HTT INIT

EYE HANDWRITTEN NOTES

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Designed with Emma .

Shobhit Nierman
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I not in 2024
Parts of Human Eye

f÷: ÷
-
Cornea
-
Iris
-

crystalline lens

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-

Blind spot
Aqueous Humour
-

Vitreous Humour

Power of Accumulation
Human Eye
and Prism
Colourful World -

Dispersion of white light by glass prism

a .

why dispersion occur?

-

Recombination of white light .

Rainbow

Atmospheric Refraction
-

Twinkling of stars
-star higher than they actually
seems are .

Planets do not Twinkle

-

Advance sunrise and delayed sunset

scattering of light
Tyndall Effect
-

colour of sky is blue

-

colour of sun at sunrise and sunset .

 2T diagram Idiot 3-Htt g # Number !

HUMAN EYE : It is a
paired light
sensing which helps
organ ,
us to see object around
us
[
.

It has lens in its structure .

PARTS OF HUMAN EYE

# CORNEA : It is
transparent enters
a thin spherical membrane covering the
,

front of eye Light first this

membrane
our eye
.

through
only .

# IRIS : Dark muscular

diaphragm between cornea and lens which
controls the size
is the colour of Lois that
of pupil .

It we call as the colour of eye .

# CRYSTALLINE : Also called Eye lens , It is a soft and flexible material like
LENS a
jelly made of proteins Basically , it
. is a convene lens .

A small hole between the iris

# PUPIL :
through which light enters the
eye It regulates the amount of
.

lightdueentering the
eye
:

it opens up completely to expansion of Iris

!7n"fdYijht light
In dim
light ,

,
it becomes very small due to contraction of Iris
muscles .

hold the lens in position and help in modifying

# CILIARY
MUSCLES
:
joeyNature of the lens .
the

is delicate membrane which consists of

# RETINA
light-sensitive
It
: a numerous
cells .

↳ These light sensitive cells get activated upon illumination and

generate electric
signal .

Retina has 2 type of light sensitive cell

too
↳

Rcoodnsg respond primary

These cells
'

These cells
respond to intensity of light
to colours .

It transits visual information from retina to brain

#
0,31¥
: .

The point which the optic

#
typo,
ND at leaves the eye
:
nerve .
# AQUEOUS Between the and eye lens, their is a
space filled with transparent
:
cornea
HUMOUR liquid called the aqueous humour which helps the refracted light to be
focussed on retina It also provides nutrition to eye
. .

# VITREOUS :
space between eye lens and retina is filled with a liquid called
HUMOUR vitreous humour .

Po wer of Accommodation
,

↳ It is the ability of
eye lens to adjust its focal length
-

3-HIT tis object GT Idf Etf 3¥ clear That tf tht (or 344T focus that tf
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length f
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•

't
<
focal length object
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FIT focal
similarly 4TH
length toy eft ,
27 HI tht tf ciliary muscle help that ed
)
lensthin
CASE I: To see far off :
y (Relaxed)

ciliary Muscles =
Relaxed
Eye lens =
Thin fraysrefyoocnuasdontoy
Focal length
=
Increase
)
lens Knick
CASE I : To see nearby : q (contracted)

ciliary muscles =
Contract
Eye lens Thick
focal I
length Decrease

K' B o far point of the eye : maximum distance to which eye can see
is called
clearly , far point of eye .

° Near point of the eye minimum distance at which an object can be

: ,

seen most distinctly without any strain is called the least distance of
distinct vision For . a normal eye of an adult , it is 25cm .

°
Cataract : Sometimes the crystalline lens of people at old becomes
age
Milky and cloudy This condition is called cataract
.
.

° The minimum time for which we should view an object , so that its clear
 image formed retina is second
is on
4th of a .

°
Why have two eyes for vision and not just one ?
we
has a horizontal field of view of about 1500 with one eye and
A human
being
about 180 with two eyes So , two eyes give a wider field of view
. .

PRISM fcbse 2017,2012)

↳ A transparent refracting medium bounded
at least two lateral surfaces , inclined to
byeach other at certain .

angle .

