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Maths Project Rough

Statistics is the discipline concerning the collection, organization, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of data. It deals with planning data collection through surveys and experiments, and is a core part of data science and machine learning. The goal of data collection is to capture quality evidence to answer questions. Continuous data represents measurements that can be measured but not counted, such as height. The evolution of statistics was connected to the development of probability theory and European states after 1648. Statistics helps in understanding phenomena, planning inquiries, collecting data, and presenting data in tables, diagrams and graphs.

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58 views

Maths Project Rough

Statistics is the discipline concerning the collection, organization, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of data. It deals with planning data collection through surveys and experiments, and is a core part of data science and machine learning. The goal of data collection is to capture quality evidence to answer questions. Continuous data represents measurements that can be measured but not counted, such as height. The evolution of statistics was connected to the development of probability theory and European states after 1648. Statistics helps in understanding phenomena, planning inquiries, collecting data, and presenting data in tables, diagrams and graphs.

Uploaded by

Santosh Jha
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Statistics 

is the discipline that concerns the collection, organization, analysis,


interpretation and presentation of data.[1][2][3] In applying statistics to a scientific, industrial, or social
problem, it is conventional to begin with a statistical population or a statistical model to be
studied. Statistics deals with every aspect of data, including the planning of data collection in
terms of the design of surveys and experiments.[4]. Statistics is even a core part of Data Science
and also has extensive use in Machine Learning.

Data collection is the process of gathering and measuring information on targeted variables in


an established system, which then enables one to answer relevant questions and evaluate
outcomes. Data collection is a component of research in all fields of study
including physical and social sciences, humanities,[2] and business. The goal for all data
collection is to capture quality evidence that allows analysis to lead to the formulation of
convincing and credible answers to the questions that have been posed.

Continuous Data represents measurements and therefore their values can’t be counted but
they can be measured. An example would be the height of a person, which
you can describe by using intervals on the real number line.

The evolution of statistics was, in particular, intimately connected with the development of
European states following the peace of Westphalia (1648), and with the development
of probability theory, which put statistics on a firm theoretical basis. The earliest book on
statistics is the 9th-century treatise Manuscript on Deciphering Cryptographic Messages, written
by Arab scholar Al-Kindi (801–873). In his book, Al-Kindi gave a detailed description of how to
use statistics and frequency analysis to decipher encrypted messages.
USES: 1) Statistics helps in providing a better understanding and exact
description of a phenomenon of nature.
(2) Statistics helps in the proper and efficient planning of a statistical inquiry in
any field of study.
(3) Statistics helps in collecting appropriate quantitative data.
(4) Statistics helps in presenting complex data in a suitable tabular,
diagrammatic and graphic form for easy and clear comprehension of the data.

Uses: (IN LAST)

 Statistical finance, an area of econophysics, is an empirical attempt to shift finance from


its normative roots to a positivist framework using exemplars from statistical physics with an
emphasis on emergent or collective properties of financial markets.
 Statistical mechanics is the application of probability theory, which includes
mathematical tools for dealing with large populations, to the field of mechanics, which is
concerned with the motion of particles or objects when subjected to a force.
 Machine learning is the subfield of computer science that formulates algorithms in order
to make predictions from data.
 Demography is the statistical study of all populations. It can be a very general science
that can be applied to any kind of dynamic population, that is, one that changes over time
or space.
 Business analytics is a rapidly developing business process that applies statistical
methods to data sets (often very large) to develop new insights and understanding of
business performance & opportunities

For a data set, the arithmetic mean, also called the expected value or average, is the central
value of a discrete set of numbers: specifically, the sum of the values divided by the number of
values. The arithmetic mean of a set of numbers x1, x2, ..., xn is typically denoted by x(bar)

In statistics and probability theory, a median is a value separating the higher half from the lower
half of a data sample, a population or a probability distribution. For a data set, it may be thought
of as "the middle" value. The basic advantage of the median in describing data compared to
the mean (often simply described as the "average") is that it is not skewed so much by a small
proportion of extremely large or small values, and so it may give a better idea of a "typical"
value. 
The mode is the value that appears most often in a set of data values.[1] If X is a discrete random
variable, the mode is the value x (i.e, X = x) at which the probability mass function takes its
maximum value. In other words, it is the value that is most likely to be sampled.

Draw ICSE Graph for Representation of Data

From BOOK, Histograms, Ogives, Cumulative

OTHER FORMS, PIE CHART: A pie chart shows the relative proportions of data in different
categories. Pie charts are excellent ways of displaying categorical data with easily separable
groups.
BOX and whisker plot:
GST:
Goods and Services Tax (GST) is an indirect tax (or consumption tax) used in India on the
supply of goods and services. It is a comprehensive, multistage, destination-based tax:
comprehensive because it has subsumed almost all the indirect taxes except a few state taxes. 

Goods and services are divided into five different tax slabs for collection of tax - 0%, 5%, 12%,
18% and 28%. However, petroleum products, alcoholic drinks, and electricity are not taxed under
GST and instead are taxed separately by the individual state governments, as per the previous
tax system.

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