SOLAR TRAIN

Project Report
On
‘SOLAR POWER TRAIN WITH AUTOMATIC
CROSSING GATES’
Submitted By:
Neha S Gawande.
Ajinkya V Bhawar.

Poonam M Gawhad.
Abhishek S Dipke.

Vaishnavi H Jadhav.
Avinash S Chimkar.

Gayatri P Gawande.
Gaurao P Khandagale.

Sampada S Vidhate .
Vaibhav G Nemade.

Anuradha R Shelke.
Nitin G Satao.

Ankita M Ferang.

Final Year Electrical Engineering

Year 2017-2018
Guided By

Prof. Vijay A Maind

Lecturer in Electrical Engineering Department

Department of Electrical Engineering

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, KHAMGAON

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Department Of Electrical Engineering

Government Polytechnic, Khamgaon

Certificate
This is to certify that

Neha S Gawande.
Ajinkya V Bhawar.

Poonam M Gawhad.
Abhishek S Dipke.

Vaishnavi H Jadhav.
Avinash S Chimkar.

Gayatri P Gawande
Gaurao P Khandagale.

Sampada S Vidhate.
Vaibhav G Nemade.

Anuradha R Shelke.
Nitin G Satao.

Ankita M Ferang.
Of Final Year

Diploma in Electrical Engineering have performed their project entitled

‘SOLAR POWERED TRAIN WITH AUTOMATIC CROSSING GATES

SYSTEM’

During the academic session 2017-18in a

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Satisfactory manner in a partial fulflment of the requirement for the

Diploma in Electrical Engineering of

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education Mumbai

(MSBTE)

Guided By

Prof. Vijay A Maind

(Lect. In Electrical Engineering Department)

Government Polytechnic Khamgaon

Principal Head of the

Department

Prof. Pawar Sir S. M.

Naik Sir

Acknowledgement
It is a pleasant job to express gratitude to the people who have rendered
valuable help in the project report.

We would like to thank Prof. V. A. Maind for his valuable help, guidance
and hints which he had given to us during the course of our project
preparation.

We express our heartly gratitude to Prof S. M. Naik sir who is the head of
electrical engineering department for his valuable suggestions.

Also we express our gratitude towards N. R. Soni sir for his valuable
guidance in making electronic circuit.

Lastly we are thankful to our college and friends for helping us to

complete the project in speculated time.

Neha S Gawande. Ajinkya V Bhawar.

Poonam M Gawhad. Abhishek S Dipke.

Vaishnavi H Jadhav. Avinash S Chimkar.

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Gayatri P Gawande Gaurao P Khandagale.

Sampada S Vidhate. Vaibhav G Nemade.

Anuradha R Shelke. Nitin G Satao.

Ankita M Ferang.

Final Year Electrical Engineering Department

Government Polytechnic, Khamgaon

INDEX
Sr.No Contents

1 INTRODUCTION

2 SOLAR PANEL

3 AUTOMATIC CROSSING GATES

4 HARDWARE

5 SOLAR PANEL SPECIFICATIONS AND

CONNECTIONS
6 ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS

7 TROUBLE-SHOOTING

8 COST

9 CONCLUSION
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10 RESULT

11 REFRENCE
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Abstract
Solar energy is play very essential role in the energy
conservation. Every project is based on the three parameters and they are
energy conservation and environmental aspects and economy. By surveying
all these parameters related to the traction system which is based on solar we
found more benefits instead of older AC traction system. This survey helps us
to find out the advantages of solar train with automatic crossing gate over the
older system of AC traction system.

According to old electrical traction system can be replaced

by with modified traction system based on solar energy with automatic
crossing gate .As energy will save by capital also save proportionally and
future expansion can be done solar energy in future according to the
requirement .

Modified solar train with automatic crossing gate will help

to improve the performance of the train system. Thus the purpose of our
project to save the consumption of the electricity and also reduce the cost
as well as time.
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Chapter 1:
INTRODUCTION
Electricity plays a vital role in the growth of our country. We get the
electricity from various recourses such as coal, water, wind, geothermal,
nuclear energy. In many years ago ample amount of this resources are
available but nowadays this resources are depleting day by day. So it affects
the generation of electricity. We require electricity for various purposes such
as for industrial work, in commercial building, in residential use so the
consumption of electricity is increasing day by day. Electric traction also
requires a 25kv AC supply for its operation. So nowadays the most recently
new technique is use that is solar power.

