HYDRAULICS DEPARTMENT

Name:_Camacho, Paul Danielle C__________________________________________

Subject & Section: _CE142P-02/A27___________ Date Performed: _______________
Instructor: __Engr.Arsenio Adriano____________ Date Submitted: _______________

EXPERIMENT NO. 5
FLOW THROUGH AN ORIFICE

OBJECTIVE:

To determine the coefficient of discharge, velocity, and contraction of a small orifice.

EQUIPMENT:

Hydraulics Bench
Stopwatch
Flow Through an Orifice Apparatus

Water Inlet

Manometer Diffuser

Constant head overflow

Tapping Orifice
Pilot Tube
To sump tank

To volumetric tank
DERIVATION:

From the application of Bernoulli’s Equation (conservation of mechanical energy for a

steady, incompressible frictionless flow):

The ideal orifice outflow velocity at the jet vena contracta (narrowest diameter) is

𝑉𝑖 = √2𝑔ℎ

where h is the height of fluid above the orifice.

The actual velocity is

𝑉 = 𝐶𝑣 √2𝑔ℎ (1)

𝐶𝑣 is the coefficient of velocity, which allows for the effects of viscosity and
therefore 𝐶𝑣 <1.

𝑣2
For the Pitot tube ℎ𝑐 = ; ie. 𝑉𝑖 = √2𝑔ℎ𝑐
2𝑔

ℎ
Hence 𝐶𝑣 = √ 𝑐
ℎ 𝑜

The actual flow rate of the jet is defined as:

𝑄𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 𝑉

where 𝐴𝑐 is the cross-sectional area of the vena contracta, given by:

𝐴𝑐 𝑑𝑐2
𝐴𝑐 = 𝐶𝑐 𝐴𝑜 𝐶𝑐 = 𝐴𝑜
= 𝑑𝑜2

Where,

𝐴𝑜 is the orifice are and 𝐶𝑐 is the coefficient of contraction and, therefore, 𝐶𝑐 < 1

Hence

𝑄𝑡 = 𝐴𝑜 𝐶𝑐 𝐶𝑣 √2𝑔ℎ

The product 𝐶𝑐 𝐶𝑣 is called the discharge coefficient, 𝐶𝑑 , so finally

𝑄𝑡 = 𝐴𝑜 𝐶𝑑 √2𝑔ℎ

If 𝐶𝑑 is assumed to be constant, then a graph of 𝑄𝑡 plotted against √ℎ will be linear and the
slope, 𝑆 = 𝐴𝑜 𝐶𝑑 √2𝑔
PROCEDURE:

(Equipment Set-up)

1. Position the apparatus across the channel on top of the hydraulic bench and
level it using the adjustable feet and the spirit level on the base. Connect the
flexible inlet pipe to the hydraulic bench snap connector in the top channel.
Place the end of the overflow tube directly into the hydraulics bench overflow
(located in the side wall of the volumetric tank), and adjust the inlet pipe to
the approximate level of the head required for the experiment.

2. Remove the orifice plate from the recess in the cylinder base, by releasing
the two screws (take care not to lose the ring seal). Check the orifice profile.

3. Replace the required orifice. The sharp-edge orifice (if used) should be
installed with the sharp edge uppermost.

4. Turn on the pump and open the bench valve gradually. As the water level
rises in the reservoir towards the top of the overflow tube, adjust the bench
valve to give a water level of 2 to 3 mm above the overflow level, with the
end of the inlet tube fully submerged. This will ensure a constant head and
produce a steady flow through the orifice.

(Taking a Set of Results)

In the first part of the experiment, adjust the overflow pipe and the inlet pipe as
described above, o obtain a constant head height.

Determination of the Coefficient of Discharge

To measure Cd, the discharge is obtained by collection of a known quantity of

water from the orifice in the volumetric tank, and recording the value of the head
ho on the orifice.

Determination of the Coefficient of Velocity

To measure Cv, the Pitot tube is inserted into the emerging jet close to the
underside tank, and the values of the Pitot head hc and head ho on the orifice are
noted.
Determination of the Coefficient of Contraction (Sharp-Edged Orifice)

This should be done using the sharp-edge orifice, as there is likely to be

insufficient contraction to obtain a reliable value for the other orifices.

1. Measure Cc t is necessary to find the diameter of the jet at the vena

contracta. This is done by the utilizing the fine wire attached to the head of
the Pitot tube, the plane of the wire being normal to the direction of traverse
of the tube. The wire is brought to each edge of the jet in turn, just below
the tank, and the position of the tube as read on the lead screws and
graduated nut read in each case. The difference of the readings represents
the diameter of the jet.

2. The second part of the experiment the inflow to the tank is reduced to lower
the level in the tank stages, the discharge from the orifice being measured
at each stage. Care should be taken to allow the level to settle to a steady
value after the inflow to the tan has been changed, and it is advisable to
read this level several times while the discharge is being collected and to
record the mean value over the timed interval. About eight difference flow
rates should be sufficient to establish the relationship between discharge and
head on the orifice.

Application Principle:

1. Is it justifiable to assume that Cd is a constant over the range of steady

flows tested?
2. Why are the Cd values significantly less than 1.00?
3. Comparing Cd values for the steady and the falling head tests, which value is
likely to be more reliable?
 FINAL DATA SHEET

NAME:__Camacho, Paul Danielle C.__________________________________ DATE:

SUBJECT & SECTION:__CE142P-2 / A27________________________________

EXPERIMENT NO.5

FLOW THROUGH AN ORIFICE

Vena Orifice Pitot Flow Coeff. Of Coeff. Of Coeff. Of

Orifice Contracta Head Head Volume Time Rate Discharge Velocity Contraction
Diameter Diameter k
𝑑𝑜 𝑑𝑐 ℎ𝑜 ℎ𝑐 V T 𝑄𝑡 (𝐶𝑑 ) (𝐶𝑡 ) (𝐶𝑐 )
(m) (m) (m) (m) (𝑚3 ) (sec) (𝑚3 /𝑠)

1 0.01349 0.01224 0.37 0.353 0.005 16.73 2.99x10-4 0.78 0.976 0.823 0.803
2 0.01349 0.01224 0.37 0.353 0.005 15.24 3.28x10-4 0.85 0.976 0.823 0.803
3 0.01349 0.01224 0.37 0.353 0.005 13.24 3.78x10-4 0.98 0.976 0.823 0.803
4 0.01349 0.01228 0.37 0.356 0.005 15.10 3.31x10-4 0.86 0.981 0.829 0.813
5 0.01349 0.01228 0.37 0.356 0.005 14.90 3.56x10-4 0.92 0.981 0.829 0.813
6 0.01349 0.01228 0.37 0.356 0.005 14.50 3.45x10-4 0.90 0.981 0.829 0.813
 SAMPLE COMPUTATIONS

𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 1. 𝐷𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑒

𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛:
𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑒, 𝑑𝑜 = 0.01349 𝑚
𝑉𝑒𝑛𝑎 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎, 𝑑𝑐 = 0.01224 𝑚
𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑, ℎ𝑜 = 0.370 𝑚
𝑃𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑡 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑, ℎ𝑐 = 0.353 𝑚
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒, 𝑉 = 0.005 𝑚3
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒, 𝑡 = 16.73𝑠
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡, 𝑔 = 9.81 𝑚/𝑠 2
𝜋
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑒, 𝐴 = (0.01349)2 = 1.429 × 10−4 𝑚2
4

𝑉 0.005 𝑚3
𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒: 𝑄 = = = 2.99 × 10−4
𝑡 16.73 𝑠

𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦: 𝑣𝑜 = √2𝑔ℎ𝑜 = √2(9.81)(0.370) = 2.694 𝑚/𝑠

𝑄 2.99 × 10−4
𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒: 𝑐𝑑 = = = 0.78
𝐴𝑣 (1.429 × 10−4 )(2.694)

ℎ𝑐 0.353
𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦: 𝑐𝑣 = √ =√ = 0.98
ℎ𝑜 0.370

𝑑𝑐 2 0.01224 2
𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝑐𝑐 = ( ) =( ) = 0.823
𝑑𝑜 0.01349

𝑘 = 𝑐𝑣 𝑐𝑐 = (0.823)(0.976) = 0.803