COMMUNITY AND PUBLIC HEALTH FOR MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE (LECTURE)

LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNITY Pandemic – an epidemic that spreads worldwide, or at

AND PUBLIC HEALTH least across a large region.

Community – a collective body of individuals identified

by common characteristics such as geography, interests,
experiences, concerns or values LESSON 1.5: PUBLIC HEALTH

Community Health – the health status of a defined group Health

of people and the actions and conditions to promote,
• Hal – hale, sound, whole
protect, and preserve their health
• A resource for everyday life, not the object of living
Public Health – the science and art of preventing disease, • Wellness has 6 dimensions
prolonging life and promoting human health through Emotional Intellectual Physical
organized efforts and informed choices of society,
organizations, public and private, communities and Social Spiritual Vocational
individuals (World Health Organization)
• To be truly healthy, one must take care of these
Health – state of complete physical, mental, and social wellness dimensions
well-being and not merely the absence of disease or
infirmity Determinants of Health

World Health Organization – specialized agency of the 1. Gestational Endowments – genetics

United Nations that is concerned with international public 2. Social Circumstances
health 3. Environmental Conditions
4. Behavioral choices
Department of Health (DOH) – the executive 5. Availability of quality medical care
department of the Philippine government responsible for
ensuring access to basic public health services Broader Determinants of Health

Community – a small or large social unit that has 1. Culture and cultural continuity
something in common, such as norms, religion, values, or 2. Access to services and supports
identity 3. Colonization
4. Globalization
Demography – the study of statistics such as births, 5. Migration
deaths, incomes, or the incidence of disease 6. Poverty
Epidemiology – the branch of medicine which deals with 7. Self-determination
the incidence, distribution, and possible control of 8. Territory
diseases and other factors relating to health Public Health
Mortality – the number of deaths in a given time or place
• Public Health - includes activities that the society
Morbidity – the rate of diseases in a certain population takes collectively to ensure the conditions in which
people can be healthy
Epidemic – a widespread occurrence of an infectious ▪ Public Health System – public health activities
disease in a community at a particular time undertaken within the formal structure of
government and the associated efforts of private
Endemic – a disease or condition regularly found among and voluntary organizations and individuals
particular people or in a certain area
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• Community Health – health status of a defined - Causative agents for gonorrhea, typhoid fever,
group of people and the actions and conditions to leprosy, tuberculosis, and more diseases were
promote, protect, and preserve their health identified.
▪ Ex. Community Health of Barangay San Miguel • 1900-1960 – health resources development period
• Population Health – health outcomes of a group of - period of increased growth in health care
individuals, including the distribution of such facilities
outcome within the group • 1974-present – Period of Health Promotion
▪ Essentially similar to community health - passage of multiple healthcare laws and
• Global Health – refers to health problems, issues, programs in the United States
and concerns that transcend national boundaries
▪ May be influenced by circumstances in other History of Public Health in the Philippines
countries • 1565 and earlier- Pre-Spanish Era
▪ Best addressed by cooperative actions and - “Health” was believed as a harmonious
solutions
relationship with the environment
▪ Ex: COVID-19 as a global health issue - Diseases were believed to be caused by
What affects community and public health? disharmony with the spiritual world
- Wide use of medicinal herbs and rituals
1. Physical factors - Babaylan – female healer/priestess
2. Social and Cultural factors • 1565-1898- The Spanish Era
3. Community Organization - Replacement of babaylans by Spanish friars
4. Individual Behaviors - Hospital Real – first hospital in the Philippines
- Intramuros – center of health and medicine in the
1900s
- Epidemics
LESSON 2: HISTORY OF PUBLIC HEALTH ▪ 1574: Smallpox (bolotong) epidemic-
first recorded epidemic in Philippine
• 900B.C. – code of Hammurabi
history
- Earliest written record of public health
▪ 1583: Cholera epidemic
- Included laws for physicians and health practices
• 1898-1918 – The American Era
• Middle Ages/Dark Ages (500-1000C.)
▪ 1901: Establishment of the Board of
- Spiritual era of public health
Health for the Philippine Islands
- Disease were thought to have spiritual causes
▪ 1905: Creation of Culion Leper Colony
- Black Death (543C.E. and 1348) – plague caused
▪ 1910: Opening of Philippine General
by Y. pestis
Hospital
• 1850-present – Modern era of public health
- Lemuel Shattuck: outlined boards of health, Philippine Government Hospital
collection of vital statistics, implementation of
sanitary measures, and research as public health ▪ 1905: establishment of Phil. Medical
needs School under Commonwealth Act No.
- Louis Pasteur: proposed the germ theory 1415.
• 1875-1900 – Bacterial period of public health ▪ June 10, 1907: Opened and housed at
- Robert Koch: Established that specific bacteria, School for Dead and Blind located on
or microbes, can cause a particular disease Malecon Drive (Bonifacio Drive)
(Koch’s postulates) ▪ June 18, 1908: University Charter Act
(Act No. 1870) was passed