Now a days’ solar energy is being used in each and every part of energy
generation and co-generation. Solar energy is the need of mankind. Solar
energy is the clean form of energy which can be utilized to create a traction
system based on solar energy. That’s why our project is to focus on the use of
the solar energy in the current traction system and newly designed railway
projects.

Also we have focused, on the automation system of automatic crossing

gates which is the implementation of man less control on the system of
crossing gates used in traction system. This eliminates the need of human
resource for controlling gates which provides a fully automated safe system

So our project is the running model of train with automatic crossing gate and
we get energy from the sun which is free of cost. So the use of electricity is to
which it got from the overhead conductor through pantograph so this system
is complicated .In AC traction most of the operation is done by manually. So
there is a loss of energy, cost and time and there is a chances of occurrences
of fault. So we use automatic crossing gate using microcontroller 8051 which
reduce the chances of accident in some manner. We can use the solar energy
in combination with the electricity generated in power station. It promotes the
energy conservation. This is the main objective of our project.
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Chapter 2:
Solar panel
Solar panel is the main component in our project. It converts sunlight
into electrical energy. Photovoltaic solar panel absorbs sunlight (ultra violet
light) as source of energy to generate energy. Photovoltaic module is a
package connects assembly of typically 16*10 photovoltaic solar cells.
Photovoltaic module constitutes the phototoxic array of a photovoltaic system
that generates and supply the solar electricity in a commercial and residential
application.

Photovoltaic module used light energy (photon) from the sun to generate
electricity through photovoltaic effect. The majority of module used water
based crystalline silicon or thin film the structural member of a module can
either be the top level or the back layer cells must be protected from
mechanical damage and moisture most module are rigid but semi-flexible
once base on thin film cells are also available. The cells must be connected
electrically in series, one to another. Externally, most of photovoltaic module
use MC4 connectors.

A solar cell or a photovoltaic cell is an electrical device that converts the

energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect, which is a
physical and chemical phenomenon.
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Photovoltaic Effect: It is defined as the conversion of light energy into

electrical energy by ionization of the atoms when light is incident on the
object.

How solar panels are made?

Solar cells can be classified into first, second and third generation cells. The
first generation cells-also called conventional, traditional or water based cells-
are made up of crystalline silicon commercially predominant PV technology
that include material such as poly crystalline structure.

How the solar panel works?

Solar panels works by allowing photons, or particles of light, to knock

electrons free from atoms generating a flow of electricity. Solar panel are
actually comprise many smaller unit called photovoltaic cells .Photovoltaic
simply means they convert sunlight into electricity.

What waves does solar panel use?

Solar cells are made out of N-type and P-type semiconductor

material that uses the visual light spectrum to generate the electricity. Solar
radiation of the wavelength 380nm to 750nm are required to strike the
material with enough energy to knock the electrons from their weak bonds
and create electric current.
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How does solar panel work at night?

Solar panels install on your roof work based during day lights hours when
the sun is shining directly on them, sunlight can be convert to electricity on
solar panel can’t generate power in darkness.

How solar energy is converted into electricity?

Solar powered photovoltaic panels convert the sun’s ray into electricity by
exciting electrons in silicon cells using the photons of light of light from sun
.this electricity can then be used to supply renewable energy to your home or
business.

 General solar panel can be used in two ways :

Electricity and heat .
Solar thermal technology uses the solar heat energy to heat water or air for
application such as space heating, water heating, and cooling for homes and
businesses etc.

How the ratings of current and voltage are decided in solar panel?
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The rating of the current of the solar panel is depend upon the material use
and manufacturing of solar, intensity of light, working temperature.
The voltage of the solar panel depends on the internal connections of photo
electric cells i.e., series or parallel.

