

2. What forms of polynomials are dealt with?

3. When can we use GCF in these forms?

The videos that you have watched discuss two techniques of factoring;
factoring quadratic trinomials and factoring difference of two squares.
Before you will take the next test, you will watch another video which
focuses on the process of factoring difference of two squares. Take note
of how the process is done so you can answer the next test easily.
Developed by the Private Education Assistance Committee 44
 ACTIVITY 5.Video Watching C

This activity will provide more discussion on Factoring Difference of Two

Squares.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VpoI-yyi43c&feature=related
(This site contains follow up discussion on factoring difference of two
squares).

Now, let us check your mastery on the two factoring techniques that you
have just studied. Take the next test.

Assessment 2: Practice Exercise B

This activity will check on your retention and mastery on factoring quadratic
trinomials and difference of two squares.

Click the button that corresponds to the product form of the given polynomial:

1. x2 + 13x + 42 (x + 6)(x + 7)
(x + 21)(x +
2)
(x + 10)(x + 3)
(x – 21)(x + 2)

2. 2x2 + x – 3 (2x – 3)(x + 1)

(2x + 3)(x – 1)
(2x + 1)(x – 3)
(2x – 1)(x + 3)

3. 12x2 – 11x + 2 (6x – 1)(2x – 2)

(4x – 1)(3x – 2)
(4x - 2)(3x – 1)
(6x – 2)(2x – 1)

4. 3x2 – 17x – 6 (3x + 1)(x – 6)

(3x – 2)(x + 9)
(x – 9)(3x + 2)
(3x – 1)(x + 6)

5. 42x2 + 19x – 45 (7x – 5)(6x + 9)

(21x + 9)(2x – 5)
(6x + 5)(7x – 9)
(7x + 9)(6x – 5)

6. x2 – 64 (x + 6)(x – 6)
(x – 8)(x – 8)

Developed by the Private Education Assistance Committee 45

under the GASTPE Program of the Department of Education
 (x – 8)(x + 8)
(x + 8)(x + 8)

7. 4x2 – 9 (2x + 3)(2x – 3)

(4x – 3)(x + 3)
(4x – 9)(x + 1)
(4x – 1)(x + 9)

8. 100 – 81x2 (100 – 9x)( 1 + 9x)

(10 – 9x)(10 + 9x)
(10 + 9x)(10 + 9x)
(100 –x )(1 – 81x)

9. a4b2 – 121c6 (a2b -11c3) (a2b +11c3)*

(a2b + 12c3) (a2b -11c3)
(a2b -11c3) (a2b - 11c3)
(a2b + 12c3) (a2b -12c3)

4   4 
16 y4 2
10. 2 7 
2 2
y  7 
x4
2
x y x 
25 49   5
2 y2
8 
5  7  7 
2

x  2 
2  4 
2 y4  5
y x 7 
2
7 
 
5 2 4 
2 y4  7 
2
  7  5
x 2 
y x 
 4
5 
  5
4
x y x

5

Not all polynomials can be factored by using the techniques that

you have been exposed to. Some of these are polynomials of the
form x3 + y3 and x3 – y3. What polynomials that you have multiplied
before gave the product of these forms? The following link will
bring you to a page that will teach you on how to factor sum and
difference of two cubes.

ACTIVITY 6.Video Watching D

Let us now look at another factoring technique that we could use. This activity will
provide discussion on factoring sum and difference of two cubes.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8c7B-UaKl0U
(This site will bring you to another technique in factoring which is factoring
the sum and difference of two cubes.)
 Questions to Answer:

1. What factoring technique was presented in the video clip?

2. How was the process done?

3. What important skill will you need to do this kind of factoring easy?

the polynomials of the form sum of two cubes and difference of two cubes. So that it would be easy for you to identify the cub

Let us now check your mastery on this factoring technique by answering

the next test.

Assessment 3: Practice Exercise C

This activity will check the retention and mastery on factoring sum of two cubes
and difference of two cubes.

Click the button that corresponds to the product form of the given polynomial:

1. 8a3 + 27b3 (2a + 3b)(4a2 – 6ab + 9b2)

(2a – 3b)(4a2 + 6ab + 9b2)
(2a + 3b)(4a2 + 6ab + 9b2)
(2a – 3b)(2a2 - 12ab + 9b2)

2. 125x3 – 64 (5x – 4)(25x2 – 20x + 16)

 (5x – 4)(25x2 + 20x + 16)
(5x + 4)(25x2 – 20x + 16)
(15x – 8)(5x2 + 40x + 64)

3. 1 – 216m3 (1 – 6m)(1 – 6m + 36m2)

(1 – 6m)(1 + 6m + 36m2)
(1 + 6m)(1 – 6m + 36m2)
(1 + 6m)(1 +6m + 36m2)
4. 64m6 + 27n6 (4m2 + 3n2)(16m4 – 12m2n2 + 9n4)
(4m2 – 3n2)(16m4 + 12m2n2 + 9n4)
(4m2 + 3n2)(16m4 + 12m2n2 + 9n4)
(4m2 – 3n2)(16m4 - 12m2n2 + 9n4)

5. a3 – b9 (a + b3 )(a2 + ab3 + b6)

(a – b3 )(a2 + ab3 + b6)
(a – b3 )(a2 - ab3 + b6)
(a + b3 )(a2 - ab3 + b6)

You have learned several techniques of factoring polynomial expressions.

Remember that when you factor polynomial expressions you change the
expressions from terms to product of factors.

The next link below will show you another factoring technique. This
technique is similar to factoring GCF but requiring you first to group/regroup
terms. Watch the video closely as you will learn how this process is done. Click
the link below.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-hiGJwMNNsM
(This site will teach you how to do factoring by grouping/ regrouping of
terms)

Questions to Answer:

1. When is grouping of terms necessary?

2. What should you consider when grouping/regrouping terms?

 3. To summarize your learning, accomplish the graphic organizer below.

ACTIVITY 7.Graphic Organizer

This activity will summarize the different factoring techniques learned from
the previous activities.

Accomplish the graphic organizer below by filling in the boxes of things you
have learned from the different sources.

Different Techniques of Factoring

Exampl e Exampl e Exampl e Exampl e Exampl e

ACTIVITY 8.Skill Booster

This activity provides a link that is interactive which will enhance the mastery on
factoring polynomials.

Perform all the exercises on the different types of factoring provided in this
web site. Click the link below to answer some exercises.

http://www.khanacademy.org/math/algebra/polynomials/e/factoring_polyno
mials_1
 (This site will check on your mastery in factoring general trinomial)

After doing some practice exercises and visiting different websites, you
have learned already the different techniques of factoring polynomials.

ACTIVITY 9.IRF Revisit

This activity will give a chance to revise the answers of the student.

Pull back now the IRF Sheet that you accomplished prior to learning the
different techniques from the different sources and answer the next column under
“My Revised Answer”.

The IRF Sheet

Polynomial Expressions The factored Form
My Initial Answer My Revised Answer My Final
Answer
1. 8x6 – 12x5 + 36x3
2. m2 – 81n2
3. 144 – 9a2b4
4. 9m2 + 30m + 25
5. 4x2 – 36x + 81
6. x2 – 2x – 63
7. 6x2 + 31x + 35
8. 20x2 + 7x – 3
9. 8x2 + 27y3
10. ax + bx – 2a – 2b

Questions to Answer:

1. How many items in your initial answer column did you change?

2. Why do you think did you change them?

 ACTIVITY 10.Algebra Tiles

In the previous exercises, you were factoring expressions that were

actually representing area of plane figures. Let us now see in this part how
factoring relates to solving for the area of figures.

Let us now see how the concept of factoring can be used also. The next
sites that you will visit will show you another way of factoring polynomial. This
activity will somehow prepare you to do your final output or project.

This website where you can also see factoring using algebra tiles is this
site http://illuminations.nctm.org/ActivityDetail.aspx?ID=216 . This site will give
you exercises on factoring polynomials through the use of tiles.

After learning how the tiles are used in factoring polynomials, you may
create also your own algebra tiles and factor different polynomials. Try it for
yourself.

Questions to Answer:

1. Where can you apply the learning that you got from this activity?

2. How do special products and factors relate?

3. How can unknown quantities in geometric problems be solved?

END OF FIRM UP:

Now that you know the important ideas about this topic, let us go
deeper by moving on to the next section.
 Your goal in this section is to take a closer look at some aspects of the
topic.

The following activity will check your masterful understanding about

factoring polynomials.

ACTIVITY 11.Spotting Errors

This activity will check how to associate between product and its factors.

Which of the following can be factored using difference of two squares?

Click the button corresponding to your answer and click as many as you can see.

* x2 – 81

* 4a – 121b 3x2 – 4x4

* 100 – 25m6

* 3x3 – 12x

* 36x2 – 49y4

9b2 – 144c3

a4 – 64b3

* 20a2 – 5b4
 How would we know that the expression is in a form difference of two
squares? Write your answer in the box.

Your classmate asserted that x2 – 4x – 12 and 12 – 4x – x2 has the same

factors. Is your classmate correct? Prove by showing your solution in the box.

Make a generalization for the errors found in the following polynomials.

Write it the box provided in each item.

1. x2 + 4 = (x + 2)(x + 2)

2. 1.6x2 – 9 = (0.4x – 3)(0.4x + 3)

3. 3x2 – 27 is not factorable or prime

Are all polynomial expressions factorable? Cite examples to defend your

answer. Write your answer in the box.

After having been exposed to different activities of factoring polynomials,

answer the worksheet that follows. This will check on your masterful
understanding of the different techniques of factoring.
 ACTIVITY 12.Interactive Activity

This will check on the mastery of student on the different techniques of

factoring polynomials.

Click on this link http://www.quia.com//rr/36611.html.

Rags to Riches: Answer questions in a quest fame and fortune. This is an
interactive factoring game like “Who Wants to be A Millionaire?” The
students will have to answer multiple type of test. If they answered
wrongly, they lose all their money and they will go back to start. A student
wins upon answering all questions correctly.

After practicing how to factor polynomials, let us find out if you can solve some
application problems below.

1. The sugarcane plantation below has an area of (x 2 + 5x + 6) hm2.

What are its possible dimensions?

www.123rf.com

2. If the length will be increased by 3 hm, what will be the new area?
 After learning more on factoring polynomials through the website that you
explored and some application problems that you solved, you now go back to the
IRF sheet and see if your answers under column 2 are all correct.

ACTIVITY 13.IRF Revisit

This activity will allow the student to check their previous answers and allow to
make changes for some of the items they think are incorrect.

Pull back your IRF sheet and revise your answer by filing in column 3
under “My Final Answer”.

The IRF Sheet

Polynomial Expressions The factored Form
My Initial Answer My Revised Answer My Final
Answer
1. 8x6 – 12x5 + 36x3
2. m2 – 81n2
3. 144 – 9a2b4
4. 9m2 + 30m + 25
5. 4x2 – 36x + 81
6. x2 – 2x - 63
7. 6x2 + 31x + 35
8. 20x2 + 7x - 3
9. 8x2 + 27y3
10. ax + bx – 2a – 2b

Questions to Answer:

1. What have you observed with your answers in your initial column? Is
there a big difference?

2. What realization can you make with regards to the relationship

of special products and factors?

Developed by the Private Education Assistance Committee 55

under the GASTPE Program of the Department of Education
 3. What new realizations do you have about the topic? What
new connections have you made for yourself?

END OF DEEPEN:

Now that you have a deeper understanding of the topic, you are ready to
do the tasks in the next section.

Your goal in this section is apply your learning to real life situations. You
will be given a practical task which will demonstrate your understanding.

ACTIVITY 14.Model Making

Create a space figure out of a plane figure/s provided.

1. Create a space figure that you can produce using the plane
figure below.

a. b.

Developed by the Private Education Assistance Committee 56

 c.

SAVE

2. The length of each side of the plane figures above is x units. How
would you determine the volume of the resulting figure in terms of
x? Express this in factored form.

Developed by the Private Education Assistance Committee 57

under the GASTPE Program of the Department of Education
Questions to Answer:

1. What have you learned about the activity?

2. How do you relate factoring in finding volume of space figures?

3. How can unknown quantities in geometric problems be solved?

End of TRANSFER:

How did you find the performance task? How did the task help you see
the real world use of the topic?

You have completed this lesson. Before you go to the next lesson, you
have to answer the following post-assessment.

LESSON POST-ASSESSMENT

It’s now time to evaluate your learning. Click on the letter of the answer
that you think best answers the questions. If you do not do well, you may
move on to the next lesson. If your score is not at the expected level yet,
you have to go back and take the lesson again.

1. Which of the following gives the product 3x2 – 5x – 2?

A. (3x + 1)(x – 2)
B. (3x – 1)(x + 2)
C. (3x + 2)(x – 1)
D. (x + 2)(3x – 3)
2. How is 4x2 – 36 be expressed as product of factors?
A. 4(x – 6)(x + 6)
B. 4(x – 3)(x + 3)
C. (2x - 6)(2x + 6)
D. 4(x2 - 9)

3. What should you multiply to 3m + n to obtain the product of 9m 2 – n2?

A. 3m – 1
B. 3m – n2
C. 3m – n
D. 3m2 – 1

4. What are factors of -72b2 such that their sum is -34b?

A. -36b and 2b
B. -72b and b
C. 36b and -2b
D. -36 and 2b2

5. Which of the following is a perfect square

trinomial? A. 25m2 + 6m + 1
B. 36x2 + 72x + 81
C. 4a2 + 12a + 36
D. 8x2 + 16x +16

6. What is the missing term in 4s2 + + 121 so that the expression becomes a
perfect square trinomial?
A. 44s
B. 88s
C. 22s
D. 48s

7. The area of a rectangle is 2x2 + x – 190. What may be its length and width?
A. length = x - 10, width = 2x + 19
B. length = 2x + 10, width = x - 19
C. length = 2x - 10, width = x + 19
D. length = x + 10, width = 2x – 19

8. The length of a rectangular piece of cardboard is twice its width. A 4- cm

square is cut out of each corner, and the sides are turned up to make a box.
The volume of the box is 616 cm 3. How long and wide was the card board
originally?
 4 4
4 4

4 4

5 4

A. 15 cm by 30 cm
B. 9 cm by 18 cm
C. 81 cm by 85 cm
D. 3 cm by 15 cm

9. Which of the following is NOT

true? A. x3 + y3 = (x + y)(x2 –
2
xy + y )
B. x2 + y2 = (x + y)(x + y)
C. x2 – y2 = (x + y)(x – y)
D. x3 – y3 = (x – y)(x2 - xy + y2)

10. A rectangular floor has an area of 2x2 +13x +15 m2. If the width is (x + 5) m,
how long is it if the actual width is 12 m?
A. 27 m
B. 17 m
C. 19 m
D. 10 m

11. How many tiles of 1 meter by 1 meter would be needed to cover the floor?
A. 58 pieces
B. 116 pieces
C. 204 pieces
D. 104 pieces

12. If Mr. Reyes bought 11 boxes of 1 m by 1 m tile and each box contains 20
pieces of tiles, how many excess would there be if there is any?
A. 36 pieces
B. 104 pieces
C. 24 pieces
D. 16 pieces

13. Which of the following is equal to 4x2 – 28x + 49?

A. (2x - 7)(2x - 7) or (2x - 7)2*
B. (7x + 2)(2x – 7)
C. (2x + 7)2(2x – 7)2
D. 4x2 – 49
14. The area of a square is defined by 25a2 + 20a + 4 sq. cm. Which of the
following represents the length of its side?
A. (5a + 4) cm
B. 5a cm
C. (5a + 2) cm
D. (10a + 2) cm

15. The actual area of the square in item # 14 is 144 sq. ft. when a = 2 ft.
How much difference would the area be if the value of a is doubled?
A. 144 sq. ft
B. 340 sq. ft.
C. 288 sq. ft
D. 140 sq. ft
Lesson 1.3: Application of Special Products and Factors

Let’s find out how much you already know about this lesson. Click on the
letter that you think correctly answers the question. Please answer all
items. After taking the test, you will see your score. Take note of the
items that you were not able to correctly answer and look for the right
answer as you go through this lesson.

1. The area of a rectangle is given by x2 – 4x – 21. Which expressions

represent the dimensions of the rectangle?
A. x – 7 and x – 3
B. x + 7 and x– 3

C. x – 21 and x + 1
D. x – 7 and x + 3

2. You deposit P1000 in a savings account that has an annual interest rate r.
At the end of three years, the value of your account will be 1000(1 + r)3
pesos. Find the amount of money in the account if the interest rate is 3%.
A. P1092.73
B. P3090.00
C. P2060.00
D. P2197.00

3. A square piece of land was rewarded by a master to his servant. They

agreed that a portion of it, represented by the rectangle inside, should be
used to construct a grotto. Find the area of the land that is available for

other uses.

A. 4x2 – 9
B. 4x2 + x + 9
C. 4x2 – 8x – 9
D. 4x2 + 9
4. Your sister wants to enlarge her closet that has an area of (x2 + 3x + 2) ft2.
The length is (x + 2) ft. After construction, the area will be (x2 + 8x + 15) ft2
with a length of (x + 3) ft. By how many feet will the length and the width
increase after construction?
A. The length will increase by four feet and the width will increase by one
feet.
B. The length will increase by one foot but the width will remain the same.
C. The length and the width will increase by two feet each.
D. The length will increase by one foot and the width will increase by four
feet.

5. When your long test papers were returned by your Math teacher, your
classmate approached you to check the item in the test found below where
he made a mistake.

Factor the polynomial completely.

x2 – 8x + 16 – 36y4
= (x2 – 8x) + (16 – 36y4)
= x(x – 8) + 4(4 – 9y4)
= prime

Your classmate asked you to explain why his solution was marked wrong
by the teacher. How would you explain to him the correct way of factoring?

A. The choice of grouping is wrong. The first three terms should be

grouped to form a perfect square trinomial and if combined with the
last term will form a difference of two squares.
B. The choice of grouping is wrong. The first and third terms must be
grouped and the second and fourth terms. The second and fourth
terms have a greatest common factor.
C. The choice of grouping is wrong. The first and the last terms must be
grouped and the second and third terms. The first and last terms form
a difference of two squares. The second and third terms have a
greatest common factor.
D. The choice of grouping is correct. The factoring in the third step is not
completed. There is still a difference of two squares.
 You are shopping for a travel kennel. Your new puppy can just barely
squeeze through a square opening that is 3½ inches on each side. Are the grille
openings in the kennel below too large to hold your puppy?

1 in.

11 in. 1 in.

www.edgw365.com

Let us now see if your explanation is correct. Click the answer button.
Now, answer the following process questions:

1. What did you find out regarding the problem?

2. How did you arrive at your answer?

3. What algebraic processes did you use?

 The problem you solved shows one of the many situations where we can
apply knowledge of special products and factors in Geometry. In this
lesson, you will do varied activities which will help you answer the
essential question: “How can unknown quantities in geometric
problems be solved?”

Let’s begin by answering the “I” portion of the IRF Worksheet that you see
below. Fill it up by writing your initial answer to the topical focus question:

IRF Worksheet
Initial Answer

Revised Answer

Final Answer

END OF EXPLORE:

You just tried finding out how special products and factors can be used to
solve real life problems. Let us now find out what the answer is by doing
the next part. What you will learn in the next sections will also enable you
to do the final project which involves the making of a packaging box using
the concepts of special products.

