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    'Inductive and Deductive Reasning' PDF

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    TESL20621 Nurul Hanisah Binti Roshidi
    The document discusses inductive and deductive reasoning. Inductive reasoning involves making generalizations based on patterns or observations of specific examples, while deductive reasoning uses established facts or rules to logically derive certain conclusions. Some key differences are that inductive reasoning moves from specific to general using a bottom-up approach, while deductive reasoning moves from general to specific using a top-down approach. Inductive arguments may not be certain, but deductive arguments are necessarily true if the premises are correct.

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    'Inductive and Deductive Reasning' PDF

    Uploaded by

    TESL20621 Nurul Hanisah Binti Roshidi
    171 views9 pages
    The document discusses inductive and deductive reasoning. Inductive reasoning involves making generalizations based on patterns or observations of specific examples, while deductive reasoning uses established facts or rules to logically derive certain conclusions. Some key differences are that inductive reasoning moves from specific to general using a bottom-up approach, while deductive reasoning moves from general to specific using a top-down approach. Inductive arguments may not be certain, but deductive arguments are necessarily true if the premises are correct.

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    The document discusses inductive and deductive reasoning. Inductive reasoning involves making generalizations based on patterns or observations of specific examples, while deductive reasoning uses established facts or rules to logically derive certain conclusions. Some key differences are that inductive reasoning moves from specific to general using a bottom-up approach, while deductive reasoning moves from general to specific using a top-down approach. Inductive arguments may not be certain, but deductive arguments are necessarily true if the premises are correct.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    171 views9 pages

    'Inductive and Deductive Reasning' PDF

    Uploaded by

    TESL20621 Nurul Hanisah Binti Roshidi
    The document discusses inductive and deductive reasoning. Inductive reasoning involves making generalizations based on patterns or observations of specific examples, while deductive reasoning uses established facts or rules to logically derive certain conclusions. Some key differences are that inductive reasoning moves from specific to general using a bottom-up approach, while deductive reasoning moves from general to specific using a top-down approach. Inductive arguments may not be certain, but deductive arguments are necessarily true if the premises are correct.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 9

    Inductive and Deductive

    Reasoning
    By Dr. Shalini
    Assistant Professor of Philosophy
    S.N.Sinha College, Jehanabad
    Introduction:-
    • The process of thinking about something, in a rational manner, so as to draw valid conclusions, is
    known as Reasoning. It is a daily activity that we use to make decisions, which involves the
    construction of thoughts and converting them into a proposition to give reasons on why we have
    opted for a particular alternative over the other. Reasoning (logic) can take two forms – inductive
    reasoning or deductive reasoning.
    • The inductive reasoning follows a particular flow or behaviour so as to make inferences.
    • Conversely, deductive reasoning uses available information, facts or premises to arrive at a
    conclusion. These two logics are exactly opposite to each other. Still, they are often juxtaposed
    due to lack of adequate information. In this article, we are going to tell you the basic differences
    between inductive and deductive reasoning, which will help you to understand them better.
    Content: Inductive Reasoning Vs Deductive
    Reasoning
    • Introduction
    • Definition
    • Comparison Chart
    • Key Differences
    • Conclusion
    Definition of Inductive Reasoning
    • In research, inductive reasoning alludes to the logical process, in which specific instances or
    situations are observed or analysed to establish general principles. In this process, the multiple
    propositions are believed to provide strong evidence, for the truth of the conclusion. It is used to
    develop an understanding, on the basis of observing regularities, to ascertain how something
    works.
    • These are uncertain arguments; that describes the extent to which the conclusions drawn on the
    basis of premises, are credible.
    • In inductive reasoning, there are certain possibilities that the conclusion drawn can be false, even
    if the all the assumptions are true. The reasoning vests on experience and observations that
    support the apparent truth of the conclusion. Further, the argument can be strong or weak, as it
    only describes the likelihood of the inference, to be true.
    Definition of Deductive Reasoning
    • Deductive Reasoning means a form of logic in which specific inferences are drawn from multiple
    premises (general statements). It establishes the relationship between the proposition and
    conclusion. When all the proposed statements are true, then the rules of deduction are applied
    and the result obtained is inevitably true.
    • Deductive logic is based on the fundamental law of reasoning, i.e. if X then Y. It implies the direct
    application of available information or facts, to come up with new information or facts. In this, the
    researcher takes into account a theory and generates a hypothesis, which can be tested, after
    that the observation are recorded, which leads to particular data, which is nothing but the
    confirmation of validity.
    Comparison Chart
    BASIS FOR COMPARISON INDUCTIVE REASONING DEDUCTIVE REASONING
    • BASIS FOR COMPARISON:-
    Meaning Inductive Reasoning connotes the Deductive reasoning is the fundamental
    • INDUCTIVE REASONING DEDUCTIVE
    argument in which the premises give REASONING
    form of valid reasoning, wherein the
    reasons in support of the probable truth premises give guarantee of the truth of
    • Meaning Inductive Reasoning connotes the argument in which the premises give reasons in support of the probable truth
    of the conjecture.
    of the conjecture. conjecture.
    Approach Bottom-up approach Top-down approach

    Starting point Conclusion Premises

    Based on Patterns or trend Facts, truths and rules

    Process Observation > Pattern > Tentative Theory > Hypothesis > Observation >
    Hypothesis > Theory Confirmation
    Argument May or may not be strong. May or may not be valid.

    Structure Goes from specific to general Goes from general to specific

    Draws inferences with Probability Certainity


    Key Differences Between Inductive and
    Deductive Reasoning
    • The points provided below, clarifies the difference between inductive and deductive reasoning in
    detail:
    • The argument in which the premises give reasons in support of the probable truth of the
    conjecture is inductive reasoning. The elementary form of valid reasoning, wherein the
    proposition provide the guarantee of the truth of conjecture, is deductive reasoning.
    • While inductive reasoning uses the bottom-up approach, deductive reasoning uses a top-down
    approach.
    • The initial point of inductive reasoning is the conclusion. On the other hand, deductive reasoning
    starts with premises.
    • The basis of inductive reasoning is behaviour or pattern. Conversely, deductive reasoning depends
    on facts and rules.
    • Inductive reasoning begins with a small observation, that determines the pattern and develops a
    theory by working on related issues and establish the hypothesis. In contrast, deductive reasoning
    begins with a general statement, i.e. theory which is turned to the hypothesis, and then some
    evidence or observations are examined to reach the final conclusion.
    Continued:-

    • In inductive reasoning, the argument supporting the conclusion, may or may not be strong. On
    the contrary, in deductive reasoning, the argument can be proved valid or invalid.
    • Inductive reasoning moves from specific to general. Unlike, deductive reasoning moves from
    general to particular.
    • In inductive reasoning, the inferences drawn are probabilistic. As opposed, in deductive
    reasoning, the generalisation made are necessarily true, if the premises are correct.
    Conclusion:-
    • To sum up, inductive and deductive reasoning are the two kinds of
    logic, which are used in the field of research to develop the
    hypothesis, so as to arrive at a conclusion, on the basis of
    information, which is believed to be true. Inductive reasoning
    considers events for making the generalization. In contrast, deductive
    reasoning takes general statements as a base to arrive at an particular
    conclusion.

    • Thank you

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