Solar Panel Images

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Chapter3:
Crossing gate circuit
Present project is designed using IC 8051 microcontroller to avoid
railway accidental happening at unattended railway gates, if implemented in
aspect this project utilize the powerful IR transmitter and receiver .One pair of
IR receiver is fixed at upside at level higher than a human being in a exact
alignment and similarly other pair is fixed at down side of train direction.
Sensor activation is so adjusted by calculating the time taken at a certain
speed to cross at least one compartment of standard minimum size of the
Indian railway. Sensors are fixed on both sides of the gate. We call the
sensors along the train direction as fore side sensors and the other after side
sensors .When foreside receiver gets activated ,the gate motor is turn on in
one direction and the gate is closed and stays closed until the train crosses the
gate and reaches after side sensors. When after side receiver gets activated
motors turns in opposite direction and gate opens and motors stop.

Gate control

Railways being the cheapest mode of transportation is preferred overall

the other means. When we go through the daily newspaper we come across so
many railway accidents occurring at unmanned railways crossing .This is
mainly due to the carelessness in manual operations or lack of worker. We in
this project have come up with the solution for the same. Using simple
electronic components we have tried to automatic control of the railway gates.
As a train approaches the railway crossing from either sides, the sensors place
at a certain distance from the gate detects the approaching the train and
accordingly controls the operation of gates. Also an indicator light has been
provided to alert the motorists about the approaching train.
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IR Sensor

1) IR transmitter

The figure shows the circuit diagram of IR transmitter .The output

connected to the base of transmitter LED. Infrared transmitter is a light
emitting diode which emits infrared radiations. Hence, they are called IR led.
Even though an IR LED looks like a normal LED, the radiation emitted by it
is invisible to the human eyes. There are different types of infrared
transmitters depending on their wavelength, output power and response time.
A simple infrared transmitter can be constructed using an infrared LED, a
current limiting resistor and a power supply. When operated at a supply of 5
volt the IR transmitter consume about 3-5mA of current. Infrared transmitters
can be modulated to produce a particular frequency of infrared light.IR
transmitter can be found in the applications which required infrared heat and
the best infrared source is infrared transmitters. When infrared emitters are
use d with quartz, solar cells can be made.
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2) IR Receiver

Infrared receivers are also called as infrared sensors as they detect the
radiation from IR transmitter. IR receivers come in the form of photodiodes
and phototransistors. Infrared photodiodes are different from normal
photodiode as they detect only infrared radiation. Different types of IR
receivers exists base on wavelength, voltage, package, etc. When used in an
infrared transmitter –receiver combination, the wavelength of the receiver
should match with that of transmitters.
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Microcontroller 8051
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3) Microcontroller 8051 specification

.*It is a 40 pin IC or Microcontroller.

*It has 128 bytes of RAM and 4KB ROM

*It has 2 timer circuits.

*It has one serial port

*It has 32 I/O pins

*It has 4 I/O port.

It has 6 interrupt sources.

4) Research Methodology

The main idea of this model is to sense the presence of locomotive and
take necessary actions to open or close the gates .IR sensors are used to sense
the presence of locomotive and this signals are being sent to microcontroller
8051.8051 is efficiently programmed to take proper actions.
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Hardware

Basically the circuit consists of four IR LED photodiode pair arranges

in such a way that each pair is on either side of the track. The rail crossing,
gates, train and two rails are also mentioned. When the train cuts the IR
sensors1,the sensor senses its presence and notifies 8051 microcontroller by
sending an electrical signal. Usually ,crossing gates are closed when train
interrupts IR sensor one and are opened only when the train passes by the IR
sensors 2.This is basic principle of operation but there exists few possibilities
too. They are as follows.

Case 1: Assuming the length of train is very long, the train cuts IR sensors1
and gates are closed. Then it travels and interrupts IR sensors2.Now both IR
sensors are being blocked. As train passes further, IR sensors1 is no longer
blocked by the train but IR sensor2 is still being blocked. Eventually train
moves further and IR2 is no more interrupted and the gates are closed.
Therefore, the gates will be opened only when both IR sensors are not
blocked.

Case2: There is a possibility that train passes IR sensors one and waits in
between so in such cases the gates must remain closed and open only when
the train completely passes through IR sensor 2.

Case3: There is possibility that there is only engine passing through the
sensors. Then it blocks the IR sensor 1 and moves a little further, IR sensor is
again unblocked .now the engine is in between IR sensors 1and 2 but both
sensors are unblocked. As per case 1, when both IR sensors are open the gates
shall be opened. That logic is very dangerous in this case because engine is
running between two sensor pairs but the gates are open.
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5) Driver IC L293D

L293D is a motor driver IC which is interfaced to 8051 IC. The Dc

motor is connected to the first pair of driver and it is enabled by VSS pin is
used to provide logic voltage to L293D.8051 is used to control L293D. Hence
the logic voltage is 5v the motor supply is given to VS pin of L293D

The function of IN1 IN2 are given below-

INPUT/P2.0 INPUT/P2.1 Motor status

Low Low Stops

Low High Clockwise

High Low Anti-clockwise

High High Stops

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Component description

*L293D DRIVER IC

L293D is a dual H bridge motor driver integrated circuit. Motor driver act as
a current amplifier since they take a low current control signal and provide a
higher current signals. This higher current signal is used to drive the
motor.*specification

 Supply voltage range: 4.5v to 36 volt.

 Output current 600mA

 Separate input logic supply.

 It can drive Small Dc geared motors ,bipolar stepper motors

 Pulse current 1.2 A per driver

 Thermal shutdown

 High noise immunity input.

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Pin Function Name Pin description

no

1 Enable pin for motor Enable This pin enable the

1; active high 1,2 input pin input 1(2)
and input 2

2 Input 1 for motor 1 Input 1 Directly controls

the ouput 1pin.
Controls by digital
circuited

3 Output 1for motor 1 Output Connected to one

1 end of motor 1

4 Ground(0v) Ground Ground pins are

connect to ground
of circuit

5 Ground (0v) Ground Ground pin are

connected to ground
of circuit

6 Output 2 for motor 1 Output Connected to other

2 end of motor 1

7 Input 2 for motor 1 Input 2 Directly control

the two pin. Control
by digital circuit

8 Supply voltage for Vcc 2 Connected to

motors; 9-12v(upto36v) voltage pin for
running motor (4.5v
to 36v)
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9 Enable pin for motor Enable This pin enable the

2; active high 3,4 input pin input 3
and 4

10 Input 1 for motor 1 Input3 Directly control

the out 3 pin.
Control by digital
circuits

11 Output 1 for motor 1 Output Connected to one

3 end of motor 2

12 Ground (0v) Ground Ground pin are

connected to ground
of circuit (0v)

13 Ground (0v) Ground Ground pin are

connected to ground
of circuit (0v)

14 Output 2 for motor 1 Output Connected to

4 another end of
motor 2

15 Input 2 for motor 1 Input 4 Directly control to

the output 4 pin .
control by digital
circuit

16 Supply voltage; 5v(up Vac 1 Connected to +5v

to 36v) to enable IC
function

Features

 Can be use to run two DC motors with same IC

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 Speed and direction control is possible

 Motor voltage Vac (Vs): 4.5 v to 36 v

 Maximum peak motor current : 1.2A

 Maximum continuous motor current : 600 Ma

 Supply voltage to Vac one (Voss) : 4.5v to 7v

 Transition time : 300 ns (at 5v and 24v )

 Automatic thermal shunt down is available

Available in 16 pin DIP, TSSOP, SOIC packages

*Application

 Use to drive high current motors using digital circuit

 Can be use to drive stepper motor

 High current LED’s can be driver

 Relay driver module (latching relay is possible)

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Chapter 4:
Hardware
To make the solar train we have to need to install the systematic working
of train.

For that we made our own train, track, platform etc..,

Train.

Firstly we made the coaches of the train. The coaches were made such that
the installation of solar panel becomes easy on the roof of the train. The base
of the train is made by 8mm plywood sheet of the approximate length of
21cm ×10cm. The side wall and the roof of the train are made by the help of
the thick cardboard sheet having 2mm of width. The all pieces of cardboard
were cut firstly by taking the measurements required for the rain. After
cutting the pieces of the cardboard they were attached the cut plywood base of
the train with the help of finical, glue, cobbler nails, etc. Thereafter we cut the
strips of 8mm plywood to mount the wheels in the train. We make drill on the
side strips to fix the wheels.

Thereafter we make the wheels of the train with the help of wooden lathe
and cutting the plywood. The radius of the wheel is about 3.6cm. After
making the wheels we cut the cycle spokes and 6mm iron rod for making the
axles of the train. Thereafter with the help of m-seal we attached the wooden
wheels into the axles of the train engine.
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 SPECIFICATIONS OF TRACTION MOTOR

Sr. Paramet Ratings Min -Max Rating

no er
1 Voltage 12V 9V-15V
2 Current 200mA 500mA
3 Rpm 100rpm 60 to 150
4 Torque 10 kg 9kg-1cm to 12kg-
-1cm 1cm
5 Wattage 8W 6W to 10 W

To get the better results we have used DC compound geared motor, which
have benefits more than other motors.

The engine is attached to the base of the train by making a special base for
mounting the motor in the train with the help of glue gun and cobbler nails.
The motor is situated horizontally on the base and the rotor gear is aligned
with the axle of the train. After mounting the motor the engine was ready.

After making all the coaches along with the engine the train was decorated
with the colour prints of A4 page and using the craft paper.
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 Track
The track is an essential component of the train. The track is made with the
use of 6mm iron bar. The specifications of the track are as follows.

1) Length of the track- 21ft

2) Width of the track-13cm
3) Height of the track-5cm
4) Circumference of the iron bar-6mm
5) Iron square bar-1/2 inch
The track is made by using the single phase welding transformer. The Dc
Arc Inverter Transformer is used for making the track. Firstly the 6mm bar
was made straight by hammering. Then the pieces of 16cm of iron bar were
cut by the use of hand cutter. Then the iron bar was bent such that they were
welded on the two long iron bars. In this way all bent bars were welded to the
long bar. The welding current used was 150 Amperes.

After all welding of iron bar the iron square bars were used to give the
track a specific height from the ground. Firstly pieces of iron square bar were
cut by the help of hand cutter. The cutting size of the iron square bar is 15cm.
The holes were drilled, on the last edge of the iron square bar. The drill holes
were made to mount the track on the plywood base. A 2cm iron square bars
were cut to make the height of track from the ground. The cut pieces of the
track were welded to the 15cm square bar with the spacing of 1cm each.

After making of the height leveller they were welded to the track at the
specific distance for mounting thee track on the plywood. Track is now ready.
After that we cut the 8mm plywood for mounting the track on the plywood.
Thereafter the plywood pieces was below laid down the track and thee
markings of drill were done to fit the track on plywood base. Then the drill on
the plywood was done. After the drills on the plywood the track was mounted
on the plywood with the 1/2inch nut and bolts.

The track was ready now. Now the crushed stone pebbles were put on the
track to make it real.
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Station

After the track and coaches were ready next step was to make the
station on the first end of the track. For that purpose we made the use of
plywood base on which we stick the thermocol sheet. Firstly the dimensions
were taken and the thermocol sheet was cut into various pieces. Then the
finical was used to stick the various pieces to each other. Then the station was
mounted on the plywood base.

Crossing gate room

It was essential to show the crossing gate systems for that we made a
check post room for the crossing gate and for that we show it on a road near
the track.

Decoration

Now the track was ready, coaches of the train were ready and
platform was ready. Now the function was to make the decoration. Firstly the
coaches of the train were decorated with the help of coloured printouts and
craft paper. After that we coloured the track with black colour. Then we
decorate the station.

 Switches used For controlling Train

1) Simple DC switch:

The switch consists of three terminals. From which 2 terminals are

connected to V+ and one terminal to V-.

The switch can operate on 12V to 24V.

2) DPDT switch (Double Pole Double Throw Switch)

The switch consists of 6 terminals. The connections of the switch are

as shown in diagram. The switch is use to change the direction of a DC
Motor.
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Chapter 5:
Solar panel connections and specifcations
Solar panel specifications

Sr. Parameter No load Full load Min to max

no. value value value
1 Voltage 6.9V 6V 5-6.9V
2 Current 0mA 100mA 100-
150mA
3 Wattage 0W 2W 2-2.5W
4 Temperature 38C 40C 36-50C
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Solar Panel Connections with Motor

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Chapter 6:
Advantages and Limitations
Advantages

 Solar energy is for life time.

 It is a renewable type of energy.
 It doesn’t emit any smoke, fumes, pollutants, greenhouse gases, etc.
 If this system is implemented in real traction system it doesn’t require any
type of special power supply arrangement.
 Manpower required is very less for controlling the system.
 Running cost of the system is very less which makes it economic giving
long term benefits.
 Track electrification is not required which saves lot of money.
 Eco-friendly kind of energy.
 This system is highly efficient.
 It gives the gasoline independence.
 It is the need of upcoming generation.
 This system doesn’t create any harmonic distortion.
 Automatic crossing gates reduce the use of manpower and provide a highly
safe efficient crossing gate system.
 This system is suitable for sunny areas.
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Limitations

 The system is not reliable in foggy and moist atmosphere.

 Initial cost of the system is very high as the solar panels are very costly.
 Operation is dependent on climate.
 Operation at night is not possible.
 Voltage fluctuations can occur due to undesirable climatic conditions.
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Chapter 7:
TROUBLESHOOTING:
Before going for actual circuit testing troubleshooting one must check
the output whether it is right or not and if problem arises then go for
following procedure

TROUBLESHOOTING OF POWER SUPPLY:

1) Check whether there is proper supply coming from AC mains or not then
moved towards the winding of transformer say continuity between P1 and
P2,S1 and S2.

2) If it’s ok then check the output rectifier diode, whether it’s DC or not?

3) Before concluding one must measure output of IC 8051 microcontroller,

whether it is giving +5V or not?

4) If no problem found then move towards the IR transmitter and receiver

section

TROUBLESHOOTING OF IR TRANSMITTER AND RECIEVER

SECTION;

1) First check the output of IC 8051 microcontroller that’s it’s gives proper
input to IR LED or not?

2) Also check all the component are in working condition or suffering from
failure

3) Then check the output of IR transmitter and receiver

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TROUBLESHOOTING OF MAIN CIRCUIT

1) Check the connection of all components that are properly connected or

not

2) Replace the damage component

3) in the present project two LED’S are to indicate that the whole circuit is
properly working or not so check this LED is glow or not while starting the
demonstration.
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Chapter 8:
Cost
Engine and Coaches

Sr. Parameter Cost (rest)

no
1 Glue Gun 300
2 Glue Sticks 200
3 Cobbler Nails 60
4 Cardboard 150
5 Spokes 30
6 Cutter 20
7 M-seal 50
8 Finical (rubber) 70
9 Finical (resin) 40
10 Heck Saw 50
11 Few quick 50
12 Stick Fast 20
13 Wheels 360
14 Sand Paper 50
15 Motor 350
16 Tooth Gear 50
17 Transparent 15
Tape
18 Colour Printouts 50
19 Craft Paper 10
20 Plastic Cover 30
21 Thermopolis 15
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Total- Rs.1970

Track

Sr. No Parameter Cost (rest)

1 Iron Bar 400
2 Iron Square Bar 300
3 Grinder Machine Rent 200

4 Grinder Blade 4 nose 150

5 Cutter Blade 4 nose 120

6 Welding rod 50
7 Welding Machine Rent 1000

8 Drill Machine rent 200

9 Plywood 800
10 Nut and Bolt 200
11 Cardboard 30
12 Thermopolis 10
13 Colour 50

Total – Rs. 3480

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Electronics Circuit and Solar

Sr. Parameter Cost (rest.)

No
1 Solar Panel 600
2 DPDT switch 20
3 Simple Dc Switch 15
4 us IC Atmel 89C512 200
5 33 puff Capacitor 50
6 11.0592 KHz 50
Oscillators
7 DC Motor 5v 50
8 IR Sensor Pair 150
9 Solder Wire 60
10 De-soldering wire 30
11 Single Strand Wire 60
12 Multi Strand Wire 70
13 Ribbon Cable 30
14 Header Connector 30
Strips
15 General purpose 50
PCB
16 Register Box 70
17 10uF Capacitor 30
18 Push Button 10
19 BC 547 transistor 50
20 Cutter 50
21 LM293 Driver IC 60
22 LED (10mm) 100
(20nos)

Total –Rs. 1835

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Total Cost

1) Engine and Coach 1970

2) Track 3480

3) Electronic Component 1835

Total – Rs.7285
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Chapter 9:
CONCLUSION
Present day technologies stresses on everything to be clean and green.
Being environmentally friendly, solar power panels are reasonably easy, safe
and convenient to install than that of conventional fossil fuel power
generation.
It is pollution free, flexible and efficient source of energy.
It requires less maintenance cost than that of electrically power locomotive.

Automatic gate control system offer an effective way to reduce the

occurrence of railway accidents. This system can contribute a lot of benefit to
road user. Since the design is completely automated, it can be used in remote
villages where no station master or line man is present. Railway sensors are
placed at two sides of gate .It is used to sense the arrival and departure of the
train. This system uses the DC motor to open and close the gates
automatically when it is rotated clockwise or anticlockwise direction. Now a
day’s automatic system occupies each and every sector of applications as it is
reliable and accurate.

We demonstrate that it is possible to improve the overall safety of the

railway system.
The proposed system provide the means for real time inspection, review,
and data collection for the purpose of maintenance on the movable and fixed
facilities for the guarantee of operation safety and maintenance efficiency as
well as the safety appraisal-decision making system based on the share of
safety data.
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Chapter 10:
RESULT
Output of one solar panel

Sr. Parameter No load Full load Min to max

no. value value value
1 Voltage 6.9V 6V 6-6.9V
2 Current 0mA 100mA 100-
150mA
3 Wattage 0W 2W 2-2.5W
4 Temperature 38C 40C 36-50C

Output of traction motor

Sr. Paramet Ratings Min -Max Rating

no er
1 Voltage 12V 9V-15V
2 Current 200mA 1A
3 Rpm 100rpm 60 to 150
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4 Torque 10 kg 9kg-1cm to 12kg-

-1cm 1cm
5 Wattage 10W 8W to 12 W

Output of total system

Sr. Parameter RATINGS MIN-MAX

no
1 VOLTAGE 13V 12-15v
2 CURRENT 200ma 180-250ma
3 RPM 100 80-120
4 TORQUE 10 kg – 1cm 9kg-1cm to
12kg-1cm

Output of crossing gate circuits

There are two broad types of protectie deivces vnstalled at gate crossvng.
An automated crossvng gate whvch vs always accompanved wvth lvght.
Automated gates are vnstalled on ravl road properly. Whvle accvdents occurs
at gated crossvng ,studved show them vn percentage whvch vs more efectie
than non gated crossvngs .Thvs vs largely because ,when properly operatng
,gates preclude accvdents whvch mvght otherwvse haie happened .Although
countless bvllvons of dollars of publvc funds haie been expended on grade
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crossvng safety ,and many crossvngs haie been elvmvnated by an aggressvie

publvc campavgn and ravl road down svzvng, only bucks –that vs an x-svgn wvth
the word ravlroad prvnted on one dvagonal and the word crossvngs prvnted on
the other. The cross buck vs supposed to warn motorvst that they are
approachvng a travn track .If they remember the contents of there states
located on publvcally-owned hvghways and mavntavned by the road authorvty.
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Chapter 11:
Reference
1) www.wikipedia.com

2) www.electronichub.com

3) ELECTRICAL MACHINES VOL-2

BY PROF. B. L. THERAJA

4) www.sukam-solar.com

5) www.indianrail.com

6) www.tesla.com>solarpanels

7) www.jirst.org
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Photo Gallery
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1) Students making track and train

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2) Making of report
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3) Making of electronic circuit

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