Your goal in this section is to learn and understand key concepts of

special products.
 ACTIVITY 1. DECISION, DECISION, DECISION!

Help each person decide what to do by applying your knowledge on special

products to each given situations.

1. Jem Boy wants to make his pool rectangular in shape by increasing

its length by 2 m and decreasing its width by 2 m. Jem Boy asked your
expertise to help him decide on certain matters.

http://www.oyster.com/las-vegas/hotels/luxor-hotel-and-casino/photos/square-pool-
north-luxor-hotel-casino-v169561/#

a. What will be the new dimensions of Jem Boy’s pool be?

b. What will be the new area of Jem Boy’s pool be? What special product
will be used?

c. If Jem Boy does not want the area of his pool to decrease, will
he pursue his plan? Explain your answer.

2. Emmanuel wants to tile his rectangular floor by choosing between two

tiles, one of which is 3 dm larger than the other. Emmanuel hired your
services to help him decide which tile to use.

a. What is the area that will be covered by the small tile? bigger tile?
 b. If the rectangular floor has dimensions of 15 dm by 40 dm, how
many small tiles with side 2 dm are needed to cover it?

c. How many bigger tiles are needed to cover the rectangular floor?

d. If the smaller tile cost Php 10.00 and the bigger tile cost Php 60.00,
which tile should Emmanuel use to have a lesser expenses in tiling
his floor? Explain why.

ACTIVITY 2.MUDDIEST POINT

In this activity, you will complete the journal below.

The part of the lesson that I still find confusing is
because
.

Let us see if by doing the next activity, the muddiest point will be given
clarification.

ACTIVITY 3.BEAUTY IN MY TILE!

See different tile pattern on a building and calculate the area of the region
bounded by the broken lines, then answer the questions on it sides.
 1.

http://www.apartmenttherapy.com/tile-vault-midcentury-rec-room-39808

a. What is the area represented by the big square? small

square? rectangles?
b. What is the total area bounded by the region?
c. What special product is present in this tile design?
d. Why do you think the designer of this room designed it as such?

ANSWERS:

http://onehouseonecouple.blogzam.com/2012/03/
master-shower-tile-progress/

a. What is the area represented by the big square? small

square decoration?
b. What is the sum of all areas of small squares?
c. If the small square decorations were to remove, how are you
going to represent the area that will be left?

ANSWERS:
 Questions to Answer:

1. What difficulties did you find in doing the activity?

2. How did you use special products in this activity?

3. What new insights did you gain?

4. How can unknown quantities in geometric problems be solved?

ACTIVITY 4.WHERE IS THE PATTERN?

Take a picture/sketch a figure around you that you can see special products were
applied. Upload it on the links found below.

Paste picture here:

 Process Questions:

1. Did you find difficulty in looking for patterns where special

products were applied?

2. What special products were applied in your illustration?

3. What realization can you make in this activity?

ACTIVITY 5.IRF Worksheet

Using the “R” portion of the IRF Worksheet, answer the essential question: How
can unknown quantities in geometric problems be solved?

IRF Worksheet
Initial Answer

Revised Answer

Final Answer
END OF FIRM UP:

In this section, the discussion focused on ways in which special products

and factors could be used to solve geometric problems.

Go back to the previous section and compare your initial ideas with the
discussion. How much of your initial ideas are found in the discussion?
Which ideas are different and need revision?

Now that you know the important ideas about this topic, let us go deeper
by moving on to the next section.

Your goal in this section is to take a closer look at some aspects of the
topic.

ACTIVITY 6.The ALGEBRA in BIOLOGY

In this activity, you will learn how to make connections between algebra
and biology by studying how special products could be used in the use of
Punnett Squares. Click the link to learn more about Punnett Squares:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prkHKjfUmMs

From the video that you watched, study the illustration found below:

A pink snapdragon has two genes – one white (W) and one red (R) that
determines its color. The punnett square found below illustrates the possible
results of crossing two pink snapdragons. Since each parent snapdragon passes
along only one gene for color to an offspring and pollination is at random), the
snapdragon offspring will be approximately 25% red (RR), 50% pink (RW) and
25% white (WW).
 www.internetfamilyfun.com

R W

RR RW
R

W RW WW

Each of the two pink parent snapdragons has half red genes and half
white genes. You can model the genetic makeup of each parent as 50%R +
50%W = 0.5R + 0.5W. When the two parents are crossed, the genetic makeup of
the offspring can be modeled by the product (0.5R + 0.5W)2.

(0.5R + 0.5W)2 = (0.5R)2 + 2(0.5R)(0.5W) + (0.5W)2

= 0.25R2 + 0.5RW + 0.25W2

Thus, 25% of the offspring should be red, 50% should be pink and 25%
should be white.
Now, try solving the problem below:

In tigers, the normal color gene C, is dominant and the albino color A, is
recessive. This means that tigers whose color genes are CC, CA or AC will have
normal coloring. A tiger whose color genes are AA will be an albino. The Punnett
square at the right shows the possible results of crossing two tigers that have
recessive albino genes. What percent of the offspring of two such tigers will be
the normal color? What percent will be albino? Use the model (0.5C + 0.5A) 2 =
0.25CC + 0.5CA + 0.25AA to answer the questions.

PROCESS QUESTIONS:

1. How did this particular Biology lesson make use of Algebra?

2. What algebraic processes did you use?

 3. What insights did you find out from doing this activity?

ACTIVITY 7.The ALGEBRA in BUSINESS

In this activity, you will learn how to make connections between algebra and
business by studying how special products could be used to solve for compound
interest. Click on the links below to learn more about compound interest:
1. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DB-qoEkQGOo
2. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lSfyTzVxfMo

From the videos that you watched, study the illustration found below:

You invested P2000 in a savings account that earns interest compounded

annually at a rate of 6%. Find the savings account balance after the two-year
period.

Using the formula, A = P(1+r)t

A = 2000(1 + 0.06)2
A = 2000(1 + 0.12 + 0.0036)
A = 2000 + 2000(0.12) + 2000(0.0036)
A = P 2247.20

Questions to Answer:

1. What special product was used to derive the equation?

2. How could Algebra be used in business?

To help you see more connections, study the illustration found below:
You invested P2000 in a savings account that earns interest compounded
annually at a rate of 6%. Find the savings account balance after the three-year
period.

Using the formula, A = P(1+r)t

A = 2000(1 + 0.06)3
A = 2000(1 + 0.18 + 0.0108 + 0.000216)
A = 2000 + 2000(0.18) + 2000(0.0108) + 2000(0.00216)
A = P 2382.03

Questions to Answer:

1. What special product was used to derive the equation?

2. How is the process different from the previous illustration?

3. Did you discover an easier way to solve the problems?

4. What new insights did you learn?

Now, try solving the problem below:

You invested P10000 in a savings account that pays compound interest at

4% per annum. Find the total amount in the savings account after a period of 2
years? 3 years?
END OF DEEPEN:

In this section, the discussion was about using the concepts of special
products and factors to be able to solve problems related to Biology and
Business.

Now that you have a deeper understanding of the topic, you are ready to
do the tasks in the next section.

Your goal in this section is apply your learning to real life situations. You
will be given a practical task which will demonstrate your understanding.

ACTIVITY 8.I BRING MY TRASH HOME

Perform the activity in preparation for your final output in this module.

In response to the school’s environmental advocacy, you are required to

make cylindrical containers for your trash. This is in support of the “I
BRING MY TRASH HOME!” project of our school. You will present your
output to your homeroom adviser and it will be graded according to the
following
TASK criteria: explanation of the proposal, accuracy of computations, and
utilization of the resources and appropriateness of the models.

Questions to Answer:

1. Did you experience any difficulty in making containers for your trash?
If so, how did you overcome those difficulties?

2. How did you apply the concept of special product and factoring
in making containers?
 3. How many containers did you make?

4. What will happen if you only produce one container for your trash?

5. How does the “I bring my trash home” project of the school help
preserve the environment?

ACTIVITY 9.PACKAGING ACTIVITY

After learning special products and factoring and their varied applications
to real life situations, it is now time to showcase your learning in this module. You
will assume the role of a member of a designing team that will present in a
packaging company.

The RER packaging company is in search for the best packaging

for a new dairy product that they will introduce in the market. (R)
You are a member of the design department of RER Packaging
Company. (G) Your company is tapped to create the (P) best
packaging box using a provided square shaped material with an
area of 10 in2. (A) You are to present the design proposal for the
box
and cylinder to the Chief Executive Officer of the dairy company
TASK and head of the RER Packaging department. (S) The design
proposal is
evaluated according to the following: explanation of the proposal,
accuracy of computations, utilization of the resources and
appropriateness of the model.
 Use the rubric below as your guide in completing your final project:

CRITERIA Outstanding Satisfactory Developing Beginning RATING

4 3 2 1
Explanation of Explanations Explanations Explanations Explanations
the Proposal and and and and
(20%) presentation presentation presentation presentation
of the lay-out of the lay-out of the lay-out of the lay –out
is detailed is clear. is a little is difficult to
and clear. difficult to understand
understand and is missing
but includes several
some critical components.
components.

Accuracy of The The The The

Computations computations computations computations computations
(30%) done are done are done are done are
accurate and accurate and erroneous erroneous
show show proper and show and do not
understanding use of the incorrect use show wise
of the concepts of of the use of the
concepts of special concepts of concepts of
special products and special special
products and factoring. products and products and
factoring. factoring. factoring.
There is an
explanation
for every
computation
made.

Utilization of Resources Resources Resources Resources

Resources are efficiently are fully are utilized are not
(20%) utilized with utilized with but with a lot utilized
less than 10% less than of excess. properly.
excess. 10%-25%
excess.
Appropriateness The model is The model is The diagram The diagram
of the Model well-crafted well-crafted and model and model
(30%) and useful for and useful for are less are not useful
understanding understanding useful in in
the design the design understanding understanding
proposal. It proposal. It the design the design
showcases showcases proposal. proposal.
the desired the desired
product and is product.
artistically
done.

OVERALL
RATING
Questions to Answer:

1. How did you find the performance task?

2. How did the task help you see the real world use of the topic?

ACTIVITY 10.IRF Worksheet

Now that you have learned completed doing the various activities in the module,
using the “F” portion of the IRF Worksheet, answer the essential question: How
can unknown quantities in geometric problems be solved?

IRF Worksheet
Initial Answer

Revised Answer

Final Answer

Now, that you have completed your final project, let us now complete the
synthesis journal found below.
 ACTIVITY 11.Synthesis Journal

The unit’s lesson was on .

One key idea was
. This
is important because
. Another key idea
was . This is also
important because
. In summary, the
unit’s lesson

End of TRANSFER:

You have completed this lesson. Before you go to the next module, you
have to answer the following post-assessment.

LESSON POST-ASSESSMENT

It’s now time to evaluate your learning. Click on the letter of the answer
that you think best answers the questions. If you do not do well, you may
move on to the next lesson. If your score is not at the expected level yet,
you have to go back and take the lesson again.

1. The area of a rectangle is given by x2 – 4x – 21. Which expressions

represent the dimensions of the rectangle?
A. x – 7 and x – 3
B. x + 7 and x– 3

C. x – 21 and x + 1
D. x – 7 and x + 3
 2. You deposit P1000 in a savings account that has an annual interest rate r.
At the end of three years, the value of your account will be 1000(1 + r)3
pesos. Find the amount of money in the account if the interest rate is 3%.
A. P1092.73
B. P3090.00
C. P2060.00
D. P2197.00

3. A square piece of land was rewarded by a master to his servant. They

agreed that a portion of it, represented by the rectangle inside, should be
used to construct a grotto. Find the area of the land that is available for

other uses.
A. 4x2 – 9
B. 4x2 + x + 9
C. 4x2 – 8x – 9
D. 4x2 + 9

4. Your sister wants to enlarge her closet that has an area of (x2 + 3x + 2) ft2.
The length is (x + 2) ft. After construction, the area will be (x2 + 8x + 15) ft2
with a length of (x + 3) ft. By how many feet will the length and the width
increase after construction?
A. The length will increase by four feet and the width will increase by one
feet.
B. The length will increase by one foot but the width will remain the same.
C. The length and the width will increase by two feet each.
D. The length will increase by one foot and the width will increase by four
feet.

5. When your long test papers were returned by your Math teacher, your
classmate approached you to check the item in the test found below where
he made a mistake.

Factor the polynomial completely.

x2 – 8x + 16 – 36y4
= (x2 – 8x) + (16 – 36y4)
= x(x – 8) + 4(4 – 9y4)
= prime
Your classmate asked you to explain why his solution was marked wrong
by the teacher. How would you explain to him the correct way of factoring?
A. The choice of grouping is wrong. The first three terms should be
grouped to form a perfect square trinomial and if combined with the
last term will form a difference of two squares.
B. The choice of grouping is wrong. The first and third terms must be
grouped and the second and fourth terms. The second and fourth
terms have a greatest common factor.
C. The choice of grouping is wrong. The first and the last terms must be
grouped and the second and third terms. The first and last terms form
a difference of two squares. The second and third terms have a
greatest common factor.
D. The choice of grouping is correct. The factoring in the third step is not
completed. There is still a difference of two squares.
MODULE: POST-ASSESSEMENT

It’s now time to evaluate your learning. Click on the letter of the answer
that you think best answers the questions. If you do not do well, you may
move on to the next lesson. If your score is not at the expected level yet,
you have to go back and take the module again.

1. Which statement is true?

A. The square of a binomial is also a binomial.
B. The product of a sum and difference of two terms is a binomial.
C. The product of a binomial and a trinomial is the square of a trinomial.
D. The terms of the cube of a binomial are all positive.

2. Which of the following is NOT a difference of two squares?

1
A. x4 – 1
4
B. x2 – 0.0001y4
C. 1.6(x – 1)2 – 49
D. (x + 1)4 – 4x6

3. Which of the following can be

factored? A. 0.08x3 – 27y3
B. 1.44(x2 + 1) – 0.09
C. 24xy(x – y) + 5 (x + y)
D. 0.027(x2 + 1)3 – 8

4. A polynomial expression is evaluated for the x- and y-values shown in the

table below. Which expression was evaluated to give the values shown in
the third column?
x y Value of the
Expression
0 0 0
-1 -1 0
1 1 0
1 -1 4

A. x2 - y2
B. x2 + 2xy + y2
C. x2 – 2xy + y2
D. x3 – y3

5. Evaluate: 993 + 3(99)2 + 3(99) + 1.

A. 1,000,001
B. 1,000,000
 C. 999,999
D. 999,991

6. The length of a box is five inches less than twice the width. The height is 4
inches more than three times the width. The box has a volume of 520 cubic
inches. Which of the following equations can be used to find the height of
the box?
A. W(2L – 5) (3H + 4) = 520
B. W(2W + 5) (3W – 4) = 520
C. W(2W – 5) (3W – 4) = 520
D. W(2W – 5) (3W + 4) = 520

2
7. One of the factors of 2a + 5a – 12 is a + 4. Which is the other factor?
A. 2a – 3
B. 2a + 3
C. 2a – 8
D. 2a + 8

8. Factor completely: 3s2 – 48

A. 3(s2 – 16)
B. 3(s2 – 4)(s2 + 4)
C. 3(s – 4)(s + 4)
D. 3 (s – 2)(s + 2)(s + 4)

9. The side of a square is x cm long. The length of a rectangle is 5 cm longer

than a side of this square and the width is 5 cm shorter. Which statement is
true?
A. The area of the square is greater than the area of the rectangle.
B. The area of the square is less than the area of the rectangle.
C. The area of the square is equal to the area of the rectangle.
D. The relationship cannot be determined from the given information.

10. A square piece of land was rewarded by a master to his servant. They
agreed that a portion of it, represented by the rectangle inside, should be
used to construct a grotto. How large is the area of the land that is available
for the other uses?

A. 4x2 – 9
B. 4x2 + x + 9
C. 4x2 – 8x – 9
D. 4x2 + 9
11. Which of the following values will make the largest area of the square with a
side of 3x + 2?
3
A. -
4

B. 0.4

1
C.
3

D. -0.15

12. Which strategy could not be used to solve for the area of the figure below?

2x + 6 x+8

2x

A.
1
A = 2x(2x + 6) + (2x)(x + 8)
2
A = 4x 2 + 12x + x 2 +
8x A = 5x 2 + 20x
B. 1
A = 2x(3x + 14) - 2 ( )(x)(x + 8)
2
A = 6x 2 + 28x - x 2 -
8x A = 5x 2 + 20x

C. 1
A =[2x(2x + 6)+(x + 8)(2x)]- 2( )(x)(x + 8)
2
A = [(4x2 +12x) +(2x2 +16x) - (x2 +
8x) A = 6x2 + 28x - x2 - 8x
A = 5x2 + 20x

D. 1
A = 2x(2x + 6) +( )(2 + x)(x
2
+ 8) A = 4x +12x + x2 + 8x
2

A = 5x2 + 20x
13. In your quiz, you were asked to square (2x – 3). Your classmate answered
4x2 – 9. Is your classmate’s answer correct?
A. Yes, because squaring a binomial always produces a binomial product.
B. Yes, because product rule is correctly applied.
C. No, because squaring a binomial always produces a trinomial product.
D. No, because the answer must be 4x2 + 9.

14. Expression A: 4x2 - 81

Expression B: (2x-9)(2x+9)
If x = 2, which statement is true about the given expressions?

A. The value of expression A is greater.

B. The value of the expression B is greater.
C. The values of the two expressions are equal.
D. The relationship cannot be determined from the given information.

15. Your sister plans to remodel her closet. She hired a carpenter to do the
task. What could be the best way that your sister can do so that the
carpenter can do the task according to what she wants to happen?
A. Show a replica of a closet.
B. Download a picture from the internet.
C. Leave everything to the carpenter.
D. Provide the lay out drawn to scale.

16. Which of the following standards would best apply in checking

the carpenter’s work?
A. accuracy of measurements and wise utilization of materials
B. accuracy of measurements and workmanship
C. workmanship and artistic design
D. workmanship and wise utilization of materials

For 17 – 18 use the problem below.

Your dad decided to fence the rectangular garden with an area of (x 2

+ 13x + 42) ft2. The width is (x + 6) ft. and the cost of fencing is P100/ft.

17. How much will you spend if you want to surround the garden with fence if x
= 5?
A. P13,200
B. P4,600
C. P1,840
D. P5,280
18. If the cost of fertilizer is P40.00/ft2, how much will you then spend if you
want to fertilize the entire garden?
A. P13,200
B. P4,600
C. P1,840
D. P5,280

For 19 – 20, use the information below.

19. A factory makes rectangular cartons for its flower vases. If the volume of
each carton is given by V = y3 + 14y2 + 48y, which are the possible
dimensions of the carton?
A. (y2 + 8) (y + 6)
B. y (y + 16) (y + 3)
C. y (y + 12) (y + 4)
D. y (y + 6)(y + 8)

20. Based from your answer in the previous number, which are the
dimensions of the carton if y = 4?
A. 4 x 24 x 10
B. 4 x 20 x 7
C. 4 x 10 x 12
D. 4 x 16 x 8
GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN THIS LESSON:

AREA – the amount of surface contained by a figure

COMPOSITE FIGURE – a figure that is made from two or more geometric

figures

FACTOR – an exact divisor of a number.

GEOMETRY – the branch of mathematics that deals with the nature of space
and the size, shape, and other properties of figures as well as the
transformations that preserve these properties

PATTERN – constitutes a set of numbers or objects in which all the members are
related with each other by a specific rule

PERIMETER – the distance around a polygon

PRODUCT – the answer in a multiplication equation

SCALE DRAWING – a reduced or enlarged drawing whose shape is the same as

an actual object that it represents

VOLUME – the measure of space occupied by a solid body

REFERENCES AND WEBSITE LINKS USED IN THIS LESSON:

BOOKS

Bautista, Evangeline P. Experiencing Mathematics Series: Intermediate Algebra.

Quezon City: Vibal Publishing House, Inc., 2008. Print.

Bellman, Allan. Algebra: Tools for a Changing World. Philippines: C and E

Publishing House, 2005. Print.

Chua, Simon L, et al. Soaring 21st Century Mathematics. Philippines: Phoenix

Publishing House, 2009, Print.

Demana, Franklin, et. al. Intemediate Algebra: A Graphing Approach. United

States: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. , 1994. Print.

Larson, Roland E., et al. Course One: Integrating Algebra, Data Analysis,
Functions, Geometry. United States: D.C. Heath and Company, 1999. Print.
Lial, Margaret L. Beginning Algebra, Ninth Edition. United States: Addison
Wesley. 2004. Print.

Nocon, Rizaldi C. Math for Engaged Learning: Intermediate Algebra. Quezon

City: SIBS Publishing, 2011. Print.

Oronce, Orlando A. and Mendoza, Marilyn O. E-math: Intemediate Algebra.

Manila: Rex Publishing House, 2010. Print.

IMAGES

LESSON 1: SPECIAL PRODUCTS

www.rotarygardens.org
www.flickr.com
www.susancohangardens.com
www.alibaba.com

LESSON 2: FACTORING
http://www.treehugger.com/corporate-responsibility/cadburys-dairy-milk-
chocolate-bar-goes-fairtrade.html
http://www.crewtonramoneshouseofmath.com/factoring-polynomials.html

LESSON 3: APPLICATIONS
www.edgw365.com
http://www.oyster.com/las-vegas/hotels/luxor-hotel-and-casino/photos/square-
pool-north-luxor-hotel-casino-v169561/#
http://www.apartmenttherapy.com/tile-vault-midcentury-rec-room-39808
http://onehouseonecouple.blogzam.com/2012/03/master-shower-tile-progress/
www.internetfamilyfun.com

WEBSITES

Lesson 1: SPECIAL PRODUCTS

SPECIAL PRODUCTS

http://konigcruz.wikispaces.com/file/view/Special+Products.pdf
SQUARING TRINOMIALS

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-_8DFxTl0Ls.
MULTIPLICATION and SPECIAL PRODUCTS

http://hanlonmath.com/pdfFiles/199.SpecialProductsBH.pdf
DRAG and DROP

http://www.media.pearson.com.au/schools/cw/au_sch_bull_gm12_1/dnd/2_spec.
html.
GEOMETRIC PROBLEMS
http://www.qub.ac.uk/keyskills/WN/Numeracyperimeter.html
AREA OF COMPOSITE FIGURES

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9HE3kfu8K1I.
SCALE DRAWING

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u5LaVILWzx8
MODEL MAKING

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=er2-q86kJ9s

LESSON 2: FACTORING
COMMON MONOMIAL FACTOR

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3RJlPvX-3vg
FACTORING TRINOMIALS

http://www.onlinemathlearning.com/algebra-factoring-2.html
FACTORING DIFFERENCE OF TWO SQUARES

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VpoI-yyi43c&feature=related
FACTORING SUM AND DIFFERENCE OF TWO CUBES

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8c7B-UaKl0U
FACTORING BY GROUPING

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-hiGJwMNNsM
FACTORING EXERCISES

http://www.khanacademy.org/math/algebra/polynomials/e/factoring_polynomials_
1
FACTORING USING TILES
www.allenteachers.com/resources/algebra-tiles/
http://illuminations.nctm.org/ActivityDetail.aspx?ID=216

FACTORING EXERCISES
http://www.wtamu.edu/anns/mps/math/mathlab/int_algebra/int_alg_tut29_specfa
ct.htm

LESSON 3: APPLICATIONS
THE ALGEBRA IN BIOLOGY
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prkHKjfUmMs

THE ALGEBRA IN BUSINESS

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DB-qoEkQGOo
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lSfyTzVxfMo
 Lesson 2: Rational Algebraic Expressions

INTRODUCTION AND FOCUS QUESTION(S):

a polynomial is divided by another polynomial? What will you do if the polynomial involves zero and ne

o answer the question,

LESSON COVERAGE:
In this lesson, you will examine this question when you take the
following topics:
2.1 – Rational Algebraic Expression
2.2 – Operations on Rational Algebraic Expressions
2.3 – Applications of Rational Algebraic Expressions

In these topics, you will learn the following:

 Describe and illustrate rational
2.1 algebraic expressions.
 Interpret zero and negative exponents.
 Evaluate algebraic expressions involving
integral exponents.
 Simplify rational algebraic expressions.
 Multiply, divide, add and subtract rational
2.2 algebraic expressions.
 Simplify complex fractions.
 Solve rational equations.
2.3  Solve problems involving rational
algebraic expressions.
 LESSON MAP:
Here is a simple map of the above topics you will cover:

EXPECTED SKILLS:
To do well in this lesson, you need to remember and do the following:
1. Follow the instructions provided for each activity.
2. Review and evaluate your work using the rubric provided
before submission.
3. Complete all exercises.
4. Be mindful of the meaning of unfamiliar words you encounter in this
module. A glossary of terms is provided in the last part of this
module.
5. Maximize the use of online resources in each lesson. Online
resources can be accessed multiple times. The summary of online
resources is provided in the end of the module.
 PRE-ASSESSMENT:

Let’s find out how much you already know about this module. Answer the pre-test below.

Click on the letter that you think best answers the question. Please answer all
items. After taking this short test, you will see your score. Take note of the items
that you were not able to correctly answer and look for the right answer as you
go through this module.

1. The following are rational numbers except .

A. – 14
B. 36
C.
D.

2. The expression can be simplified like this: . What math

principle was applied?
A. Definition of exponents
B. Division of real numbers
C. Quotient Law of exponents
D. Subtraction of exponents

3. To find the speed of a car, use the expression where d represents the
distance and t represents time. Find the speed of a car that travels
from Baguio to Manila in 6 hours and covered a total distance of 200
kilometers.
A. 0.03 km per hour
B. 3 km per hour
C. 33 km per hour
D. 33.33 km per hour

4. What value/s of k will make the undefined?

A. k = 0

B. k =
C. k = 25
D. k = 5 and k = – 5
5. In the rectangle below, what is the length if the width is 2k?

Area = 10k2 – 8k

A. 5k + 4k
B. 5k – 4k
C. 5k + 4
D. 5k – 4

6. When asked to simplify the fraction , Jerry just cancelled 6 in both

numerator and denominator and said that the simplest form is . Is
Jerry correct?
A. Yes, he is correct.
B. No. Since both 6 in the numerator and denominator are
cancelled, the final answer is 8.
C. No. = . Therefore, the correct answer is .

D. No. = = . Therefore, the correct answer .

7. What is the sum of and ?

A.

B.

C.
D. 9

8. When is divided by what will be the quotient?

A.
B.
C.
D.

9. The triangle below has a height that measures cm and a base of cm.
What is the area of 10 similar triangles with the one below?
 A. cm2

B. cm2

C. cm2
D. cm2

10. If A = and B = , what is A – B.

A.
B.
C. x+
6
D. x+
2

11. What is the simplified form of ?

A. 1
B. y
C.
D.

12. If P = ; Q = ; R = ; and S = , then what is the equivalent value of ?

A. – 3
B. 3
C.
D.

6 2 4
13. What is the solution of the equation   ?
x 3 x
A. 15 C. -15
B. 3 D. 6

6 x
14. What are all the solutions of the equation  ?
x7 2
A. 3,4
B. -3
C. – 4, - 3
D. – 3, 4
15. If the same number is added to both the numerator and denominator of
the fraction 3/5, the result is 4/5. Find the number.
A. 3
B. 4
C. 5
D. 6

16. Ann takes 2 hours to plant 50 flower bulbs. Cesar takes 3 hours to plant
45 flower bulbs. Working together, how long should it take them to plant
150 bulbs?
A. 3.75 hours
B. 3 hours
C. 2 hours
D. 4.25 hours

17. James and John are planning to paint a house together. John thinks that
if he worked alone, it would take him 3 times as long as it would take Joe
to paint the entire house. Working together, they can complete the job in
24 hours. How long would it take each of them, working alone, to
complete the job?
A. James = 30 hours; John = 90 hours
B. James = 24 hours; John = 72 hours
C. James = 16 hours; John = 48 hours
D. James = 32 hours; John = 96 hours

18.A A water tank has two outlet pipes. When the first pipe is left open, it
takes 4 hours to drain the tank while if only the second pipe is open, it
takes 6 hours to drain. How long should it take to drain the tank if both
pipes are left open simultaneously?
A. 1.5 hours C. 2.4 hours
B. 3 hours D. 3.25 hours

19. The formula 1/t = 1/A + 1/B gives the total time (t) for some job to be done
by workers (A and B). If the total time necessary for worker A and worker
B to do a particular job is 6 hours, and the individual time for worker A is
10 hours, what is the time for worker B?

A. 7 hrs
B. 12 hr.
C. 15 hrs
D. 18 hrs

20. With spraying equipment, Mateo can paint the woodwork in a small house
in 8 hr. His assistant, Chet, need 14 hr. to complete the same job painting
by hand. If Mateo and Chet work together, how long will it take them to
paint the woodwork?

A. 5 1/11 hrs
B. 5 hrs
C. 6 hrs
D. 11 hrs
 LESSON 2: RATIONAL ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS

INTRODUCTION AND FOCUS QUESTION(S):

olynomial divided by another polynomial? What will you do if the polynomial involves zero and negativ

le to answer the question,

LESSON COVERAGE:
In this lesson, you will examine this question when you take the
following topics:
2.1 – Definition of Rational Algebraic Expressions
2.2 – Zero and Negative Exponents
2.3 – Evaluation of Rational Algebraic Expressions
2.4 – Simplification of Rational Algebraic Expressions

In these topics, you will learn the following:

2.1  scribe and illustrate rational algebraic
De expressions.
2.2  terpret zero and negative exponents.
In
2.3  aluate algebraic expressions involving integral
Ev exponents.
2.4  plify rational algebraic expressions.
Sim
 MODULE MAP:
Here is a simple map of the above lesson you will cover:

EXPECTED SKILLS:
To do well in this lesson, you need to remember and do the following:
1. Follow the instructions provided for each activity.
2. Review and evaluate your work using the rubric provided
before submission.
3. Complete all activities and exercises.
4. Be mindful of the meaning of unfamiliar words you encounter in this
module. A glossary of terms is provided in the last part of this
module.
5. Maximize the use of online resources in each lesson. Online
resources can be accessed multiple times. The summary of online
resources is provided in the end of the module.
 Let’s start the module by exploring activities related to work.

ACTIVITY 1. HOW FAST

DESCRIPTION: When you printed your 30 – page research paper, you

observed that the printer A in the Internet shop finished printing in 2
minutes. How long will it take printer A to print 150 pages? How long
will it take printer A to print p pages? If printer B can print x pages per
minute, how long will it take to print p pages?

ACTIVITY 2.KWLH CHART

DESCRIPTION: Write your ideas on Rational Algebraic Expressions. Fill

– in the first two columns. You will revisit and complete this chart in
the end of the lesson. When you’re done, click “SAVE”.

Rational Algebraic Expressions

What I Know What I Want What I How Can I
to Find Out Learned Learn More

PROCESS QUESTIONS:
1. How did you determine the number of pages that can be
printed by each printer? What operation is involved?
2. What can you recall about rational numbers?
 3. How can rate – related problems be solved?

now find out what the answer is by doing the next part. What you learn in the next sections will also e

Your goal in this section is to learn and understand key concepts about rational algebraic expression

In Activity 1, to find out how long Printer A can print 150 pages,
determine first the rate of the printer. The rate of the printer is the
number of pages printed per minute (ppm).

So, Therefore, Printer A can print 15 pages per

minutes. If it will print 150 pages, then it will take
If there will be p pages, then it will take .

On the other hand, Printer B will take to print p pages.

What type of numbers are and ?

Yes, they are fractions or rational numbers. Fractions are produced by

dividing an integer by another integer.

How about and ? What are they called?

Yes, they are called algebraic expressions. They are similar to fractions
since they have a numerator and a denominator. Did you notice that
the numerators and denominators are polynomials? Thus, specifically,
they are called algebraic fractions or rational algebraic
expressions or simply rational expressions.

Definition: A rational expression is an expression in the

form where P and Q are polynomials and Q 0.
 ACTIVITY 3.IS IT OR IS IT NOT?

DESCRIPTION: Determine whether the expression is a rational

expression or not. If it is, drag and drop the expression under
Rational Expressions; otherwise, drag and drop under Not Rational
Expressions. When you’re done, click “SUBMIT”.
Rational Expressions Not Rational Expressions

PROCESS QUESTIONS:

1. What is your basis in identifying rational expressions from non –

rational expressions?
2. Why do you think the denominator in a rational
expression should not be zero?
3. What is the meaning of a negative exponent?

Recall that an exponent is a positive number or symbol that tells how

many times the base is used as a factor.

Let’s do it: What is the meaning of the following?

1.
2.
3.
4.

Solution:
1.
2.
3.
4. means p is multiplied to itself m times
If , how about ? Does it mean 5 is used as a factor
negative three times? What will be the expanded form?

Recall that in the quotient law of exponents,

.

Let’s do it: Simplify using the Quotient Law. Verify by expansion.

1. 2. 3. 4.

Solution:
1.

2. What is the meaning of

Therefore,

3. What is the meaning of

Therefore,

4. What is the meaning of

Therefore,

Notice that if the exponent m>n, then m – n is positive (item 1).

However, when m<n, m – n is negative (items 2 and 3) and when
m = n, then m – n is zero (item 4).

Note: is not 1 but instead “indeterminate”.

 ACTIVITY 4.WHO’S RIGHT?

DESCRIPTION: John and Kelly were asked to simplify . There

solutions are below together with their explanation.

John’s Solution Kelly’s Solution

I used the quotient law of

exponents. I made the negative exponent
positive first. Then I multiplied
the reciprocal of the denominator
with the numerator.

Who is right? Write your explanation then click “SUBMIT”.

ACTIVITY 5.MATCHED!

DESCRIPTION: Determine how each rational expression will be

simplified through the quotient law and then determine the simplified
form. Just drag and drop the expressions under the right places. When
you’re done, click “SUBMIT”.

Rational Using the quotient Final

Expression law answer
1.
 2.

3.

4.

ACTIVITY 6.ONLINE ACTIVITY 1

DESCRIPTION: Click the hyperlink below to open the website.

Rational Expressions
http://www.shmoop.com/polynomial-division-rational-
expressions/rational.html
The article on this website is about rational expressions. At the last
part of the article are some examples and non – examples of rational
expressions. Re-evaluate your answers in Activity 3.
 PROCESS QUESTIONS:
1. What do you need to remember when dealing with
negative exponents?
2. Why is there a need to simplify negative exponents?
3. Do you have a shorter way to simplify expressions with
negative exponents? Explain.
4. How can rate – related problems be solved?

Evaluation of Rational Expressions

ACTIVITY 7.SWIM PENGUIN SWIM

DESCRIPTION: A Gentoo penguin can swim at a rate of 17 miles per hour.

How many hours will it take a penguin to swim a distance of
a) 51 miles? hours
b) 136 km? hours

Use the expression , where d represents distance and r represents rate.

Write your answer in the blank. Then, click “SOLUTION” to display the
complete solution.
SOLUTION

a)
b) Convert first 156 km to miles. 1 mile = 1.6 km;
So, (136km)
 PROCESS QUESTIONS:

1. What did you do to the assigned values of d and r?

2. What does it mean to evaluate rational expressions?
3. What are the steps in evaluating rational expressions?

When a number is substituted for the variable in a rational expression,

the rational expression takes a numerical value. Finding the value is
called evaluating the rational expression.

There are two steps involved in evaluating a rational expression:

1. Replace the variable by the given value; and
2. Perform the indicated operations.

Let’s do it. Evaluate the rational expression for

a. y = 5 b. y = 100
Solution:
a. b.

Let’s do it. Evaluate the rational expression for

a. m = 4 b. m = 8
Solution:
a. b.

Let’s do it. Evaluate the rational expression for

a. p = 3 b. p = 3
Solution:
a. b.

Can you remember the definition of a rational expression?

It says that the denominator must not be equal to zero because
any number or expression divided by zero is undefined. Therefore,
values that will make the denominator zero must be avoided. In the
example above, 3 and 3 should not be used to evaluate the rational
expression because in both cases, the expression will
be undefined.

Developed by the Private Education Assistance Committee 107

under the GASTPE Program of the Department of Education
Note: is not called as undefined but instead “indeterminate”.

Let’s do it. Find the value/s for x for which each rational expression is
undefined.
a. b.

Solution:
a.
Identify the value of the variable that will make the denominator
zero. The rational expression is undefined for because
the expression becomes . Thus, any number may be used

to replace x in except 4.

b. To find the value/s of x that will make the denominator zero:

1) Equate the
denominator to
zero
2) Factor the
denominator.
3) Find the value
that will make each
factor equal to zero.
Thus, the expression is undefined for x = 4 and x= 5. You
can of course verify this by evaluating the denominator using
the values of x.

Developed by the Private Education Assistance Committee 108

under the GASTPE Program of the Department of Education
 ACTIVITY 8.ONLINE ACTIVITY 2

DESCRIPTION: Open the following websites about evaluating rational

expressions.

Evaluating Rational Expressions

http://www.shmoop.com/polynomial-division-rational-
expressions/evaluating.html
This website provides a step by step guide in evaluating rational
expressions.

Evaluating Rational Expressions

http://www.teacherweb.com/NY/Arlington/AlgebraProject/U7L1Evaluat
ingRationalExpressions.pdf
This website has a detailed explanation and varied activities for
evaluating rational expressions. Practice by answering the activities.

Evaluating Rational Expressions and finding restrictions

http://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/elementary-
algebra/section_10_01.html
This is a website that provides examples for both evaluating and
finding the restrictions for a rational expression.

Evaluating Rational Expressions and finding restrictions

http://www.openalgebra.com/2012/11/simplifying-rational-
expressions.html
This is another website provide that shows examples for both
evaluating and finding the restrictions for a rational expression.
ACTIVITY 9. FIND ME

DESCRIPTION: Answer the following. When you’re done, click “SUBMIT”.

Click “ANSWERS” to show the answers.

For items 1 – 2, find the value of the rational expressions for

a) m = 3 b) m = –2 c) m =
1.

a) b) c)

2.

a) b) c)

For items 3 – 5, find the value of the following.

3. The ratio of one side to the perimeter of the equilateral triangle if m = 6.

3
Answer:

4. The length of the rectangle if x = 4.

Area �
width � x� Answer:

5. The area of the base of the prism if s = 5 meters.

V�s2 – 9 height � s – Answer:

For items 6 – 10, find the value of the variable in which the rational expression is
undefined.

6. 9.

7. 10.
8.
Developed by the Private Education Assistance Committee 110
under the GASTPE Program of the Department of Education
 PROCESS QUESTIONS:
1. What does it mean to “evaluate rational expressions”?
2. are the steps in evaluating a rational expression?
3. Why is it that any number that will make the rational
expression be avoided?
4. How can rate – related problems be solved?

ero and negative exponents and evaluating rational expressions.

are your initial ideas with the discussion. How much of your initial ideas are found in the discussion? W

Now that you know the important ideas about rational expressions,
let’s go deeper by moving on to the next section.

Your goal in this section is to take a closer look at some aspects of simplifying rational ex ressions.

Developed by the Private Education Assistance Committee 111

under the GASTPE Program of the Department of Education
 ACTIVITY 10.IRF WORKSHEET

DESCRIPTION: Complete the first part of the Initial Answer section of

the worksheet below. You will revisit this worksheet as you progress in
this topic. Click “SAVE” when you’re done.

Initial Answer
To simplify a rational expression,

.
A rational expression is in simplest form if

.
Revised Answer
Final Answer

ACTIVITY 11.

ACTIVITY 12.FRACTIONS SIMPLIFIED

DESCRIPTION: Complete the factors ( ) then write the fraction in

simplest form . When you’re done, click “SAVE” then click

“ANSWERS” to show the answer for each item. Compare your answers.

1.

2.

3.
4.
 PROCESS QUESTIONS:
1. What are the steps in simplifying fractions?
2. When can you say that a fraction is in simplest form?
3. How are rational expressions simplified?

Simplification of Rational Expressions

In the activity FRACTIONS SIMPLIFIED, the first step is to factor both
numerator and denominator. Then, divide any common factors.
Simplifying rational expressions is similar to simplifying fractions. The
steps you need to remember to simplify a rational expression to lowest
term are:
1. Factor the numerator and denominator completely.
2. Divide (cancel) any common factors.

Let’s do it. Reduce to lowest terms.

a.

b.

c.
Solution:
Factor the numerator and denominator
a. then divide.
Simplify negative exponents. Factor the numerator and denominator then divide.
b.

c.

Simplify all negative exponents. Take note

that m0�1.Factor the numerator and
denominator then divide.
Avoid leaving a negative number in the denominator. In letter c, after
dividing common factors, what is left is which is not considered
to

be in simplest form. To simplify, write as or . This is

because the fraction
Can you still recall about factoring polynomials in module 1? You will
use factoring polynomials to simplify rational expressions.

Let’s do it. Reduce to lowest terms.

a. b. c.

Solution:

a. Factor the numerator and denominator

completely. Divide common factors.

b. Factor the numerator and

denominator completely. Divide
common factors.

c.

Factor the numerator and denominator completely. Divide common factors.

,, were not
In letter c, observe that in
divided directly because they are not similar factors. was
factored as since Then

Let’s do it. Which of the following expression is equal to – 1?

a. b. c.

Solution:
The rational expression in (a) is already in simplest form. Take note,
you can only divide (cancel) common factors.

The rational expression in (c) is equal to 1 since

The rational expression in (b) is equal to – 1 since
 ACTIVITY 13.SIMPLIFIED – 1

DESCRIPTION: Evaluate the following rational expressions. Observe

the resulting value. Let a = 2; b = 5. When you’re done, click
“SUBMIT” then click “ANSWERS” to show the answers.

1. 1.

2. 2.

3. 3.

4.

4. 5.

5.

Therefore the value of a rational expression is – 1 if

PROCESS QUESTIONS:
1. What is your observation?
2. When is a rational expression equal to – 1?
3. When can you say that a rational expression is in simplest form?
The value of a rational expression is – 1 only when the factor in the
numerator and the factor in the denominator are exactly opposite in
sign.
In symbols, for all monomials a and b where a ≠ b, .

ACTIVITY 14.1 ONLY

DESCRIPTION: Determine which of the following rational expressions

is equal to – 1. Just drag and drop the expressions. When you’re done,
click “SUBMIT”.

Equal to – 1 Not Equal to – 1

 ACTIVITY 15.IRF WORKSHEET

DESCRIPTION: Complete the Revised Answer part of the worksheet

below. You will revisit this worksheet again for your final thoughts.
Click “SAVE” when you’re done.

Initial Answer

Revised Answer
To simplify a rational expression,

.
A rational expression is in simplest form if

.
Final Answer

PROCESS QUESTIONS:
1. What is common among rational expressions that are equal to
– 1?
2. What made you revised your initial ideas?
3. Why is there a need to simplify rational expressions?
In simplifying rational expressions, factoring the numerator and
denominator completely, and dividing common factors are the basic
steps. However, as you have encountered in this lesson, simplifying
does not only involve the two steps.

You should know how to perform the different operations following the
order of operations (PEMDAS). Rational expressions involve also
exponents and when dealing with exponents, you should know how to
expand as well as interpret the meaning of zero and negative
exponents.

Based again on the definition, a rational expression is a ratio of two

polynomials, so don’t be surprised that the skills you learned with
polynomials, like factoring, special products, and operations on
polynomials are very helpful in simplifying rational expressions.

Let’s do it. Simplify the following.

a. b.

Solution:

a. Apply the Distributive Property then

combine similar terms if possible.

Factor the numerator and

denominator completely then divide.

Apply the Distributive Property then

combine similar terms if possible.

b. Factor the numerator and

denominator completely then divide.
=
 ACTIVITY 16.ONLINE ACTIVITY 3

DESCRIPTION: Check out the following websites about simplifying

rational expressions.

Simplifying Mixed Exponential Expressions http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=guqtvxoj8a0
The video is about simplifying expressions by using the laws of
exponents.

Simplifying Rational Expressions

http://www.onlinemathlearning.com/simplify-rational-expressions.html
The website shows some examples of simplifying rational expressions.
It also has videos about simplifying rational expressions.

Rational Expressions
http://www.cpm.org/pdfs/skillBuilders/GC/GC_Extra_Practice_Section
30.pdf
The website has a detailed explanation of simplifying rational
expressions. There are also a lot rational expressions you can practice
to simplify then compare with answers provided.

ACTIVITY 17.WHERE DID I GO WRONG?

DESCRIPTION: Paula simplified a rational expression below. Brenda,

her classmate said, it was wrong. Can you explain why?
Click “SUBMIT” when you’re done.

Paula is wrong because

 PROCESS QUESTIONS:
1. What makes the solution of Paula wrong?
2. What could have been the correct answer?
3. In reducing/simplifying rational expressions, what can
be divided, common factors or common terms? Explain.
4. Why is there a need to simplify rational expressions?

ACTIVITY 18.IT’S NOT SO SIMPLE

DESCRIPTION: John was asked to evaluate and simplify the

rational expressions below. Describe and correct the error in
simplifying the rational expression or in stating the excluded
values.

Solution: Solution:

The excluded value is – 2 and 5.

The excluded value is 4.

Watch the video about rational expression: writing in lowest terms, by

clicking:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x6XyP2_RfA4
Then revisit your answer in the activity above.

PROCESS QUESTIONS:
1. What is the error committed by John in number 1?
2. When finding the excluded values, is there a need to simplify
the rational expression?
3. What is the error committed by John in number 2?
4. What can be divided, common factors or common terms?
5. What is the difference of evaluating rational expressions
and simplifying rational expressions?
 ACTIVITY 19.LET’S MAKE IT SIMPLE

DESCRIPTION: Simplify each rational expression.

1. 6.

2. 7.

3. 8.

4.
9.

5.
10.

Write and simplify a rational expression for the ratio of the perimeter

of the given figure to its area;

11. Square 12. Rectangle 13. Triangle

2k�6
6x 2m

2k
m�6
2k�3
Solve the following problems.
14. A train travels mi in hours. Find the speed (rate).
Use the formula: .

15. A machine has a work output of and a work input

of . What is the efficiency of the machine?

16. The perimeter of a hexagon is feet. The perimeter of a

triangle is feet. Find the ratio of the perimeter of the
hexagon to the perimeter of the triangle.
 PROCESS QUESTIONS:
1. What does it mean to simplify rational expressions?
2. In what ways rational expressions be used in real – life?
3. How can rate – related problems be solved?

of DEEPEN:
s section, the discussion was about simplifying rational expressions.

new realizations do you have about rational expressions? What new connections have you made for y

ACTIVITY 20.IRF WORKSHEET

DESCRIPTION: Complete the Final Answer of the worksheet below.

Click “SUBMIT” when you’re done.
Initial Answer

Revised Answer

Final Answer
To simplify a rational expression,

.
A rational expression is in simplest form if

.
 Now that you have a deeper understanding of rational expressions,
you are ready to do the tasks in the next section.

tion is apply your learning to real life situations. You will be given a practical task which will demonstr

You might have noticed that the repeating question after each topic is
“How can rate – related problems be solved?” Well, the case in Activity
1. is a rate – related problem. Now, let’s solve more rate – related
problems, particularly work problems. Pay attention on how the
problems are solved.

Work problems are one of the rate – related problems and usually deal
with persons or machines working at different rates or speed. The first
step in solving these problems involves determining how much of the
work an individual or machine can do in a given unit of time called the
rate.

Let’s do it.
a. A painter can paint the wall in 4 hours. What part of the wall
is painted in 3 hours?

Solution:
Since the painter can paint the wall in 4 hours, then in 1
hour the painter can paint of the wall. The painter’s rate of
work is of the wall each hour. The rate of work is the part of a
task that is completed in 1 unit of time.

Therefore, in 3 hours, the painter will be able to paint

of the wall.
 You can also solve the problem by using a table. Examine
the table below.

Rate of work Time worked Work done

(wall painted per hour) (Wall painted)
1 hour

2 hours

3 hours

You can also illustrate the problem.

So after 3 hours, the
painter only finished
painting of the wall.

b. Pipe A can fill a tank in 30 minutes. Pipe B can fill the tank in
minutes. What part of the tank is filled if either of the pipes
are opened in twenty minutes?

Solution:

Pipe A fills of the tank in 1 minute. Therefore, the rate is

of the tank per minute. So after 20 minutes,

of the tank is full.

Pipe B fills of the tank in x minutes. Therefore, the rate is

of the tank per minute. So after x minutes,

of the tank is full.
In summary, the basic equation that is used to solve work problem is:

Rate of work time worked = work

done. r t =w

ACTIVITY 21.LET’S WORK IT OUT

DESCRIPTION: The AEA Printing Press has two photocopying

machines. M1 can print a box of booklets in 5 hours while M2 can
print a box of booklets in hours.
a. How many boxes of booklets are printed by M1 in 10 hours?
In 25 hours? in 65 hours?
b. How many boxes of booklets can M2 print in 10 hours?
in hours? in hours?

Follow the steps below:

For M1:
1. What is the rate of M1? The rate is the number of boxes
of booklets printed per hour.
2. To get the number of boxes in 10 hours:
a. Multiply the rate with 10.
b. Simplify the expression. That’s the number of boxes.
3. To get the number of boxes in 25 hours:
a. Multiply the rate with 25.
b. Simplify the expression. That’s the number of boxes.
4. To get the number of boxes in 65 hours:
a. Multiply the rate with 65.
b. Simplify the expression. That’s the number of boxes.

For M2:
1. What is the rate of M2? The rate is the number of boxes
of booklets printed per hour.
2. To get the number of boxes in 10 hours:
a. Multiply the rate with 10.
b. Simplify the expression. That’s the number of boxes.
3. To get the number of boxes in hours:
a. Multiply the rate with .
b. Simplify the expression. That’s the number of boxes.
4. To get the number of boxes in hours:
a. Multiply the rate with hours.
b. Simplify the expression. That’s the number of boxes.
 PROCESS QUESTIONS:
1. How can you represent rate of people or machines?
2. What do you need to remember when solving work problems?
3. How can rate – related problems be solved?

ACTIVITY 22.KWLH

DESCRIPTION: Complete the KWLH Chart. Notice the changes in your

initial thoughts. Click “SUBMIT” when you’re finished.

Rational Algebraic Expressions

(To the programmer, kindly show the answers of the student in the first
two columns based on Activity 2).
What I Know What I Want What I How Can I
to Find Out Learned Learn More

End of TRANSFER:
In this section, your task was about rate – related problems.

How did you find the activity? How did the task help you see the real world use of rational expression

You have completed this lesson. Before you go to the next lesson, you
have to answer the following post-assessment.
GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN THIS LESSON:

Algebraic fractions - an expression in the form where P and

Q are polynomials and Q 0. Synonymous with rational algebraic
expression and rational expression.

Cancel – in mathematics, it means to divide common factors

Evaluating rational expressions – the process of finding the value

of the rational expression by substituting the assigned value of the
variables

Exponent – is a positive number or symbol that tells how many times

the base is used as a factor. When the exponent is negative or zero, it
is not simplified.

Factors – the expressions being multiplied

Indeterminate – a term referring to or

Rate – amount of work an individual or machine can do in a given unit
of time

Rational algebraic expression – an expression in the form where

P and Q are polynomials and Q 0. Synonymous with algebraic
fraction and rational expression.

Rational expression – an expression in the form where P and Q

are polynomials and Q 0. Synonymous with algebraic fraction and
rational algebraic expression.

Simplest form of a rational expression – the lowest term of the

rational expression where the only common factor of the
numerator and denominator is 1 or – 1.

Simplifying rational expressions – the process of putting the

rational expression in lowest terms so that the only common factor of
the numerator and denominator is 1 or – 1.

Undefined – any number (except 0) or expression divided by zero

REFERENCES AND WEBSITE LINKS USED IN THIS LESSON:

Merle Alferez and Ma. Cecilia Duro. (2004). MSA Elementary Algebra. MSA
Publishing House, Quezon City, Philipppines.

Rational Expressions
http://www.shmoop.com/polynomial-division-rational-
expressions/rational.html
The article on this website is about rational expressions. At the last
part of the article are some examples and non – examples of rational
expressions

Evaluating Rational Expressions

http://www.shmoop.com/polynomial-division-rational-
expressions/evaluating.html
This website provides a step by step guide in evaluating rational
expressions.

Evaluating Rational Expressions

http://www.teacherweb.com/NY/Arlington/AlgebraProject/U7L1Evaluat
ingRationalExpressions.pdf
This website has a detailed explanation and varied activities for
evaluating rational expressions. Practice by answering the activities.

Evaluating Rational Expressions and finding restrictions

http://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/elementary-
algebra/section_10_01.html
This is a website that provides examples for both evaluating and
finding the restrictions for a rational expression.

Evaluating Rational Expressions and finding restrictions

http://www.openalgebra.com/2012/11/simplifying-rational-
expressions.html
This is another website provide that shows examples for both
evaluating and finding the restrictions for a rational expression.

Simplifying Rational Expressions

http://www.onlinemathlearning.com/simplify-rational-expressions.html
The website shows some examples of simplifying rational expressions.
It also has videos about simplifying rational expressions.
Rational Expressions
http://www.cpm.org/pdfs/skillBuilders/GC/GC_Extra_Practice_Section
30.pdf
The website has a detailed explanation of simplifying rational
expressions. There are also a lot rational expressions you can practice
to simplify then compare with answers provided.

Writing Rational Expressions in Lowest Terms http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=x6XyP2_RfA4
The video is about writing rational expressions in lowest terms.
 LESSON 2.2: OPERATIONS ON RATIONAL EXPRESSIONS

INTRODUCTION AND FOCUS QUESTION(S):

mial is divided by another polynomial? What will also happen if the polynomial involves zero and negat

LESSON AND COVERAGE:

In this lesson, you will examine this question when you take the following
topics:

Topic 1 –Multiplying Rational Expressions

Topic 2 –Dividing Rational Expressions

Topic 3 –Adding and Subtracting Rational Expressions

Topic 4 – Complex Rational Expressions

In these topics, you will learn the following:

Topic 1  Multiply rational expressions.

Topic 2 Divide rational expressions.

Topic 3  Add and subtract rational expressions.

Topic4  Simplify complex rational expressions.

 MODULE MAP:
Here is a simple map of the above topics you will cover:

EXPECTED SKILLS:
To do well in this lesson, you need to remember and do the following:

1. Follow the instructions provided for each activity.

2. Review and evaluate your work using the rubric provided before submission.

3. Complete all activities and exercises.

4. Be mindful of the meaning of unfamiliar words you encounter in this module.

A glossary of terms is provided in the last part of this module.

5. Maximize the use of online resources in each lesson. Online resources can be
accessed multiple times. The summary of online resources is provided in the
end of the module.
 houghts about the operations on rational algebraic expressions.
o add and subtract fractions? What mathematical concept plays a vital role in adding and subtracting fraction? How about multi

ACTIVITY 1. Anticipation Reaction Guide

There are sets of rational algebraic expressions in the table below. Check
AGREE if column I is the same as column II and check DISAGREE if the two
columns are not the same. Click “SAVE” when you’re finished.

I II Agree Disagree
 ACTIVITY 2.Picture Analysis

Take a close look at this picture. Describe what you see.

http://www.portlandground.com/archives/2004/05/volunteers_buil_1.php

PROCESS QUESTIONS:

1. What will happen if one of them will not do his job?

2. What will happen when there are

3. people working together? Will they finish the job earlier or later?

4. How can rate – related problems be solved?

 End of Explore:
The picture above shows how the operations on rational algebraic expressions can be applied to a real–life scena

ncepts in the operations on rational algebraic expressions.

sions become clear to you through the succeeding activities, do not forget to think about how to apply these concepts in solvin

This time, take a look at how the ancient Egyptians used special rules in their
fraction. When they had 5 loaves for 8 persons, they did not divide them
immediately by 8. Instead, they used the concept of unit fraction. A unit fraction is
a fraction with 1 as its numerator. Egyptian fractions used unit fractions without

repetition except . Like 5 loaves for 8 persons, they had to cut the 4 loaves into
two and the last one would be cut into 8 parts. In short:

ACTIVITY 3.Egyptian Fractions

To understand more about Egyptian fractions, access the websites below. Then,
answer the items that follow.

http://www.mathcats.com/explore/oldegyptianfractions.html
This interactive website allows you to come up with a specified sum by adding
unit fractions.
http://www.maths.surrey.ac.uk/hosted-sites/R.Knott/Fractions/egyptian.html

This website is discusses the Egyptian Mathematics and the use of unit fractions.
It also identifies some reasons why we use unit fractions today.

Now, be like an Ancient Egyptian. Give the equivalent unit fractions of the
fractions below.

1. using 2 unit fractions. 6. using 3 unit fractions.

2. using 2 unit fractions. 7. using 3 unit fractions.

3. using 2 unit fractions. 8. using 3 unit fractions.

4. using 2 unit fractions. 9. using 3 unit fractions

5. using 2 unit fractions. 10. using 3 unit fractions

PROCESS QUESTIONS:

1. What did you do to determine the unit fraction?

2. Do you like the way Egyptians add fractions?
3. What difficulties did you encounter in giving unit fraction?
4. What will you do to overcome these difficulties?