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 UP-College of Public Health NOTES: L1-L2
• Public Health is a blanket term referring to the
▪ June 1927 – UP Institute of Hygiene other four
established a unit of UP for training of • Y. pestis – vector-borne disease carried by rodents
medical officers in the Philippine Health • Louis Pasteur – father of immunology; discovery
Science of the first attenuated vaccine
▪ Originally called School of Sanitation and • Robert Koch – described the tuberculosis
Public Health bacterium in 1882
• San Lazaro Hospital, University of Sto. Tomas
▪ Mid 80s – renamed to College of Public
Hospital, and San Juan de Dios Hospital was built
Health during the Spanish occupation
• 1918-1941: The Filipinization of Health Services and • 1905 – birth of UP College of Medicine and
Mandate of Public Health Surgery patterned after John Hopkins University
- Beginning of increased participation of Filipinos (one of the pioneers in public health and medical
in governance. technology)
- 1919: Dr. Vicente de Jesus: First Filipino • Renamed Phil Medical School to University of the
Philippine College of Medicine and Surgery
director of Philippine General Hospital
• Bacillus Calmette-Guerin(BCG) is a vaccine for
- 1939: Birth of Department of Health and Public
tuberculosis
Welfare
• 1947-1965
- 1947: Birth of Department of Health LESSON 3: HEALTH CARE DELIVERY SYSTEM
- 1952: Introduction of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin
(BCG) vaccine by UNICEF and DOH Health Care Delivery System – the organization of
- 1954: Rural Health Unit Act people, institutions, and resources to deliver health care
▪ Promoted establishment of clinics in every services to meet the health needs of a target population,
municipality whether a single-provider practice or a large health care
- 1963: Institution of Food and Drug system.
Administration Classifications of Health Care Organizations
• Rise of several specialty hospitals:
- 1975: Philippine Heart Center 1. Governmental – part of governmental structure;
- 1979: Philippine Children’s Medical center primarily funded by tax and managed by the
- 1981: Lung Center of the Philippines government officials. (Ex. DOH)
- 1983: National Kidney Institute 2. Quasi-governmental – an organization that has
• 1981-1985: Implementation of Primary Health Care official healthcare responsibilities; voluntary
• Early 60s – PMA introduced PROJECT MARIA health organization; funded by the government;
which aims to aid communities in need can also source out from private entities (Ex. Red
• August 4, 1969, Republic Act 6111 or the Philippine Cross)
Medical Care Act of 1969 was signed by President 3. Non-governmental – no relation and funding
Ferdinand E. Marcos coming from the government.
• February 14, 1995 – The National Health Insurance
World Health Organization
Act of 1995 or Republic Act 7875 signed by
President Fidel V. Ramos; paved way for PhilHealth. - Largest international health organization
• 1997: PhilHealth assumed the responsibility of - Headquarters – Geneva, Switzerland
administering the former Medicare program • Primary Objective – attainment by all peoples of the
• 1997: GSIS highest possible level of health
• 1998: SSS • Has 22 core functions (chapter 2 of book: p38-39)
• March 2005: OWWA
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• World Health Assembly – WHO’s body of Public Health Services Agencies
delegates of its member nations
1. Disease Prevention and Control Bureau
• Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus – Current
2. Epidemiology Bureau
Director-General
3. Health Promotion and Communication Service
• Regional Offices
4. Health Emergency Management Bureau
Africa (AFRO) Brazzaville, