Southern Maramag Colleges Module 4 STATISTICS AND PROBABILTY

P2 South Pob., Maramag, Buk. SAMPLING AND SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION

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Name: ________________________________________________ Grade 11 Submission Date: ______________

Learning Outcomes
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. Illustrate random sampling;
2. Distinguish between parameter and statistics; and
3. Construct sampling distribution of sample means.

LESSON 1: Sampling Distribution of Sample Means

Reseachers use sampling if taking a census of the entire population is impractical. Data from the sample are
used to calculate statistics, which are estimates of the corresponding population parameters. For instance, a sample
might be drawn from the population, its mean is calculated, and this value is used as a statistic or an estimate for the
population mean. Thus, descriptive measures computed from a population are called parameters while descriptive
measures computed from a sample are called statistics.
Steps in Constructing the Sampling Distribution of the Means
1. Determine the number of possible samples that can be drawn from the population using the formula: NCn
Where N = size of population
n = size of the sample
2. List all the possible samples and compute the mean of each sample.
3. Construct a frequency distribution of the sample means obtained in Step 2.
Sampling Distribution of Sample Means
A population consists of the numbers 2, 4, 9 10 and 5. Let us list all possible sample of size 3 from this population
and compute the mean of each sample.
Table1. Sampling Distribution of Sample Means
Sample Mean
2, 4, 9 5.00
2, 4, 10 5.33
2, 4, 5 3.67
2, 9, 10 7.00
2, 9, 5 5.33
2, 10, 5 5.67
4, 9, 10 7.67
4, 9, 5 6.00
4, 10, 5 6.33
9, 10, 5 8.00
 There are 10 possible samples of size 3 that can be drawn from the given population.
 The number of samples of size n that can be drawn from a population of the size N is given by NCn.
 This time, let us make a frequency distribution of the sample means. We shall call this frequency distribution,
the sampling distribution of the sample means.
 A sampling distribution of sample mean is frequency distribution using the means computed from all possible
random samples of a specific size taken from a population. It is also called probability distribution of the sample
means.
 Sample mean is a random variable, which depends on a particular sample. Being a random variable, it has a
probability distribution.

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 Table 2.Sampling Distribution of Sample Means
Sample Mean Frequency Probability P( X́ )
5.00 1 1
= 0.10
10
5.33 1 1
= 0.10
10
3.67 2 2
= 0.20
10
7.00 1 1
= 0.10
10
5.33 1 1
= 0.10
10
5.67 1 1
= 0.10
10
7.67 1 1
= 0.10
10
6.00 1 1
= 0.10
10
6.33 1 1
= 0.10
10
8.00 1 1
= 0.10
10
Total n = 10 1.00

ACTIVITY 1
Direction: Answer the following. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. Show your solution.
1. A population consists of the five numbers 2, 3, 6, 8 and 11. Consider samples of size 2 that can be drawn from
this population.
a. List all the possibilities samples and the corresponding mean.
b. Construct the sampling distribution of the sample means.
2. How many different samples of size n = 3 can be selected from a population with the following sizes?
a. N = 4
b. N = 8
c. N = 20
d. N = 50
Finding the Mean and Variance of the Sampling Distribution of Means
Consider a population consisting of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. Suppose samples of size 2 are drawn from this population.
Describe the sampling sample means.
Solution:
Step 1. Compute the mean of the population, μ. μ = ∑ X = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 = 3.00 So, the mean of the population is
3.00.
N 5
Step 2. Compute the variance of the population.
X X-μ (X – μ)2
1 -2 4
2 -1 1
3 0 0
4 1 1
2
 5 2 4
∑ ¿¿) = 102

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σ 2 = ∑ ¿¿)2 = =2 so, the variance of the population is 2.
5
N
Step 3. Determine the number of possible samples of size n = 2.
Use the formula NCn. Here N = 5 and n = 2, 5C2 = 10
So, there are 10 possible samples of size 2 that can be drawn.
Step 4. List all possible samples and their corresponding means.
Samples Mean
1, 2 1.50
1, 3 2.00
1, 4 2.50
1, 5 3.00
2, 3 2.50
2, 4 3.00
2, 5 3.50
3, 4 3.50
3, 5 4.00
4, 5 4.50
Step 5. Construct a sampling distribution of the sample means.
Sample Mean ( X́ ) Frequency Probability (P X́ )
1.50 1 1
10
2.00 1 1
10
2.50 2 1
5
3.00 2 1
5
3.50 2 1
5
4.00 1 1
10
4.50 1 1
10
Total 10 1.00
Step 6. Compute the mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means. Follow these steps:
a. Multiply the same mean by the corresponding probability.
b. Add the results.
Sample Mean ( X́ ) Probability (P X́ ) X́ · P X́
1.50 1 0.15
10
2.00 1 0.20
10
2.50 1 0.50
5

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 3.00 1 0.60
5
3.50 1 0.70
5
4.00 1 0.40
10
4.50 1 0.45
10
Total 1.00 3.00
μx = X́ · P X́ = 3.00 So, the sampling mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means is 3.00.
Step 7. Compute the variance of the sampling distribution of the sample means. Follow these steps:
a. Subtract the population mean ( μ ¿from each sample mean ( X́ ). Label this as X́ – μ.
b. Square the difference. Label this as ( X́ – μ)2.
c. Multiply the results by the corresponding probability. Label this as P X́ · ( X́ – μ)2
d. Add the results.
X́ P X́ X́ – μ ( X́ – μ)2 P X́ · ( X́ – μ)2
1.50 1 -1.50 2.25 0.225
10
2.00 1 -1.00 1.00 0.100
10
2.50 1 -.0.50 0.25 0.050
5
3.00 1 0.00 0.00 0.000
5
3.50 1 0.50 0.25 0.050
5
4.00 1 1.00 1.00 0.100
10
4.50 1 1.50 2.25 0.0225
10
Total 1.00 0.750
Summary
Population (N = 5) Sampling Distribution of the Sample
Means (n = 2)
Mean μ = 3.00 μ x = 3.00
Variance σ 2 = 2.00 σ 2x = 0.75
Standard Deviation σ = 1.41 σ x = 0.87
Properties of the Sampling Distribution of Sample Mean
If all possible samples of size n are drawn from a population of size N with mean μ and variance σ 2, then the
sampling distribution of the sample means has the following properties:
1. The mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means is equal to the population mean ( μ). That is μx = μ.
2. The variance of the sampling distribution of the same sample means σ is given by:

3. The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample means is given by:

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 The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample mean is also known as the standard error of
the mean. It measures the degree of accuracy of the sample mean as an estimate of the population mean. If we want to
get a good estimate of the population mean, we have to make n sufficiently large. This fact is stated as a theorem, which
is known as The Central Limit Theorem.
The Central Limit Theorem
If random samples of size n are drawn from a population, then as n becomes larger, the sampling distribution of
the mean approaches the normal distribution, regardless of the shape of the population distribution.

ACTIVITY 2
Direction: Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. Show your solution.
A. Consider all samples of size 5 from this population: 2 5 6 8 10 12 13
1. Compute the mean ( μ) and standard deviation (σ ) of the population.
2. List all samples of size 5 and compute the mean ( X́ ) for each sample.
3. Construct the sampling distribution of the sample means.
4. Calculate the mean ( μ X́ ) of the sampling distribution of the sample means. Compare this to the mean of the
population.
5. Calculate the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample means. Compare this to the standard
deviation of the population.
B. A population consists of the five measurements 2, 6, 8, 0 and 1.
1. What is the mean and the standard deviation of the population?
2. How many different samples of size n = 2 can be drawn from the population?
List them with their corresponding means.
3. Construct the sampling distribution of the sample means.
4. What is the mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means? Compare this to the mean of the
population.
5. What is the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample means? Compare this to the standard
deviation of the population.
Solving Problems involving Sampling Distribution of the Sample Means
The Central Limit Theorem is of fundamental importance in statistics because it justifies the use of normal curve
methods for a wide range of problems. It justifies the use of the formula z = X́ - μ when computing for the probability
σ
√n
that X́ will take on a value within a given range in the sampling distribution of X́ .
z = X́ – μ where X́ = sample mean σ = population standard deviation
σ
μ = population mean n = sample size
√n
Steps in Solving Problems involving Sampling Distribution of the Sample Means
1. Identify the given information.
2. Identify what is asked.
3. Identify the formula to be used.
4. Solve the problem.
5. State the final answer.

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ACTIVITY 3
Direction: Solve the following problems. Write your answer with complete solution.
1. In a study of the life expectancy of 400 people in a certain geographic region, the mean age at death was
70years, and the standard deviation was 5.1 years. If a sample of 50 people from this region is selected, what is
the probability that the mean life expectancy will be less than 68 years?
2. The average cholesterol content of a certain canned goods is 215 milligrams, and the standard deviation is 15
milligrams. Assume the variable is normally distributed.
a. If a canned good is selected, what is the probability that the cholesterol content will be greater than 220
milligrams?
b. If a sample of 25 canned goods is selected, what is the probability that the mean of the sample will be larger
than 220 milligrams?
3. The average public high school has 468 students with a standard deviation of 87.
a. If a public school is selected, what is the probability that the number of students enrolled is greater than
400?
b. If a random sample of 38 public elementary schools is selected, what is the probability that the number of
students enrolled is between 445 and 485?

ACTIVITY 4
Direction: Write the letter of your answer on the space provided for. Show your solution on a separate paper.
The average precipitation for the first 7 months of the year is 19.32 inches with a standard deviation of 2.4 inches.
Assume that the average precipitation is normally distributed.
______1. What is the probability that a randomly selected year will have precipitation greater than 18 inches for the first
7 months?
a. 0.7088 b. 0.8523 c. 0.4562 d. 0.1258
_____2. What is the average precipitation of 5 randomly selected years for the first 7 months?
a. 19.32 inches b. 22.4 inches c. 20.52 inches d. 15.56 inches
_____3. What is the probability of 5 randomly selected years will have an average precipitation greater than 18 inches
for the first 7 months?
a. 0.8907 b. 0.2587 c. 0.4156 d. 0.2879

ACTIVITY 5 Look Back and Reflect

Direction: Write your answer below.
1. Explain the usefulness of the Central Limit Theorem in solving problems involving sampling.

2. Why are individual data from a population more variable than sample data?

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Reference: Baccay, E et. Al (2016). Statistics and Probability. First Edition. Manila, Philippines: Rex Book Store. pp.21-45
Prepared by: Roselle S. Villaquer Contact details: 09107969153/[email protected]