After working with unit fractions, let us deal with rational expressions. Examine
and analyze the illustrative examples below about multiplying rational
expressions. Pause once in a while to answer the check – up questions.
Illustrative example 1: Find the product of and .

Express the numerators and denominators as prime factors as possible.

Simplify rational expression using laws of exponents.

Illustrative example 2: Multiply and .

What laws of exponents were used in these steps?

Illustrative example 3: What is the product of and ?

What factoring methods were used in this step?

What are the rational algebraic expressions equivalent to 1 in this step

The product of two rational expressions is the product of the

numerators divided by the product of the denominators. In
symbols,

ACTIVITY 4.Multiplying Rational Expressions

Find the product of the following rational expressions. When you’re finished, click
“ANSWERS” to see the correct answers.

1. 2. 3.

Answers: 1.
2.

3.
 ACTIVITY 5.Multiplying Rational Expressions One More Time

DESCRIPTION: Study the website below about multiplying rational

expressions.

Multiplying Rational Expressions

http://www.onlinemathlearning.com/multiplying ‐rational‐expressions‐help.html

The article on this website is about multiplying rational expressions.

ACTIVITY 6.What’s My Area?

Find the area of the plane figures below. Write your answer in the box provided.
Click “SUBMIT” when you’re done to see the answers.

1. ANSWER:

ANSWER:
2.
 3.

ANSWER:

ANSWERS:
1. A =

2. A = lw = or

3. A = bh =

ACTIVITY 7.How Did I do it?

Based on what you’ve done in the previous activity, make a step by step guide
when multiplying rational algebraic expressions. Write the procedure or important
concepts in every step. Click “Submit” when you’re done.
How did you find the area of the figures?
What are your steps in answering the area of the figures?
 1. Does every step have a mathematical concept involved?
2. What makes that mathematical concept important to every step?
3. How can rate – related problems be solved?

Examine and analyze the illustrative examples below about dividing rational
expressions. Pause once in a while to answer the check – up questions.

Illustrative example 4: Find the quotient of and .

Multiply the dividend by the reciprocal of the divisor.

Follow the steps in multiplying rational algebraic expressions.

Illustrative example 5: Divide by .

Why do we need to factor out the numerators and denominators?

What mathematical principle behind the concept of

“cancellation”?

The quotient of two rational algebraic expressions is the

product of the dividend and the reciprocal of the divisor. In
symbols,
 ACTIVITY 8.Dividing Rational Expressions

Find the quotient of the following rational algebraic expressions. When you’re
done, click “ANSWERS” to see the correct answers.

1. 2. 3.

ANSWERS: 1.

2.

3.

ACTIVITY 9.Dividing Rational Expressions One more Time

Description: The website below is about dividing rational expressions. Study the
content of the website, then do the activity that follows.

http://www.onlinemathlearning.com/dividing ‐rational‐expressions‐help.html
 ACTIVITY 10.The Missing Dimensions

Find the missing length of the figures. Input your answer in the blank. Click
“SUBMIT” when you’re done to see the answers.

1. The height of the rectangle

. ANSWER:

2. The height of the triangle

ANSWER:
 ANSWERS:
A = bh thus

A =thus

How did you find the area of the figures?

What are your steps in answering the area of the figures?

ACTIVITY 11.Chain Reaction

Use the Chain Reaction Chart to sequence your steps in dividing rational
algebraic expressions. Write the process or mathematical concepts used in each
step in the chamber. Add another chamber if necessary.

Chamb er 1 Chamb er 2 Chamb er 3 Chamb er 4

 1. Does every step have a mathematical concept involved? Explain.
2. What makes that mathematical concept important to every step?
3. Is there another method in dividing rational algebraic
expressions? Explain.
4. How can rate – related problems be solved?

Examine and analyze the illustrative examples below about adding/subtracting

rational expressions. Pause in a while to answer the check – up questions.

Illustrative example 6: Add and

Combine like terms in the numerator.

Factor out the numerator and denominator.

Do we always factor out the numerator and denominator? Why yes or why no?

Illustrative example 7: Subtract from .

Why do we need to multiply the subtrahend

 by – 1 in the
numerator?

Factor out the numerator and denominator.

In adding or subtracting similar rational expressions, add

or subtract the numerators and write it in the numerator of
the result over the common denominator. In symbols,

ACTIVITY 12.Adding and subtracting similar rational expressions

Find the sum/difference of the following rational algebraic expressions. When

you’re done, click “ANSWERS” to compare your work with the correct answers.

1. 3.

2. 4.
 ANSWERS: 1.
2.

3.

4.

Examine and analyze the following illustrative examples about adding/subtracting

dissimilar rational expressions. Pause in a while to answer the check – up
questions.

Illustrative example 8: Find the sum of and .

Express the denominators as prime factors.

LCD of and
Denominators of the rational algebraic expressions
and
The LCD is (33)(2)(a4)(b2)(c)
Take the factors of the denominators. When the same factor is present in more than one denominato

TFhinedparonduumctboefr these
feaqcutoivrsaliesntthteo L1CthDa.t should be multiplied to the rational alge
 the denominators
are the same
with the LCD.

Illustrative example 9: Subtract by

Express the denominators as prime factors.

What property of equality is illustrated in this step?

What special products are illustrated in this step?

LCD of and
(t – 3)2 and (t – 3)(t +3) The LCD is (t – 3)2(t + 3)
 Illustrative example 10. Find the sum of and

What factoring methods were used in this step?

LCD of and

(x+3)(x+1) and (x+3)(x +2) The LCD is (x+3)(x+1)(x

What property of equality was used in this ste

In adding or subtracting dissimilar rational expressions,

change the rational algebraic expressions into similar rational
algebraic expressions using the least common denominator
or LCD and proceed as in adding similar fractions.
 ACTIVITY 13.Adding and subtracting dissimilar Rational Expressions

Find the sum/difference of the rational algebraic expressions below. When you’re
done, click “ANSWERS” to compare your work with the correct answers.

1. 3.
2. 4.

ANSWERS:
1.

2.

3.

4.
 ACTIVITY 14.Adding and Subtracting Rational Expressions

One More Time

Description: Study the content of the websites below about adding and
subtracting rational expressions, and then do the activity that follows.

http://www.onlinemathlearning.com/adding‐rational‐expressions‐help.html

The website is about adding rational expressions.

http://www.onlinemathlearning.com/subtracting ‐rational‐expressions‐help.html

The website is about adding rational expressions.

ACTIVITY 14.ACTIVITY 15. This is How I Did It

Write every step in adding or subtracting rational algebraic expression in the

boxes below. Add or erase a box if necessary.

Adding or subtracting Rational Algebraic Expressions

If similar rational al ebraic If dissimilar rational algebraic

Developed by the Private Education Assistance Committee 152

under the GASTPE Program of the Department of Education
 1. Does every step has a mathematical concept involved? Explain.
2. What makes that mathematical concept important to every step?
3. Is there another method in adding or subtracting rational
algebraic expressions? Explain.
4. How can rate–related problems be solved?

ACTIVITY 15.ACTIVITY 16. What Is Wrong with Me?

There are rational algebraic expressions below that were added or subtracted.
The solutions in each rational algebraic expression are wrong. Write in the
second box your explanation on what makes the solution wrong. In the third box,
show how the rational algebraic expression should be operated.

Original Explanation The Correct

Examine and analyze the following illustrative examples about complex rational
expressions. Pause in a while to answer the check – up questions.

Illustrative example 11. Simplify .

Main fraction line – a line that separates the main numerator and main denominator.

What happen to the main numerator and main denominator?

What principle is used in this step?

= Simplify the rational algebraic expression.

What laws of exponents are in this step?

Illustrative example 12: Simplify

=
A rational algebraic expression is said to be in its simplest
form when the numerator and denominator are polynomials
with no common factors other than 1. If the numerator or
denominator, or both numerator and denominator of a
rational algebraic expression is also a rational algebraic
expression, it is called a complex rational algebraic
expression. To simplify the complex rational expression, it
means to transform it into simple rational expression. You
need all the concepts learned previously to simplify complex
rational expressions.
 ACTIVITY 16.ACTIVITY 17. Complex Rational Expressions One More
Time

DESCRIPTION: Open the following websites about complex fractions. This will
further prepare you for the exercises that follow.

http://www.wtamu.edu/academic/anns/mps/math/mathlab/col_algebra/col_
alg_tut11_complexrat.htm

This website is a tutorial about complex fractions.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-jli9PP_4HA

This is a video about simplifying complex fractions.

ACTIVITY 17.ACTIVITY 18. Simplifying Complex Rational Expressions

Simplify the following complex rational expressions. When you’re done, click
“ANSWERS” to compare your work with the correct answers.

1. 2. 3.
ANSWERS: 1.

2.

3.
 ACTIVITY 18.ACTIVITY 19. My Guide

How did you simplify the complex rationale expressions?

What are your steps in simplifying complex rational algebraic expressions?

Make a conceptual map in simplifying complex rational expression using the

vertical chevron list below. Write the procedure or important concepts in every
step inside the circle. If necessary, add another chevron to complete your
conceptual map. Click “SUBMIT” when you’re finished.
 ACTIVITY 19.ACTIVITY 20. Anticipation Reaction Guide: Revisited

Revisit Activity No.2. There are sets of rational algebraic expressions in the table
below. Check agree if column I is the same as column II and check disagree if
the two columns are not the same. Click “Submit” when you’re finished.

I II Agree Disagree

1. Compare your answer of the anticipation reaction guide

in Activity No 2 and Activity No.20.
2. Are there changes in your previous thoughts? Why is it so?
3. How can rate – related problems be solved?

much of your initial ideas are found in the discussion? Which ideas are different and need revision? The skill in performing the o

Developed by the Private Education Assistance Committee 161

under the GASTPE Program of the Department of Education
his section is to relate the operations of rational expressions to real – life problems, especially rate typ

ACTIVITY 20.ACTIVITY 21. Rate, Related, Solve

Read the problems below and answer the questions that follow.

1. Two vehicles travelled (x+4) kilometers. The first vehicle travelled for (x2 –

16) hours while the second travelled for hours.

a. Complete the table below.
Vehicles Distance Time Speed
Vehicle A
Vehicle B

b. HoHow did you compute the speed of the two vehicles?

c. Which of the two vehicles travelled faster? How did you find
your answer?

2. Jem Boy and Roger were asked to fill the tank with water. Jem Boy can fill
the tank in x minutes alone while Roger is slower by 2 minutes compared
to Jem Boy if working alone.
a. What part of the job can Jem Boy finish in 1 minute?
b. What part of the job can Roger finish in 1 minute?
c. Jem Boy and Roger can finish filling the tank together in certain
minutes. How will you represent algebraically, in simplest form, the
job done by the two if they worked together?

ACTIVITY 21.ACTIVITY 22. Accent Process

List down the concepts and principles in solving problems involving operations of
rational algebraic expressions in every step. You can add a box if necessary.

Developed by the Private Education Assistance Committee 162

under the GASTPE Program of the Department of Education
 Step 1 Step 2 Step 3

ACTIVITY 22.ACTIVITY 23. Time for check – up

Answer the following. Kindly show your complete solution.

1. Perform the operations. Let:
A= B= C= D.
a. +
-
b. ÷
÷
c.
d.

2. Solve the following:

a. If a printer can print (x+3) pages per minute, then how long will it take
2 printers to print (x2 + 9x + 18 ) pages? If x = 30, what is the actual
number of minutes?

b. What is the height of a triangle if its area = and the

base = ?
 End of DEEPEN:

In this section, the discussion was about application in operations on rational algebraic expressions. It gives

What new realizations do you have about the topic? What new connections have you made for yourself? W
What new realizations do you have about rational expressions? What new connections have you made for y

on is apply your learning to real life situations. You will be given a practical task which will demonstra

ACTIVITY 23.ACTIVITY 24. Let’s Work Together

Present and discuss to the class the process of answering the

questions below. Your output will be graded according to
mathematical reasoning, accuracy, and presentation.

Alex can pour a concrete walkway in x hours alone while Andy

can pour the same walkway in two more hours than Alex.

a) How fast can they pour the walkway if they

work together?
b) If Emman can pour the same walkway in one more
hours than Alex, and Roger can pour the same
walkway in one hour less than Andy, who must
work together to finish the job with the least time?
 Rubrics for your output

CRITERIA Outstanding Satisfactory Developing 2 Beginning RATING

4 3 1
Mathematical Explanation shows Explanation Explanation Explanation shows
thorough shows shows gaps in illogical reasoning.
reasoning
reasoning and substantial reasoning.
insightful reasoning.
justifications.
Accuracy All computations All Most of the Some of the
are correct and computations computatio ns computations are
shown in detail. are corrects. are correct.
correct.
Presentation The presentation The presentation The The presentation does
uses appropriate uses appropriate presentation not use any visual
and creative visual visual materials. uses some materials. It is not
materials. It is It is delivered in visual delivered in a clear
delivered in a clear a clear manner. materials. It is manner.
and very delivered in a
convincing disorganize d
manner. manner.

about rate – related problems. How did you find the activity? How did the task help you see the real w

How did the task help you see the real world use of rational expressions?

To summarize what you’ve learned about operations on rational expressions,

do the activity below.

ACTIVITY 24.ACTIVITY 25. LAC Card

Fill-in the Learned, Affirmed, Challenged cards given below to evaluate what
you’ve learned about operations on rational expressions. when you’re
finished, click “SUBMIT”.
You have completed this lesson. You can go to the next lesson.
GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN THIS LESSON:

LCD – also known as Least Common Denominator is the least common multiple
of the denominators.

Rate – related problems – Problems involving rates (e.g., speed, percentage,

ratio, work)

REFERENCES AND WEBSITE LINKS USED IN THIS LESSON:

http://www.mathcats.com/explore/oldegyptianfractions.html

This interactive website is about adding unit fractions.

http://www.maths.surrey.ac.uk/hosted-sites/R.Knott/Fractions/egyptian.html

This website discusses the Egyptian Mathematics and the use of unit fractions. It
also identifies some reasons why we use unit fractions today.

http://www.onlinemathlearning.com/multiplying-rational-expressions-help.html

The article on this website is about multiplying rational expressions.

http://www.onlinemathlearning.com/dividing-rational-expressions-help.html

The website below is about dividing rational expressions.

http://www.onlinemathlearning.com/adding-rational-expressions-help.html

The website is about adding rational expressions.

http://www.onlinemathlearning.com/subtracting-rational-expressions-help.html

The website is about adding rational expressions.

http://www.wtamu.edu/academic/anns/mps/math/mathlab/col_algebra/col_alg_tut
11_complexrat.htm

This website is a tutorial about complex fractions.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-jli9PP_4HA

This is a video about simplifying complex fractions.

Image credits

http://www.portlandground.com/archives/2004/05/volunteers_buil_1.php
 LESSON 2.3: APPLICATION OF RATIONAL EXPRESSIONS

INTRODUCTION AND FOCUS QUESTION(S):

expressions in the second module. This time, you will focus on the applications of rational algebraic

LESSON COVERAGE:
In this lesson, you will examine this question when you take the following
topics:

 Solve rational equations

 problem solving involving rational algebraic expressions

In the topics, you will learn the following:

 Solve rational equations.

 Solve problems involving rational
algebraic expressions.
 MODULE MAP:
Here is a simple map of the above lesson you will cover:

EXPECTED SKILLS:
To do well in this module, you need to remember and do the following:

1. Follow the instructions provided for each activity.

2. Review and evaluate your work using the rubric provided before submission.

3. Complete all activities and exercises.

4. Be mindful of the meaning of unfamiliar words you encounter in this module.

A glossary of terms is provided in the last part of this module.

5. Maximize the use of online resources in each lesson. Online resources can be
accessed multiple times. The summary of online resources is provided in the
end of the module.
ou will be able to find out how rational expressions can be used to be able to model and solve real life problems. Be reminded t

Analyze the situation below then answer the questions that follow. Write your
answer in the space provided.

If it takes a machine to complete a job in 5 hours, how much of the work is

ACTIVITY 1. Working Machine

done in 3 hours?
http://www.ministryblue.com/risograph.html

Let us now see if your explanation is correct. Click the answer button.
 ANSWER
1
WORK =
hours to complete the job

work completed in one hour

work completed in three hours

work completed in five

hour
s

Now, answer the following process questions:

4. What did you find out regarding the

problem?

5. How did you arrive at your answer?

6. What algebraic processes did you use?

Let us try to look at the situation below.

 Suppose that you can trim your backyard in four hours. Then , after one
1
hour, you will have moved of the lawn. After two hours, you will have mowed
4
2
of the lawn. What generalizations can you make?
4

The relationship between problems involving work uses the formula WORK
= RATE x TIME. The fractional part of a job accomplished is equal to the rate of
work multiplied by the time worked. In the lawn mowing exercise, after three
hours, the fractional part of the job done is
1 3
3
4 4
1
41
After four hours, 4 , the whole job has been done.

The situations that were presented show one of the many

situations where we can apply knowledge of rational algebraic
expressions in solving real life problems particularly on work. In this
lesson, you will do varied activities which will help you answer the
essential question: “How can rate-related problems solved?”

ACTIVITY 2.IRF Worksheet

To share your idea about the lesson, let’s begin by answering the “I” portion of the
IRF Worksheet that you see below. Fill it up by writing your initial answer to the
focus question: How can rate-related problems be solved?

IRF Worksheet
Initial Answer

Revised Answer

Developed by the Private Education Assistance Committee 173

under the GASTPE Program of the Department of Education
 Final Answer

END OF EXPLORE:

You just tried finding out how rational algebraic expressions can be used
to solve real life problems. Let us now find out what the answer is by
doing the next part. What you will learn in the next sections will also
enable you to do the final project which involves the making of a
manpower plan.

Your goal in this section is to learn and understand key concepts of rational
algebraic expressions.

ACTIVITY 3.WHAT’S NEW WITH RATIONAL ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS?

In this activity, you will watch a video which will explain what rational algebraic
equations are. Visit this website, http://www.virtualnerd.com/algebra-1/rational-
expressions-functions/solve/example-solutions/equation-definition to watch the
video. After watching, answer the process questions that follow.

1. What is a rational equation?

Developed by the Private Education Assistance Committee 174

under the GASTPE Program of the Department of Education
 2. How is a rational equation different from a rational expression?

3. How do you think will you solve a rational equation?

ACTIVITY 4.FROM UNKNOWN TO KNOWN

In this activity, you will read an article which will explain how rational algebraic
equations are solved about by clicking the link below, http://www.ssag.sk/SSAG
%20study/MAT/Rational%20equations.pdf.

1. Discuss the steps involved in solving rational expressions.

2. Why is there a need to get the least common denominator?

3. How are the terms containing rational expressions turned into

polynomials?

4. What properties of equality did you utilize in solving?

5. Why is there a need to check your answer?

 6. How many solution/s did you see?

ACTIVITY 5.BEWARE OF RESTRICTIONS

In Lessons 1 and 2, you have learned that rational expressions contain variables
in the denominator. Thus, there are values that could not be used to replace
these variables because the expression will become undefined. Because of this,
it is possible that the root of an equation will also make the denominator zero. In
this case, the root does not satisfy the original equation. Thus, it is called an
extraneous root.

In this activity, you will look at examples of equations whose roots are
extraneous. You will visit the website,
http://www.mhhe.com/math/devmath/dugopolski/acs/student/olc/graphics/dugopo
lski02acs_s/ch06/others/ch06-5.pdf, and read page 367. Then, answer the
following questions:

1. What is an extraneous root?

2. Is an extraneous root the same as a restricted value? Explain.

3. What conclusions can we make if the only root of an equation is

considered an extraneous root?

4. Can one tell what the extraneous root is without solving a rational
equation? How?
 ACTIVITY 6.SKILL BUILDER

Now that you have found out how to solve rational algebraic equations and check
your solutions, it is time to build your skills on the topic. Click on this link:
http://www.kutasoftware.com/FreeWorksheets/Alg2Worksheets/Solving%20Ratio
nal%20Equations.pdf. After which, use the key answer at the bottom to check.

How many items did you get correctly?

ACTIVITY 7.PRACTICE MAKES PERFECT

For sure, after solving a number of problems, you are now ready to take a quiz on
solving rational algebraic equations. Complete the worksheet below.

***WORKSHEET (Please provide students with boxes where they could write
their answers.)
1 3 1
1.   a5 a5
5 a 2 4. a  2
1
2. 2
a-2 1 1 5. 5 1
 2a-4  4 
a3 a 2  a-3
-9

3
3.
a-3 5 a 2 -20
 a-4  a2 -7a12

ANSWERS:
***ANSWERS:
1. a = 10
2. a = 8
3. a = 1 and a =
7 4. a = 2
5. a = 4

ACTIVITY 8.MUDDIEST POINT

In this activity, you will complete the journal below.

The part of the lesson that I still find confusing is
because
.

Let us see if by doing the next activity, the muddiest point will be given
clarification.

ACTIVITY 9.WORK CAN BE DONE WITH RATIONAL ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS

After learning how to solve rational algebraic equations, let us see if the concept
can be used to solve work-related problems. Click on the link and view the video
about work related problems solved using rational algebraic equations:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QLhvLEeS08A.

1. What kind of problem was presented in the video?

2. How did the table presented help you understand how to solve work-
related problems?

3. Did the video make use of rational algebraic equations? How?

 4. What other strategies were presented?

5. How can rate-related problems solved?

ACTIVITY 10.MAKING MORE CONNECTIONS

Let us see if you can apply what you have viewed in the video as you look at
more examples on how work-related problems can be solved using rate-related
problems. Click on this link and play the video: http://www.tes.co.uk/teaching-
resource/Rate-Problem-Involving-Rational-Equations-6198692/. Answer the
questions that follow.

1. What were the steps used to solve the rate-related problems?

2. How was the concept of rational algebraic equations used?

3. Is there a way you can use to solve these kinds of problems? Explain.

ACTIVITY 11.SKILL BOOSTER

After watching two videos that relate rational algebraic equations with rate related
problems, let use see if you can solve the problems below on your own.

1. Joan can wallpaper a bathroom in 3 hours. Bonnie can wallpaper the same
bathroom in 5 hours. How long would it take them if they worked together?
 2. Bill’s garden hose can fill the pool in 12 hours. His neighbor has a hose that
can fill the pool in 15 hours. How long will it take to fill the pool using both
hoses?
3. Norm and Cliff can paint the office in 5 hours working together. Being a
professional painter, Norm can paint twice as fast as Cliff. How long would it
take Cliff to paint the office by himself?
4. Joe can complete his yard work in 3 hours. If is son helps it will only take 2
hours working together. How long would the yard work take if is son was
working alone?

ANSWERS:

ANSWERS:
1. 1 and 7/8 hours
2. 6 and 2/3 hours
3. 7 and 1/2 hours
4. 6 hours

ACTIVITY 12.IRF Worksheet

Now that you have learned how rational algebraic equations are solved, using the
“R” portion of the IRF Worksheet, answer the focus question: How can rate-related
problems be solved?
IRF Worksheet
Initial Answer

Revised Answer
 Final Answer

END OF FIRM UP:

sion focused on ways in which rational lgebraic expressions could be used to solve rate related problems.
a
ction and compare your initial ideas with the iscussion. How much of your initial ideas are found in the discussion? hich ideas a
G
mportant ideas about this topic, let dus go deeper by moving on to the next section.
W

Now that you have learned the important skills needed to understand
rational equations, your goal in this section is to look at some real-life
situations where we can apply the concepts that you have learned.

In the next activities, you will now be asked to solve real life problems that
make use of rational equations.

ACTIVITY 13.ALGEBRA MOVES (The Algebra in Physics)

In this activity, you will learn how to make connections between algebra and
physics by studying how rational algebraic equations could be used to solve
motion problems. Click the link to learn more about Motion problems:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=737j3L-CX6s
From the video that you watched, study the problem below:

The first leg of Mary’s road trip consisted of 120 miles of traffic. When the
traffic
cleared she was able to drive twice as fast for 300 miles. If the total trip took 9
hours how long was she stuck in traffic?

SOLUTION:
Let x = Mary’s speed in traffic
2x = speed after traffic

D R T
First leg 120 x 120/x
Second leg 300 2x 300/2x
9 hours

She was in traffic for four hours.

Now, try solving the problem below:

1. A passenger train can travel 20mph faster than a freight train. If the
passenger train can cover 390 miles in the same time it takes the freight train
to cover 270 miles, how fast is each train?
2. Billy rode his skateboard 24 miles to his grandmother’s house for the
day. It was a rough ride so he borrowed his grandmother’s bicycle for the return
trip. Going twice as fast on the bicycle the return trip took 2 hours less time.
What was his average speed on the bicycle?
 Answer the following questions below:
4. How did this particular Physics lesson make use of Algebra?

5. What algebraic processes did you use?

6. What insights did you find out from doing this activity?

ACTIVITY 14.The ALGEBRA in BUSINESS

In this activity, you will learn how to make connections between algebra and
business by studying rational algebraic equations could be used to problems
related to business. Click on this link:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wV4JKv1_9iM

1. How was the rational equation formed?

2. How were rational algebraic equations used to solve problems related

to business?

3. What new insights did you learn?

 END OF DEEPEN:

In this section, the discussion was about using the concepts of rational
algebraic expressions to be able to solve problems related to Physics and
Business.

Now that you have a deeper understanding of the topic, you are ready to
do the tasks in the next section.

our goal in this section is apply your learning to real life situations. ou will be given a practical task which will demonstrate yo
Y
understanding. Y

ACTIVITY 15.MANPOWER PLAN

Perform the activity in preparation for your final output in this module.

plete a phase of the project in 10 days. The same job can be done by 30 skilled men in 8 days. The project has 9 phases. The da

TASK
 CRITERIA Outstanding Satisfactory Developing Beginning
4 3 2 1
Mathematical Explanation shows Explanation shows Explanation Explanation
reasoning thorough reasoning substantial shows gaps in shows
and insightful reasoning. reasoning. illogical
justifications. reasoning.

Accuracy All computations All computations Most of the The

are correct and are correct. computations computations
shown in detail. are correct. show serious
There are some error.
minor errors.
Presentation The presentation The presentation The presentation The
uses appropriate uses appropriate uses some visual presentation
and creative visual visual materials. It materials. It is does not use
materials. It is is delivered in a delivered in a any visual
delivered in a clear manner. disorganized materials. It is
convincing manner. manner. delivered in a
ague manner.
Practicality The proposed The The proposed The proposed
project will be proposed project will be project will be
completed ahead project will be completed one completed
of time. completed on week after the more than a
time. deadline. week after the
deadline.
Efficiency The cost of the The cost of the The cost of the The cost of
project is minimal. project is project is the project is
reasonable. expensive. unrealistic.

Questions to Answer:
1. Did you experience any difficulty in making the manpower plan? If
so, how did you overcome those difficulties?

2. How did you apply the concept of rational algebraic expressions

in making the plan?

3. What realizations about planning in business did you gain from

this activity?
 ACTIVITY 16.Performance Task

After learning rational algebraic equations and its varied applications to

real life situations, it is now time to showcase your learning in this module. You
will assume the role of a project engineer who will design a manpower plan for a
construction company.

er assigned you, being the project engineers, to prepare a manpower plan for the project. You are to present the manpower pl

TASK

Use the rubric below as your guide in completing your final project:

CRITERIA Outstanding Satisfactory Developing Beginning

4 3 2 1
Mathematical Explanation Explanation Explanation Explanation
reasoning shows shows shows gaps in shows illogical
thorough substantial reasoning. reasoning.
reasoning and reasoning.
insightful
justifications.
Accuracy All All Most of the The
computations computations computations computations
are correct and are correct. are correct. show serious
shown in detail. There are some error.
minor errors.
Presentation The The The The
presentation presentation presentation presentation
uses uses uses some does not use
appropriate appropriate visual materials. any visual
and creative visual materials. It is delivered in materials. It is
visual It is delivered in a disorganized delivered in a
materials. It is a clear manner. manner. vague manner.
delivered in a
very convincing
manner.
Practicality The proposed The The proposed The proposed
project will be proposed project will be project will be
completed project will be completed one completed more
ahead of time. completed on than a week
time.
 week after the after the
deadline. deadline.
Efficiency The cost of the The cost of the The cost of the The cost of the
project is project is project is project is
minimal. reasonable. expensive. unrealistic.

Questions to Answer:
1. How did you find the performance task?

2. How did the task help you see the real world use of the topic?

ACTIVITY 17.IRF Worksheet

Now that you have learned completed doing the various activities in the
module, using the “F” portion of the IRF Worksheet, answer the essential question:
How can rate-related problems be solved?

IRF Worksheet
Initial Answer

Revised Answer

Final Answer

Now, that you have completed your final project, let us now complete the
synthesis journal found below.
 ACTIVITY 18.Synthesis Journal

The unit’s lesson was on .

One key idea was . This is
important because .
Another key idea was .
This is also important because . In
summary, the unit’s lesson
.

End of TRANSFER:

You have completed this lesson. Before you go to the next module, you
have to answer the following post-assessment.
POST-ASSESSMENT:
1. It’s now time to evaluate your learning. Click on the letter of the answer that
you think best answers the question. Your score will only appear after you
answer all items. If you do well, you may move on to the next module. If
your score is not at the expected level, you have to go back and take the
module again.
2.1. The following are rational expressions except .
A.
B.
mn
C.
D.

3.2. The simplified form of is .

A.
B.
C.
D.

4.3. The average amount of a customer’s purchase P applied to a credit

card account at a toy store during the period 1998 – 2004 can be modeled

by P = , where x is the number of years since 1998. Which

expression shows how to compute the average amount of a customer’s
purchase in 2003?
A.

B.

C.

D.

5.4. Dan simplified this way:

Clarisse said the way Dan simplified the rational algebraic expression is
incorrect. What part of the solution of Dan is incorrect?
 A. The final answer should be since = .
B. The final answer should be x since =x.

C. In , it is incorrect to cancel 2 in the numerator and

denominator since both are not factors. Thus, the final answer is
.
D. There is nothing wrong with the way Dan simplified the
rational algebraic expression.

6.5. What is the width of a rectangle if its area is and its

length is ?
A.

B.

C.
D.

7.6. When asked to determine the excluded values in ,

Joseph presented this solution:

Since m – 4 = 0 when m = 4, then the excluded value is 4.
What is wrong with the way the excluded value were determined?

A. There is nothing wrong with his solution. If 4 is substituted in the

denominator, it becomes zero and will make the rational
algebraic expression undefined.
B. There is nothing wrong with his solution. But there are two
excluded values, 4 and – 4.
C. Joseph should have identified only the values that will make
the denominator equal to zero.
D. Joseph should only factor the denominator and equate it to
zero. From , the excluded values are and
4.

7. What is the difference of and ?

A.
B.
C.
 D. w – 1

8. When is divided by what will be the quotient?

A.
B.
C.
D.

9. The triangle below has a height that measures cm and a base of

cm. What is the area of 20 similar triangles with the one below?

A. 3 cm2
B. cm2

C. cm2
D. cm2

10. If M = and N = , what is M + N.

A.
B.
C. x – 3
D. x – 4

11. What is the simplified form of ?

A. a
B.
C.
D.
12. If R = ; S = ; and T = , then what is the equivalent value of ?
A. – 1
B. 3
C.
D.

13. What is the solution of the equation ?

A. 6
B. 7
C. 8
D. 9

14. What are all the solutions of the equation ?

A. 3, 5
B. -3, 5
C. 3, - 5
D. -3, -5

15. If the same number is added to both the numerator and denominator of
the fraction 2/7, the result is 6/7. Find the number.

A. 27
B. 28
C. 29
D. 30

16. Lorie takes 3 hours to plant 36 flower bulbs. Corrie takes 4 hours to plant
60 flower bulbs. Working together, how long should it take them to plant
162 bulbs?
A. 3 hours
B. 4 hours
C. 5 hours
D. 6 hours

17. Jun and Jerry are planning to paint a house together. Jun thinks that if
he worked alone, it would take him 2 times as long as it would take Jerry
to paint the entire house. Working together, they can complete the job in
20 hours. How long would it take each of them, working alone, to
complete the job?

A. Jun = 24 hours; Jerry = 50 hours

B. Jun = 24 hours; Jerry = 60 hours
 C. Jun = 30 hours; Jerry = 50 hours
D. Jun = 30 hours; Jerry = 60 hours

18.A A water tank has two outlet pipes. When the first pipe is left open, it
takes 4 hours to drain the tank while if only the second pipe is open, it
takes 5 hours to drain. How long should it take to drain the tank if both
pipes are left open simultaneously?

A. 1 hour
B. 2 hours
C. 2.2 hours
D. 2.6 hours

19. The formula 1/t = 1/A + 1/B gives the total time (t) for some job to be done
by workers (A and B). If the total time necessary for worker A and worker
B to do a particular job is 8 hours, and the individual time for worker A is
12 hours, what is the time for worker B?
A. 16 hrs
B. 20 hrs
C. 24 hrs
D. 28 hrs

20. With spraying equipment, Carl can paint the woodwork in a small house in
6 hr. His assistant, Dom, need 10 hour to complete the same painting job.
If Carl and Dom work together, how long will it take them to paint the
woodwork?

A. 3 hours
B. 3.5 hours
C. 3.75 hours
D. 4 hours
GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN THIS LESSON: (List in alphabetical order the
key terms and give their definitions.)

EXTRANEOUS ROOT – being a number obtained in solving an equation that is

not a solution of the equation

RATIONAL EQUATION – is an equation containing at least one rational

expression

REFERENCES AND WEBSITE LINKS USED IN THIS LESSON:

http://www.virtualnerd.com/algebra-1/rational-expressions-
functions/solve/example-solutions/equation-definition
Examples of solving rational equations

http://www.ssag.sk/SSAG%20study/MAT/Rational%20equations.pdf
an article about rational equations

http://www.kutasoftware.com/FreeWorksheets/Alg2Worksheets/Solving%20Ratio nal
%20Equations.pdf
a worksheet about rational equations

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QLhvLEeS08A
a video about solving rationale quations

http://www.tes.co.uk/teaching-resource/Rate-Problem-Involving-Rational-
Equations-6198692/
an article on how to solve rate-related problems

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=737j3L-CX6s
Algebra applied in Physics

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wV4JKv1_9iM
Algebra applied in Business
Lesson 3: Linear Equations in Two Variables

INTRODUCTION AND FOCUS QUESTION(S):

Have you ever wondered how

businessmen nowadays make
decisions? What guides businessmen
in making these decisions? What are
the tools that they use? How do they
know when to increase or decrease
production?

Have you ever wondered how

fast things such as cars and trains
can go? Have you ever thought about
how their speeds are calculated?
When a police officer gives someone
a speeding ticket, how do they know
for sure if the person was speeding?

In this module, you will

discover how important it is to utilize
essential mathematical skills to be
able to understand these questions
that arise in various real-life situations
that we encounter everyday and use
these skills wisely to be able to come
up with the desired output.

As you go through this module,

think of this question: How can
problems regarding trends and
options be properly solved?
 LESSON COVERAGE:

In this lesson, you will learn the following:

Linear Equations in Two Variables

 illustrates the rectangular coordinate system and its uses
 illustrates linear equations in two variables
 illustrates the slope of a line
 finds the slope of a line given two points, an equation or
a graph
 finds a slope of lines given two points, equation and a graph
 writes the linear equation ax + by = c in the form y = mx + b
 graphs a linear equations given (a) any two points, (b) the
x and y intercepts and (c) the slope and a points on the line
 describes the graph of a linear equation in terms of
its intercepts and slope
 finds the equation of a line given (a) two points, (b) a
slope and a point, and (c) the slopes and its intercepts
 solves problems involving linear equations in two variables

MODULE MAP:

Here is a simple map of the above lessons you will cover:

Linear Equations in Two Variables

Rectangular Coordinate System Equations of a Line Applications

Abscissa
Slope: Forms:
Ordinate
1. Positive 1. General
Quadrants
2. Negative 2. Standard
Axes 3. Slope-
3. Undefined
Coordinates 4. Zero Intercept
Origin 4. Point-Slope
5. Two Point
6. Intercept
 EXPECTED SKILLS:

To do well in this module, you need to remember and do the following:

4. follow the directions carefully
5. master the prerequisite skill of solving linear equations in one variable
6. solve with speed and accuracy

PRE-ASSESSMENT

k best answers the question. Please answer all items. After taking this short test, you will see your score. Take note of the item

1. Each point on a Cartesian plane is assigned a pair of coordinates called

.
A. domain
B. ordinate
C. origin
D. ordered pair

2. In which graph does line m have a positive slope?

A.

B.

Developed by the Private Education Assistance Committee 198

under the GASTPE Program of the Department of Education
 C.

D.

3. Which is the coordinate of the plotted point below?

A. (4, 3)
B. (3, 4)
C. (4, 4)
D. (3, 3)

4. The graph of the line x + 3y = 6 intersects the y-axis at the point whose
coordinates are .
A. (0, 6)
B. (0, 2)
C. (6, 0)
D. (18, 0)
5. Which is an equation for the line that passes through the coordinates (2,
0) and (0, 3)?
3
A. y =  x–3
2
3
B. y =  x+3
2
2
C. y =  x–2
3
2
D. y =  x+3
3

6. The line 3x – 2y = 12 has

A. a slope of 3 and a y-intercept of -2.

3
B. a slope of  and a y-intercept of 6.
2
C. a slope of 3 and a y-intercept of -6.
2
D. a slope of 3and a y-intercept of -6.

7. Which graph shows the line y = 2x + 4?

A.

B.

Developed by the Private Education Assistance Committee 200

under the GASTPE Program of the Department of Education
 C.

D.

8. Given the equation , complete table the table below.

x -1 0 1
y

A.
B.
C.
D.

9. Mang Pedro sells lechon manok. The following linear equation describes
the profit P he makes when he sells x orders of lechon manok: P = 30x –
140 where P is in pesos. How many orders of lechon manok should Mang
Pedro sell in a day so he can earn a profit of P400?
A. 10
B. 13
C. 16
D. 18

Developed by the Private Education Assistance Committee 201

under the GASTPE Program of the Department of Education
Use the graph below to answer number 10.

10. The cost of a ticket to Funland varies according to the season. Which of the
following conclusions about the number of tickets purchased and the cost
per ticket is BEST supported by the graph above?
A. The cost per ticket increases as the number of tickets purchased
increases.
B. The cost per ticket is unchanged as the number of tickets
purchased increases.
C. The cost per ticket decreases as the number of tickets purchased
increases.
D. There is no relationship between the cost per ticket and the number of
tickets
purchased.

11. Which graph is represented by the situation below?

A person is paying $20 per week to a friend to repay a $200 loan.

A. C.
 B. D.

Use the situation below to answer number 12 to 14.

Your father intends to launch a new line of lounging chairs. The graph
below shows the cost to make the lounging chairs and the revenue he will
receive from the sale.

Revenue

Cost

12. Which equation corresponds to the cost of producing the lounging

chairs? A. y = 10000 + 400x
B. y = 12000 + 2000x
C. y = 10000 – 2000x
D. y = 12000 – 200x

13. Your father intends to supply 25 lounging chairs on the first month of
operations. How much profit or loss should he expect?
A. He should expect a loss of P10 000 because producing 25 chairs will
not allow him to revover his initial expenses.
B. He should expect a profit of P10 000 because producing 25 chairs will
allow him to earn P20 000 less the initial expense of P10 000.
 C. He should expect a loss of P2 000 because producing 25 chairs will
cost 18 000 but revenue is only P2 000.
D. He should not expect to gain any profit because producing 25 chairs
will make the revenue equal to the cost.

14. Considering the trend, how much profit or loss should your father expect if
he wishes to produce 100 lounging chairs in three months?
A. a loss of P100 000
B. a profit of P30 000
C. a profit of 80 000
D. a loss of P50 000

Use the situation below to answer numbers 15 and 16.

You are helping to plan an awards banquet for your school. You need to
rent tables to seat 180 people. Tables come in two sizes. Small tables seat four
people and large tables seat six people. This situation can be modeled by 4x +
6y = 180 where x is the number of small tables and y is the number of large
tables.

15. What is the maximum number of large tables that you could rent?
A. 20
B. 25
C. 30
D. 35

16. If at the last minute the number of attendees increase by 20, which
possibilities for the number of each size table could you rent?
A. (50, 0), (20, 20), (15, 23)
B. (23, 18), (8, 28), (12, 25)
C. (3, 12), (5, 15), (6, 20)
D. (2, 32), (5, 30), (20, 20)

Use the situation below to answer numbers 17 and 18.

Some providers of high-speed Internet service offers a choice of two

plans. With plan A, you buy the modem and pay a monthly fee for Internet
service. With plan B, the modem is free, but you pay a higher monthly fee than
for plan A.

Plan A: You pay P2000 for the modem and P600 per month for service.
Plan B: The modem is free and you pay P700 per month for the service.
17. After how many months are the total costs for the plans the same?
A. 10
B. 15
C. 20
D. 25

18. A friend seeks advice from you which plan he should avail of. Which could
be a good advice to your friend?
A. Plan A is a better deal if the subscription will be beyond twenty months.
B. Plan A will never become a better deal over plan B in all cases.
C. Plan B is a better deal if the subscription will last for more than two years.
D. Either plans will yield the same benefit for as long as the subscription
will be less than twenty months.

19. You and your friend each want to buy a video game that costs P1200. You
have no money saved but plan to save P120 per week. The table below
shows the money your friend plans to save. Who will be able to buy the
video game first and why?

Weeks Amount Saved

0 P 200
1 P 300
2 P 400
3 P 500
4 P 600
Which statement is true about the given situation?

A. Your friend will be able to purchase the video game first because his
initial savings of P250 is greater compared to you because you have
not saved any amount at all.
B. You will be able to purchase the video game first because your weekly
savings is greater than your friend’s weekly savings by 20%.
C. You will be able to purchase the video game at the same time because
each of you will be able to reach the desired amount at the end of the
tenth week.
D. The given information is lacking so it is difficult to determine who will
be able to purchase the video game first.

20. The first earth day was observed on April 22, 1970. Since then, the week of
April 20 has been earth week, a time for showing support for environmental
causes. Fan’s Café is offering a reduced refill rate for softdrinks during Earth
week for anyone purchasing a fan’s mug. The mug costs $2.95 filled with 16
ounces of softdrink. The refill price is 50¢. A 16-ounce drink in a disposable
cup costs $0.85.
Due to the reduced rate, many customers avail of the offer, which is a sign
that your promo is effective. Given the scenario, if you were the owner of
Fan’s Café, would you continue the offer for a year?

A. Yes, having more customers would mean more sales.

B. Yes, but the quality of the drink should be controlled so that costs will
be minimized.
C. No, promos do not usually last for more than a month.
D. No, even though revenues will increase but not as much as if it were
sold at a higher price.
 When you were in Grade 7, you were able to talk about linear equations
in one variable. You found out that these concepts could be used to model and
solve real-life situations. In this section, you will be able to discover a new
model for linear equations. This time, it will have two variables. You will find out
how this new model could be used to solve more real-life problems involving
the analysis of trends and options. In this section, you will not only be
introduced to the module but also be assessed on your initial ideas regarding
the topic. Be reminded to take each activity seriously. Make a conscious effort
to highlight the new concepts that you will be encountering.

ACTIVITY 1. BUSINESS MIRROR

Let us see if you can analyze the problem below and determine the
answers to the questions that follow:

A t-shirt company has expenses of P250,000 for equipment, t-shirts

cost P50 each and there is a silk-screening expense of P25 per shirt. The
company receives an initial revenue of P5,000 and charges P250 per shirt
on wholesale basis.

a. Define your variables.

x=
y=

b. What are the equations for the following?

Income =
Expenses =

c. Complete the table below. Then, graph the result.

Number of t- Expense Income Profit

shirts
 PROCESS QUESTIONS:
1. How did you find the activity?

2. Which part did you find the most challenging?

3. What mathematical concepts did you use to analyze and solve

the problem?

4. When you plotted the values into a graph, what picture did you
see?

The real-life situation that you just analyzed and solved shows you one of
the many situations where we can encounter and use linear equations in
two variables to solve real-life problems. As you go through all the
activities in this module, think of this question: How can problems
regarding trends and options be properly solved?

ACTIVITY 2.IRF Sheet

Let’s begin by answering the “I” portion of the IRF Worksheet that you see below.
Fill it up by writing your initial answer to the topical focus question:

IRF Worksheet
Initial Answer

Revised Answer
 Final Answer

Well, those are your thoughts and ideas about our lesson. Let’s start a
new activity to further explore on the important key concepts about linear
equations in two variables.

ACTIVITY 3.WINDSHIELD CHECK

This formative assessment will check on your own understanding as far as the
focus question is concerned. Using the analogy of a windshield, you will now
decide which of the following best describes what your understanding of the
focus question.

How many bugs do you have on your windshield? What is making it hard to
see clearly?

CLEAR = I get it! I thoroughly understand the concept.

BUGGY = I understand it for the most part, but a few things are still
unclear.
MUDDY = I don’t get it at all.

After making an assessment, write a short description for your choice and
email your response to your teacher.

END OF EXPLORE:

You just tried finding out how linear equations in two variables can
be used to model and solve real-life problems. It is now time to learn more
about it. What you will learn in the next sections will also enable you to do
the final project which involves looking at real-life situations that involve
decision making and coming up with sound recommendations.

We will start by doing the next activity.

 Your goal in this section is to learn and understand key concepts of linear
equations in two variables. You will learn the important skills that are
necessary in order to understand the succeeding lessons in this module.
It is advised that for every new term that you encounter, be sure to define
it in your own words aside from the definitions presented to you.

We will start by doing the next activity.

ACTIVITY 4.A GENIUS IS BORN!

This activity will allow you to get to know the life and works of Rene Descartes,
the man behind the rectangular coordinate system.

Click on this link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3SNmdNO5Bb4

After watching the video, can you now write down some important notes about
him? Write your answers inside the box below.

ACTIVITY 5.WEBSTER ATTACK!

It is now time to unlock the meaning of the important terms that you will be using
in this module. Visit www.dictionary.com and look for the meaning of the words
below. Write your answers in the second column of the box below.

Terms Meaning
Axis
Quadrant
Abscissa
Ordinate
Origin
 ACTIVITY 6.IT IS NO ORDINARY SYSTEM

Let us now look at the work on Rene Descartes by clicking this link:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T2-TO8XBNbU. While watching the video, try
to connect the definitions of the terms you have researched about in the previous
activity.

PROCESS QUESTIONS:

1. Differentiate a one dimensional from a two dimensional

coordinate system.

2. How do you identify the quadrants?

3. What is an ordered pair?

4. What does it mean to plot the points?

ACTIVITY 7.WHERE IS THE POINT?

Let us try to test your understanding about how points are located on the
Cartesian coordinate system. Answer the following questions below:

1. A point is located three units to the left of the origin and six units up. What
are the coordinates of the point?

2. Point W (-6, 6) is six units to the left of the origin and six units up. Is the
statement true or false?
 3. Plot the points W(-4,-2), X (-4,4), Y(4,4) and Z(4,-2) in a coordinate plane.
Connect the points in order. Connect Z to W. Identify the resulting figure.
Find its perimeter and area.

ACTIVITY 8.ASTRONAUT PHOTOGRAPHY

In this activity, you will be able to see how plotting and locating of points are
useful in real life.

Astronauts use a coordinate system to describe the locations of

objects they photograph from space. The x-axis is the equator, 0O latitude
while the y-axis is the prime meridian, 0O longitude. The names and
coordinates of some lakes photographs from space are given. Use the
map to determine on which continent each lake is located.

ANSWERS:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.

ACTIVITY 9.MIND MAP

After finding out the different concepts which are important in understanding the
rectangular coordinate system, put together the concepts you learned by making
a concept map of the rectangular coordinate system. Go to this website:
www.gliffy.com. Use the program to make a concept map. Send the file to your
teacher afterwards.
 ACTIVITY 10.3-2-1 Chart

In this activity, you will be asked to complete the 3-2-1 chart on the rectangular
coordinate system.

Rectangular Coordinate System

a.
3 things
you b.
learned:
c.

2 things a.
interestin
g things b.
you found
out:

1 a.
question
you still
have in
mind:

ACTIVITY 11.LET IS PUT IT TO THE TEST

Let us find out how well you have mastered the rectangular coordinate system.
Answer the quiz below.

KNOWLEDGE

Evaluate each statement. Write T if true and F if false. (5 points)

1. A rectangular coordinate system is made up of two intersecting lines

perpendicular to each other.
2. In P(-3, -5), -5 is called the abscissa.
3. When the abscissa is 0, and the ordinate is not, the point lies on the x-
axis.
4. The x-axis is the vertical number line where the elements of x are found.
5. In quadrant I, both the abscissa and ordinate are negative.
Identify the following terms described. (5 points)

6. It is a pair of numbers, enclosed

in parentheses and separated by
a comma, and used to describe
the location of a point in the
plane.
7. It is the other name for
rectangular coordinate system.
8. These are the four regions
formed when the coordinate axes
intersect.
9. It is the other name for the y-
coordinate.
10. It is the point where the
coordinate axes intersect.

Without plotting the points, determine the quadrants where the given point
is located. (5 points)
11. (-5, -5)
12. (-2, 6)
13. (7, 3)
14. (4, -5)
15. (5, -3)

Plot the following ordered pairs on the

Cartesian coordinate system and name the
quadrant or axis where the point is located.
Label properly. Two points each. (10 points)
Quadrant
or Axis
16. A (3, 2)
17. B (-3, -1)
18. C (5, -7)
19. D (2, 0)
20. E (-5, 6)

Give the coordinates of the following points.

(5 points)
 21. a
22. b
23. c
24. d
25. e

PROCESS

Do the following below.

26. Suppose the point (a, b) lies in the fourth quadrant. Describe the location of
the
following points below. (3 points)
(b, a) = (2a, -2b) = (-b, -a) =

27. Plot the points K(2, 1), L(2, -1) and M(5, -1) on the Cartesian plane
below. Then,
find a fourth point so that all four points will be vertices of a rectangle.
Sketch the
rectangle. (5 points)
28. How can you tell by looking at the coordinates of a point whether the point
is on the
x-axis? or y-axis? (4 points)

ACTIVITY 12.CONCEPT FORMATION

This activity will allow you to define a linear equation in two variables. Click on
this link http://schools.aglasem.com/?p=38895 and read the article.

After reading the article, can you now paraphrase what you have read by coming
up with your own definition of a linear equation in two variables? Write your
definition inside the box below.

ACTIVITY 13.THE RIGHT OF SUFFRAGE

In this activity, you will discover how linear equations in two variables can be used
to solve real life problems.

In 1920, the ratification of the 19 th amendment to the United States

Constitution gave women the right to vote. The table below shows the number (to
the nearest million) of votes cast in the presidential elections both before and
since women were able to vote.

Years before or since 1920 Votes (millions)

-12 15
-8 15
-4 19
0 27
4 29
8 37
12 40
PROCESS QUESTIONS:

1. Describe the trend in the number of votes cast.

2. When the points are connected, what figure is formed?

3. How can problems regarding trends and options be properly solved?

ACTIVITY 14.ARE LINES ALWAYS STRAIGHT?

In this activity, you will learn how to graph straight lines. Click on the link:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F--060tUEk0. Watch the video and answer the
process questions below.

PROCESS QUESTIONS:

1. How do you identify a linear equation in two variables?

2. What is an intercept?

3. How many points can be used to draw a line?

4. How do you solve for x and y in a linear equation?

 5. How do you graph straight lines?

ACTIVITY 15.PICTURE IT OUT!

In this activity, you will find out the relationship between the various kinds of
linear equations and the graphs that they have. Complete the table below.

Forms of Linear Sample Equation Graph Characteristics of

Equations the Graph

3x – 6y = 12

3x = y

y–4=0

x+3=0
PROCESS QUESTIONS:

1. What forms of linear equations in two variables did you graph?

2. Describe the lines that you have drawn.

3. What generalizations can you make regarding the kind of equation

that you have and the kind of graph that you get?

ACTIVITY 16.PICTURE PERFECT

After learning the various graphs of linear equations in two variables given some
conditions, let us find out if you can graph a line satisfying the specified
conditions:

a vertical line through the point (3, 4) a line through (3, 4) and the origin

the x-coordinate of every point on this for every point on the line, the y-
line is 4 coordinate is twice the x-coordinate
 ACTIVITY 17.SELF-ASSESSMENT

In this activity, you will now gauge your own progress by completing the chart
below. Mark the appropriate box that shows your progress.

I understand I understand I understand I do not

Statements the concept the concept the concept understand.
and can and can but not able
apply apply but to apply.
accurately. makes errors
in
computation.
 I am able to write
the variables of
given linear
equations.
 I am able to
graph linear
equations in two
variables
correctly.
 I am able to
graph sketch the
graph of a linear
equation without
using a table of
values.

ACTIVITY 18.SLOPE

Now that you have learned how to graph straight lines, it is now time to look at
another important property of straight lines which is the slope of a line. Study the
Powerpoint presentations below and answer the process questions that follow.

What is Slope?

Y=mx + b
 Determining Slope Determining Slope

Rise=12 Run =4 Rise=1 Run =2

Rise= 8 = -2
Rise= 0 Run = n Run = -4

Rise=6 Run =2 Rise= -2

Slope= 0 Run = 1
pe= 1 Slope= -2
Slo 2
Slope=3

Slope Summary

Slope = 0

Undefined Slope

PROCESS QUESTIONS:

1. What is a slope?
 2. How is the slope of a line determined?

3. What are the different values for the slope of a line?

4. What does it mean for the slope of a line to be undefined?

ACTIVITY 19.PRACTICE MAKES PERFECT

Let us see how far you have learned about the slope of a line. Visit this link and
do some practice exercises on determining the slope of a line:
http://www.quia.com/hm/163121.html?AP_rand=246985567.

PROCESS QUESTIONS:

1. How did you find the activity?

2. Which part did you find the most challenging?

3. How can you apply the concept of a slope in real life?

 ACTIVITY 20.LET’S PRACTICE

This activity will allow you practice applying the knowledge and skills that you
have learned regarding the slope of a line.

KNOWLEDGE
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word/s or value/s. (5 points)

1. A slope is the ratio of rise to .

2. A line has a slope that is undefined.
3. A line with a positive slope rises to the .
4. A line with a negative slope falls to the .
5. A horizontal line has a slope that is equal to .

PROCESS
Solve for the slope of a line given two points. Two points each. (6 points)
6. (-2, -1) and (4, 5) 7. (-9, 1) and (1, 1) 8. (5, -3) and (5, 3)

Graph the line going through the given point and having the given slope. Two
points each. (6 points)
9. (2, 5) and m = 1/2 10. (0, 2) and m = 7/4 11. (3, 5) and m =
undefined
UNDERSTANDING
Read each situation below and answer that question/s that follow/s.

12. Describe and correct the error in calculating the slope of the line
passing through the points
(5, 3) and (2,6). (5 points)
63  3 1
m 52 3

13. The point (-1, 8) is on a line that has a slope of -3. Is the point (4, -7) on the
same line?
Explain your reasoning. (5 points)
9. 10. 11.

12. 6-3/2-5 = 3/-3 or -1

13. yes, if you continually add one to the x-coordinate and subtract 3 from
the y-coordinate, one result will be (4,-7)

ACTIVITY 21.A VARIETY OF FORMS

After learning the different preliminary concepts on graphing straight lines, it is

now time to learn the various equations of a line. You will be watching six videos
on the various ways in which an equation of a line could be written.

As you watch each of these videos, pay attention to the following:

1. List down the steps involved in each method.

Forms Description
General
Form
 Standard
Form
Slope-
Intercept
Form
Point-Slope
Form
Two-Point
Form
Intercept
Form

2. Highlight differences in the various forms.

You are not yet expected to master these forms. You are only expected to
look at each form and make comparisons. Click on the different links below. You
may key in your notes on the table provided below.

A. General Form
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aLfZZ6guz88
B. Standard Form:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AoJy7bsWKuc
C. Slope-Intercept Form: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3t7E8PTfey0
D. Point-Slope Form:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eHPTyYbNmx4
E. Two-Point Form: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4il4haYASys
F. Intercept Form:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2mm7OfwIQkE

PROCESS QUESTIONS:
1. What is involved in each form?

2. How is each form different from the rest?

3. What are the limitations of each form?

 ACTIVITY 22.EVERNOTE

Go to www.evernote.com. Download the evernote program. You will be writing

your notes on the forms of linear equations that you have viewed through this
website. Take note that you will not be submitting the notes to the teacher for you
will use these as you proceed with the other activities.

When you are writing your notes, pay attention to the following:
1. Describe each form.
2. Differentiate one from the other.
3. Discuss the limitations of each.

ACTIVITY 23.SKILL BOOSTER

Let us see whether you have understood the different ways to write the equation
of a line. Click on each link below and do the activity.

A. Slope-Intercept Form: http://crctlessons.com/slope-intercept-

game.html
B. Point-Slope Form: http://www.quia.com/cb/79602.html

ACTIVITY 24.MUDDIEST POINT

In this activity, you will complete the journal below.

The part of the lesson that I still find confusing is
because
.

ACTIVITY 25.LET’S PUT IT TO THE TEST

This activity will test your understanding regarding the forms of linear equations in
two variables.

Directions: Which of the following are linear equations in two variables? Write
YES or NO.
1. 5x + 4y = 3x – 6
2. x = 6xy – 1
3. 3(x + 3) = 2y – 4x
4. 2y + 4 = 3y2
x3
5.  5x  y  4
4
 1
6. 2x
3y

7. 2x
21
5y
8. 2
x  3x  2  0

Directions: Write each linear equation in general form and standard form.

9. 2x – 3y = 8x – 3x
GENERAL:
STANDARD:

10. 6(x – y) = 4x + 5y
GENERAL:
STANDARD:

11. 5x – 8 + 10y = 9 – 2y
GENERAL:
STANDARD:

12. 4y – 5 + 5(x – y) = 2x
GENERAL:
STANDARD:

Directions: Write each equation in slope intercept form. Identify the slope and the
y-intercept.

13. 4x = 2y + 16
SLOPE:
Y-INTERCEPT:

14. 10x + 14y = 28

SLOPE:
Y-INTERCEPT:

15. 4x – 8y = 16
SLOPE:
Y-INTERCEPT:
Directions: For each equation, find its slope and point on the graph.

16. y + 7 = (x – 2)
SLOPE:
POINT:

17. y – 3 = -4(x + 5)
 SLOPE:
POINT:

18. y – 8 = (x – 6)
SLOPE:
POINT:

19. y + 2 = -3(x – 2)
SLOPE:
POINT:

ACTIVITY 26.LEARNING LOG

After learning the preliminary concepts on linear equations in two variables, write
a one paragraph essay on your progress in this module. What are the things that
you need more assistance on?

End of FIRM UP:

ons in two variables and its forms. You were also given the opportunity to learn how some real life problems could be solved u

tial ideas with the discussion. How much of your initial ideas are found in the discussion? Which ideas are different and need r
 Now that you have learned the important skills needed in solving
quadratic equations, your goals in this section is to look at some real-life
situations where we can apply the concepts that you have learned.

ACTIVITY 27.THE REAL LIFE PURPOSE (SCAFFOLD 1)

In this activity, you will view a video that will show real life applications of linear
equations in two variables. Click on this link:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8eXb-6wQUks.

PROCESS QUESTIONS:

1. What real life was shown in the video?

2. How were linear equations in two variables used in solving real

life problems?

3. Can you site any other real life situations that use linear equations
in two variables?

4. How can problems regarding trends and options be properly solved?

 ACTIVITY 28.YOU CAN DO IT (SCAFFOLD 2)

From the video presented, let us see if you can use your knowledge of linear
equations to solve real life problems in business:

PROBLEM 1:
Mr. Garces, the owner of MIX, a newly built business in Bacolod
that produces high quality printers, commissioned a Stat Company to
conduct a survey on the demand of buyers for his products at different
price levels. The Stat Company summarized the data gathered and
reported the equation Qd = -0.5P + 800.

Using the equation, complete the table of values below given the
different price levels at which she could sell the printers.

Price Quantity Demanded

0
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000

PROCESS QUESTIONS:

1. What concepts or skills did you use to complete the activity?

2. In the given equation, what is the slope? the y-intercept?

3. How did you arrive at the decision?

4. In business, why is it important to consider the demand of the buyers?

 5. Will you be willing then to advise the businessman to set the price at
zero to be able to gain more buyers?

6. Why is charging the highest price not favorable?

7. How can problems regarding trends and options be properly solved?

PROBLEM 2:
Mr. Soliman is looking for a job. After applying for the companies
where his expertise can be applied and at the same time be improved, he
finally has these two options to choose.

Job A: Starting Salary: P3 000 Job B: Starting Salary: 2

500
Annual Increase: 500 Annual
600
Increase:

At the end of ten years, which job has the greater annual salary?
Complete the table below.

Number of Years Annual Salary (in pesos)

Job A Job B
0 3 000 2 500
1
2
3
10
 PROCESS QUESTIONS:

1. Where is the slope in the given problem?

2. What do the starting salaries represent?

3. Write an equation relating annual salary for each job.

4. If you were Mr. Soliman, which job would you choose? Why?

5. Is salary the only factor that will influence your choice? If not, what
other factors would you consider?

6. How can problems regarding trends and options be properly solved?

PROBLEM 3:

You are the owner of Shape It. You charge your customers a
membership fee of P900 per month after an initial membership fee. One
of your customers paid a total of P6000 after six months. Write an
equation that gives total cost as a function of the length of your gym
membership (in months). Find the total cost after nine months.

Developed by the Private Education Assistance Committee 234

under the GASTPE Program of the Department of Education
PROCESS QUESTIONS:

1. What does P900 represent?

2. How will you use “six months” in your equation?

3. Write an equation relating the cost and the length of gym membership.

4. How much will a customer pay after nine months?

5. Can you use the equation to be able to make future decisions?

6. How can problems regarding trends and options be properly solved?

ACTIVITY 29.SUMMING EVERYTHING UP

You will now revisit the different situations that you have used to apply the
concepts of linear equations in two variables. What are the common things that
you notice among the various situations presented?

Developed by the Private Education Assistance Committee 235

under the GASTPE Program of the Department of Education
 From the various real-life connections presented in the different
activities, I noticed that the situations have the following things in common:
1.
2.
3.

What generalization can you make?

ACTIVITY 30.REVISITING THE IRF SHEET

It is now time to revisit the IRF Sheet. Fill it up by writing your revised answer to
the topical focus question:

IRF Worksheet
Initial Answer

Revised Answer

Final Answer

End of DEEPEN:

In this section, the discussion was about using the concepts of

quadratic equations to be able to solve real-life problems. Now that you
have a deeper understanding of the topic, you are ready to do the tasks in
the next section.
ing to real life situations by doing scaffold activities which will help you in the making of final project. You will be given a practi

ACTIVITY 31.SCAFFOLD FOR TRANSFER 3

After looking at some real life applications of linear equations in two variables, it is
now time to do the task below:

Foundation Week is fast approaching. One challenge that student leaders

are facing is to come up with fund raising projects at a minimal cost. As members
of the Executive Board of the Student Affairs Council, you are tasked to submit a
proposal for an educational fund-raising project. It should include a description of
the project, list of expenses and projected sales for two days. You are to come
up with linear equations that you can use to analyze the potential profits of your
business. Your work will be judged using the following criteria: explanation and
presentation of the proposal, accuracy of computations, and demonstration of the
understanding of key concepts of linear equations in two variables and systems
of linear equations and inequalities in two variables.

ACTIVITY 32.THE FINAL TASK

Rogelio Loredo, who recently won in a lottery, is planning to open a

business in your city. Since he lacks expertise, he is seeking assistance from
RLB Accounting firm. As consultants of the firm, you are tasked to present a
business plan which will include the varied salary schemes that could be used in
paying the employees. Your work will be presented to the head of the accounting
firm and to Rogelio Loredo. It will be judged according the following criteria:
explanation and presentation and organization of the business plan, accuracy of
computations, and demonstration of the understanding of key concepts of linear
equations in two variables.
RUBRIC:

A. Oral Report (40%)

CRITERIA Outstanding Satisfactory Developing Beginning

4 3 2 1
Presentation Presenters are Presenters are Presenters Presenters
(40%) confident and confident with show little demonstrate
stimulating in their presen- evidence of little evidence
delivery. They tation. confidence and of planning
exert effort to Presenters’ preparedness. prior to
engage the voices are Presenters’ presentation.
class. Prepa- clear and voices are low. Presenters
ration is evident. audible. read from
Presenters notes and/or
speak in clear make no eye
voices. contact.

Organization The presenta- The Parts of the The

(30%) tion shows presentation presentation presentation
logical and shows a logical may still be lacks logical
interesting sequence and resequenced to sequence
sequence, is shows make the ideas and
easy to follow evidence of clearer and has little
and shows preparation. easier to follow. evidence
detailed of
evidence of preparation.
preparation.

Visuals Powerpoint Powerpoint Powerpoint Powerpoint

(30%) presentation presentation presentation presentation
contains signifi- contains contains contains less
cant parts of the significant parts adequate important
proposal and of the proposal. information. facts and
and employ Pictures are Pictures are inappropriate
interesting appropriate. presented but graphics.
visuals which Slides have some of them Slides have
make the less than two are four or more
content clear spelling and/or inappropriate spelling
and easy to grammatical Slides have and/or
grasp. errors. three or more grammar
Slides are free spelling and/or errors.
of spelling grammatical
and/or errors.
grammatical
errors.
B. Written Report – 60%

CRITERIA Outstanding Satisfactory Developing Beginning

4 3 2 1
Mathematical The linear The linear The linear The linear
Representation models are models are models are models are
of Linear detailed and clear. difficult to difficult to
Equations in clear. understand understand
Two Variables but includes and are
(40%) some critical missing
components. several
components.

Organization of The report The report Parts of the The report

Ideas shows logical shows a report may still lacks logical
(30%) and interesting logical be resequ- sequence and
sequence, is sequence enced to make has little
easy to follow and shows the ideas evidence
and shows evidence of clearer and of preparation.
detailed preparation. easier to
evidence of follow.
preparation.

Accuracy of The computa- The compu- The computa- The computa-

Computations tions done are tations done tions done are tions done are
(30%) accurate and are accurate erroneous and erroneous and
show under- and show show incorrect do not show
standing of the proper use use of the wise use of
concepts of of the concepts of the concepts
linear equations concepts of linear of linear
in two variables. linear equations in equations in
There is an equations in two variables. two variables.
explanation for two
every variables.
computation
made.
 PROCESS QUESTIONS:

1. What are the important factors that you consider important

in contributing to the success of this task?

2. To what extent did your knowledge, skills and understanding of

linear equations in two variables help you perform the task?

3. How can problems regarding trends and options be properly solved?

ACTIVITY 33.REVISITING THE IRF SHEET

It is now time to revisit the IRF Sheet. Fill it up by writing your revised answer to
the topical focus question:

IRF Worksheet
Initial Answer

Revised Answer

Final Answer
 ACTIVITY 34.REFLECTION LOG

After doing the final task, look back at your experience as you complete the log
below:

1. What have I learned?

2. How do I feel with what I’ve learned?

3. What can I do with what I’ve learned?

Should you have any clarifications on this lesson, type your question and email
this to the teacher or post it to the discussion forum.

ACTIVITY 35.SYNTHESIS JOURNAL

The unit’s lesson was on .

One key idea was
. This
is important because .
Another key idea was .
This is also important because
. In summary, the unit’s
lesson

In this section, your task was to look at how the skills needed to accomplish the
performance task were done.
End of TRANSFER:

You have completed this lesson. Before you go to the next module, you
have to answer the following post-assessment.
 MODULE: POST-ASSESSMENT

ck on the letter of the answer that you think best answers the question. Your score will only appear after you answer all items

1. What is the intersection of the x-axis and y-axis in the coordinate plane?
A. origin
B. ordinate
C. abscissa
D. coordinate axes

2. Which is the slope of line L as shown in the diagram below?

3
A. 
4

4
B.
3
3
C.
4
4
D. 
3
 3. Which of the following plots the point (-2.5, 3)?
A.

B.

C.

D.

4. What is the equation of a line whose x-intercept is 2 and whose y-intercept

is 1/3?
A. y = 1/2x + 1/3
B. y = -1/6x + 1/3
C. y = -1/2x + 1/3
D. y = -1/6x – 1/3

5. Write the equation of the line containing (4,0) and (0,-

5). A. y = -4/5 x
B. 5x - 4y = 20
C. 4x + 5y = 20*
D. none of these
6. The line 2x – 3y = 12 has
A. a slope of 2 and a y-intercept of -12.
2
B. a slope of  and a y-intercept of 4.
3
2
C. a slope of and a y-intercept of –4.
3
D. a slope of 3and a y-intercept of -3.

7. Which is the equation, in slope-intercept form, of the line graphed below?

A. y = -2.5x + 2
B. y = -2x + 5
C. y = -5x + 2
D. y = -2.5x + 5*

A. y = -2.5x + 2
B. y = -2x + 5
C. y = -5x + 2
D. y = -2.5x + 5

8. Given the equation, 3x – y = 15, complete table the table below.

X 1 3
Y 0

A. -10, 3, -5
B. -12, 2, -4
C. -5, 0, -5
D. -12, 5, -6

9. One side of a rectangular lot is four times longer than the other. Its
perimeter fence is 70 meters long. Find the length and width of the lot.
A. 7 meters wide and 28 meters long
B. 15 meters wide and 60 meters long
C. 28 meters wide and 7 meters long
D. 60 meters wide and 15 meters wide

Developed by the Private Education Assistance Committee 245

under the GASTPE Program of the Department of Education
10. The scatterplot on the right shows the time cheese has been aging and the
amount of lactic acid present in the cheese. Which statement is most
strongly supported by the scatterplot?

A. The longer cheese ages, the more lactic acid is present.

B. The longer cheese ages, the less lactic acid is present.
C. The amount of lactic acid present remains constant as cheese ages.
D. No relationship exists between the time cheese ages and the amount
of lactic acid present.

11. The minimum hourly wage y (in dollars per hour) in the United States
between
1960 and 2005 can be approximated by the equation: y = 0.10x + 0.82
where x is greater than or equal to 0 where x represents the number of
years since 1960 (x=0 corresponds to 1960, x=1 corresponds to 1961,
and so on).

Find the slope of the line and interpret the meaning of the slope in the
context of this problem.
A. The slope is 0.82. It means that the minimum hourly wage rose 0.82
dollars every year.
B. The slope is 0.10. It means that in 1960, the hourly wage rose by 0.10
and doubled the succeeding years.
C. The slope is 0.10 and indicates that minimum hourly wage rose an
average of $0.10 per year between 1960 and 2005.*
D. The slope is 0.82 and indicates that the minimum hourly wage was
0.82 from 1960 to 2005.

Developed by the Private Education Assistance Committee 246

under the GASTPE Program of the Department of Education
 12. The figure below represents the winning gold medal times for the women’s 100-m
freestyle swimming event for selected summer Olympics. Let y represent the winning
time in seconds and let x represent the number of years since 1900 (x = 0
corresponds to 1900, x = 1 corresponds to 1901, and so on).

Would it be practical to use the linear model to predict the winning time in the year
2048?
A. Yes, the graph shows a downward trend during the past years. Information is
sufficient.
B. Yes, the trend has already been determined and the number of points is
sufficient to make predictions.
C. No, data can change anytime. If the number of swimmers will increase, the trend
can change.
D. No, if the trend will be followed the swimmers’ time could be negative*.

13. Buffalo, New York, had 2 ft (24 in.) of snow on the ground before a snowstorm.
During the storm, snow fell at an average rate of 5 in./hr. Write a linear equation to
compute the total snow depth y after x hours of the storm.

A. y = 24 x + 5/8
B. y = 5/8 x + 24
C. y = 5/8 x - 24
D. y = -5/8 x + 24

14. Referring to the previous situation, if the snow depth was 31.5 in. at the
end of the storm, determine how long the storm lasted.
A. 10 hours
B. 11 hours
C. 12 hours
D. 13 hours
15. A school has two soccer seasons. There are currently 30 students playing
on the
spring team and participation is increasing by two students per year. There
are
currently 19 students playing on the fall team, and this is increasing by three
students per year. When will the teams have the same size?
A. 12 years
B. 10 years
C. 8 years
D. 11 years

16. Some providers of high-speed Internet service offers a choice of two plans.
With
plan A, you buy the modem and pay a monthly fee for Internet service. With
plan B, the modem is free, but you pay a higher monthly fee than for plan A.

Plan A: You pay P3000 for the modem and P500 per month for service.
Plan B: The modem is free and you pay P700 per month for the service.

After how many months are the total costs for the plans the same?
A. 10
B. 15
C. 20
D. 25

17. A friend seeks advice from you which plan he should avail of. Which could
be a good advice to your friend?
A. Plan A is a better deal if the subscription will be beyond fifteen months.
B. Plan A will never become a better deal over plan B in all cases.
C. Plan B is a better deal if the subscription will last for more than three
years.
D. Either plans will yield the same benefit for as long as the subscription
will be less than fifteen months.

18. A college purchased exercise equipment worth $12,000 for the new campus
fitness center. The equipment has a useful life of 8 years. The salvage
value at the end of 8 years is $2000. Write a linear equation that describes
the book value of the equipment each year.
A. V =-2000t + 12,000
B. V =-1250t + 12,000
C. V =-1250t - 12,000
D. V = 2000t + 12,000

19. In a Physical Education class, the students start out with a grade of 100. For
each day of absence from the class, a student gets a deduction of two
points.
 The equation that represents the grade y of a student who is absent for x
days is .
A. y = 100 – x
B. y = 100 – 2x
C. y = 2(100 – x)
D. y = 2x – 100

20. You are a sales representative and earns a base salary of $1000 per
month plus
a 4% commission on your sales for the month. How much will you make if
your sales for a given month is $30,000?

A. $2000
B. $2200
C. $2400
D. $2600
GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN THIS LESSON:

ABSCISSA - the coordinate representing the position of a point along a line

perpendicular to the y -axis in a plane Cartesian coordinate system

INTERCEPT- the coordinate of a point at which a line, curve, or surface

intersects a coordinate axis

LINEAR EQUATION - An algebraic equation, such as y = 2 x + 7 or 3 x + 2 y − z

= 4, in which the highest degree term in the variable or variables is of the
first degree. The graph of such an equation is a straight line if there are
two variables

ORDERED PAIR - A pair of numbers used to locate a point on a coordinate

plane

ORDINATE - The plane Cartesian coordinate representing the distance from a

specified point to the x -axis, measured parallel to the y -axis

ORIGIN - the point whose coordinates are (0,0) on the coordinate plane

RECTANGULAR COORDINATE SYSTEM - a coordinate system in which the

coordinates of a point are its distances from a set of perpendicular lines
that intersect at an origin, such as two lines in a plane or three in space.

QUADRANTS - Any of the four areas into which a plane is divided by the
reference axes in a Cartesian coordinate system, designated first, second,
third, and fourth, counting counterclockwise from the area in which both
coordinates are positive

SLOPE - the ratio of the rise to the run in a linear equation.

REFERENCES AND WEBSITE LINKS USED IN THIS LESSON:

VIDEOS

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3SNmdNO5Bb4
This video is about the life and contributions of Rene Descartes.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T2-TO8XBNbU.
This video will introduce the students to the rectangular coordinate
system.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F--060tUEk0.
This video is about graphing straight lines.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aLfZZ6guz88
This video is about the general form of the equation of a line.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AoJy7bsWKuc
This video is about the standard form of the equation of a line.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3t7E8PTfey0
This video illustrates how the slope and y-intercept could be used to
derived the equation of a line.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eHPTyYbNmx4
This video illustrates how the slope and a point could be used to derived
the equation of a line.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4il4haYASys
This video illustrates how two points could be used to derived the equation
of a line.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2mm7OfwIQkE
This video illustrates how the two intercepts could be used to derived the
equation of a line.

INTERACTIVE WEBSITES

http://www.quia.com/hm/163121.html?AP_rand=246985567
This contains exercises on solving for the slope of a line.

http://www.quia.com/cb/79602.html
This contains exercises on the use of point slope form.

http://crctlessons.com/slope-intercept-game.html
 This contains exercises on the use of slope intercept form.

WEBSITES

www.dictionary.com
This is a dictionary that students can use to unlock the meaning of words.

www.evernote.com
This is a tool students can use to summarize the facts which they have
learned.