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Error Propagation

The document discusses error propagation in physics measurements and calculations. It provides formulas for calculating the total uncertainty (error) when: 1) Adding or subtracting measurements - the uncertainties add linearly. 2) Multiplying or dividing measurements - the uncertainties add quadratically. 3) Raising a measurement to a power - the fractional uncertainty is multiplied by the power. Worked examples are included for each case to demonstrate applying the formulas.

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nazmul hasan
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119 views4 pages

Error Propagation

The document discusses error propagation in physics measurements and calculations. It provides formulas for calculating the total uncertainty (error) when: 1) Adding or subtracting measurements - the uncertainties add linearly. 2) Multiplying or dividing measurements - the uncertainties add quadratically. 3) Raising a measurement to a power - the fractional uncertainty is multiplied by the power. Worked examples are included for each case to demonstrate applying the formulas.

Uploaded by

nazmul hasan
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Error Propagation

The analysis of uncertainties (errors) in measurements and calculations is essential in the


physics laboratory. For example, suppose you measure the length of a long rod by
making three measurement x = xbest ± ∆x, y = ybest ± ∆y, and z = zbest ± ∆z. Each of these
measurements has its own uncertainty ∆x, ∆y, and ∆z respectively. What is the
uncertainty in the length of the rod L = x + y + z? When we add the measurements do the
uncertainties ∆x, ∆y, ∆z cancel, add, or remain the same? Likewise , suppose we
measure the dimensions b = bbest ± ∆b, h = hbest ± ∆h, and w = wbest ± ∆w of a block.
Again, each of these measurements has its own uncertainty ∆b, ∆h, and ∆w respectively.
What is the uncertainty in the volume of the block V = bhw? Do the uncertainties add,
cancel, or remain the same when we calculate the volume? In order for us to determine
what happens to the uncertainty (error) in the length of the rod or volume of the block we
must analyze how the error (uncertainty) propagates when we do the calculation. In
error analysis we refer to this as error propagation.

There is an error propagation formula that is used for calculating uncertainties when
adding or subtracting measurements with uncertainties and a different error propagation
formula for calculating uncertainties when multiplying or dividing measurements with
uncertainties. Let’s first look at the formula for adding or subtracting measurements with
uncertainties.

Adding or Subtracting Measurements with Uncertainties.

Suppose you make two measurements,

x = xbest ± ∆x
y = ybest ± ∆y

What is the uncertainty in the quantity q = x + y or q = x – y?


To obtain the uncertainty we will find the lowest and highest probable value of q = x + y.
Note that we would like to state q in the standard form of q = qbest ± ∆q where
qbest = xbest + ybest.

(highest probable value of q = x + y):

(xbest+ ∆x) + (ybest + ∆y) = (xbest+ ybest) + (∆x +∆y) = qbest + ∆q

(lowest probable value of q = x + y):

(xbest- ∆x) + (ybest - ∆y) = (xbest+ ybest) - (∆x +∆y) = qbest – ∆q

Thus, we that

∆q = ∆x + ∆y

is the uncertainty in q = x + y. A similar result applies if we needed to obtain the


uncertainty in the difference q = x – y. If we had added or subtracted more than two

1
measurements x, y, ......, z each with its own uncertainty ∆x, ∆y, ......... , ∆z respectively
, the result would be

∆q = ∆x + ∆y + ......... + ∆z
Now, if the uncertainties ∆x, ∆y, ........., ∆z are random and independent, the result is

∆q = (∆x) 2 + (∆y ) 2 + ......... + (∆z ) 2

Ex. x = 3.52 cm ± 0.05 cm


y = 2.35 cm ± 0.04 cm

Calculate q = x + y
We would like to state q in the standard form of q = qbest ± ∆q

xbest = 3.52cm, ∆x = 0.05cm

ybest = 2.35cm, ∆y = 0.04cm

qbest = xbest + ybest = 3.52cm + 2.35cm = 5.87cm

∆q = (∆x) 2 + (∆y ) 2 = (0.05)2 + (0.04) 2 = 0.06cm

q = 5.87cm ± 0.06cm

Multiplying or Dividing Measurements with Uncertainties

Suppose you make two measurements,

x = xbest ± ∆x
y = ybest ± ∆y

What is the uncertainty in the quantity q = xy or q = x/y?


To obtain the uncertainty we will find the highest and lowest probable value of q = xy.
The result will be the same if we consider q = x/y. Again we would like to state q in the
standard form of q = qbest ± ∆q where now qbest = xbest ybest.

(highest probable value of q = xy):

(xbest+ ∆x)(ybest + ∆y) = xbestybest + xbest ∆y +∆x ybest + ∆x ∆y = qbest + ∆q

= xbestybest + (xbest ∆y + ∆x ybest) = qbest + ∆q

(lowest probable value of q = xy):

2
(xbest- ∆x)(ybest - ∆y) = xbestybest - xbest ∆y - ∆x ybest + ∆x ∆y = qbest – ∆q

= xbestybest – (xbest ∆y + ∆x ybest) = qbest – ∆q

Since the uncertainties ∆x and ∆y are assumed to be small, then the product ∆x ∆y ≈ 0.
Thus, we see that ∆q = xbest ∆y +∆x ybest in either case. Dividing by xbestybest gives

∆q x ∆y y ∆x
= best + best
xbest y best xbest y best xbest y best
∆q ∆y ∆x
= +
qbest y best x best
Again, a similar result applies if we needed to obtain the uncertainty in the division of
q = x/y. If we had multiplied or divided more than two measurements x, y, ......, z each
with its own uncertainty ∆x, ∆y, ......... , ∆z respectively, the result would be

∆q ∆y ∆x ∆z
= + + ........ +
qbest y best x best z best

Now, if the uncertainties ∆x, ∆y, ........., ∆z are random and independent, the result is

2 2 2
∆q  ∆y   ∆x   ∆z 
=   +   + ........ +  
qbest  y best   x best   z best 

Ex. x = 49.52cm ± 0.08cm


y = 189.53cm ± 0.05cm

Calculate q = xy
We would like to state q in the standard form of q = qbest ± ∆q

xbest = 49.52cm, ∆x = 0.08cm

ybest = 189.53cm, ∆y = 0.05cm

qbest = xbestybest = (49.52cm)(189.53cm)=9.38553 x 103 cm2

2 2 2
∆q  ∆x   ∆y 
 = 
0.08cm   0.05cm 
=   +   +  = 1.63691E − 3
qbest  xbest   y best   49.52cm   189.53cm 

3
∆q = (1.63691 x 10-3)qbest = (1.63691 x 10-3) (9.38553 x 103 cm2)

∆q = 15.3632cm2 ≈ 20 cm2

q = 9390 cm2 ± 20 cm2

Uncertainty for a Quantity Raised to a Power

If a measurement x has uncertainty ∆x, then the uncertainty in q = xn, is given by the
expression

∆q ∆x
= n
qbest xbest

Ex. Let q = x3 where x = 5.75cm ± 0.08 cm.


Calculate the uncertainty ∆q in the quantity q.

We would like to state q in the standard form of q = qbest ± ∆q

n=3
∆x = 0.08cm
xbest = 5.75cm
3
qbest = xbest = 190.1cm 3

∆q ∆x
= n =
qbest xbest
∆q  0.08cm 
3
= (3) 
190.1cm  5.75cm 
∆q = 7.93cm 3 ≈ 7cm 3
q = 190cm 3 ± 7cm 3

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