PQ Incident
→

Ray Lik
angle of incidence
Ef → Reflected angle of refraction
Ray Lo =

Rs →
Emergent Ray Le = angle of emergence
LA →
Angle of Prism LD =
angle of deviation (LD =
Lit Le -
LA )

# DISPERSION OF WHITE LIGHT BY GLASS PRISM : I close 20171

A
The phenomenon of splitting
is called
of white light into its constituent colours, when
it passes through a prism Dispersion .

This band of seven colours so obtained ,

the VIBGYOR (Violet , Indigo ,
Blue , Green
,

Yellow , Orange , Red ) is called spectrum .

Why Dispersion occurs ?

light rays of different colours travel ,
with
the same speed
in vacuum and air but in
any medium, they travel with different
other

speeds toand bend through different angles , which

leads dispersion of light .

** a [ Cbse 202012017,20161
# Recombination of white light or
Reverse of dispersion is also possible .

Seven coloured
lights of the spectrum
can be recombined

by pulsing two
to
give back white
prisms , one upside down
light
.
litght of seven colours

# RAINBOW : A natural spectrum produced by

-

the dispersion of sunlight by raindrops in the

atmosphere .

°
Water droplets acts as small prisms .

° Water droplets refract and disperse the incident

sunlight then,
reflect internally and finally , reflect
it again when it comes out of raindrop .
 ATMOSPHERIC REFRACTION
when refraction takes place between two mediums and if one of the medium
is earth 's atmosphere then the process is called
atmospheric refraction .

Effects of Atmospheric Refraction :

is Ccb se 2018,2016)
*
Twinkling
refraction of
of stars : The twinkling of stars is due to atmospheric
StarlightConti nous
,
the star
light on
entering
the earth 's atmosphere
undergoes refraction ly before it reaches the earth In this way ,
increases and decreases
.

the
Starlight reaching our
eyes
to be twinkle at
and the
continuously
star appears night .

zoss]
plebs e
As the
light from
# Star seem
higher than
they Actually are :
a star enters the Earth 's Atmosphere Tt undergoes refraction
g
and bends towards the normal to the
each time due
atmospheric isrefraction .
Therefore , the apparent position
of the star slightly different from its actual position .

The star to be
appears slightly higher than its actual position,
when viewed near the horizon .

# Planets do not Twinkle : The planets are much closer to the earth and are
considered a collection of a large number of point sized sources of light , the
total amount of light entering our eye from all the individual point sized
sources will
average out to zero , there by nullifying the twinkling effect .

# Advance Sunrise and Delayed Sunset : Klose 2016,20141

visible to us two minutes before the

The sun is
actual sunrise and about two minutes after
the actual sunset This is due to
.

atmospheric
refraction .

Scattering of light labs e 20151

reflection of object in all directions is called scattering
The
light from an
of light .
It depends
type of particle
on ( III particle FF ctdna scatter STD
°
Very fine particles scatter mainly in blue colour .

°
Large sized particle scatter light of longer wavelength .

Shorter the wavelength

°
greater will be the scattering
,
.

Effects of scattering of light :

Tynedfffet
# Tyndall Effect : The earth's atmosphere is a
mixture of minute particles of smoke
heterogeneous ,
 dust of air which becomes visible due to
tiny water droplets , of scattering light .

→ Ccbse 2015g 20123

# Colour of sky is Blue : The molecules of air and other fine particles in the
atmosphere have smaller size and are more effective in scattering light of shooter
wavelength
at the blue end than light of longer wavelengths at the end Thus, .

when sunlight passes through the atmosphere , the fine particles in air scatter
the blue colour more strongly than red The scattered blue
light
'

.
enters our eyes
which makes the colour of blue
sky .

RB 0
If earth had no atmosphere than there would not have been any scattering
,
would have looked dark The dark
then the
sky sky appears
.
to
passengers
flying very high • • in colour
at altitudes .

red is least scattered

0
Danger signal
light are • , as by fog or smoke,
therefore it can be seen in the same colour at a distance .

# Colour of Sun at sunrise and Sunset : Kb se 20131

Light from the sun near the horizon passes through
thicker
layers of air and larger distances in the
earth 's
atmosphere before reaching our eyes .

Near the horizon, most of the blue light and

shorter wavelength scattered the
are
away by
particles Therefore , the light
. that reaches our
eyes Ps of longer wavelengths . This give rise to the reddish appearance of sun .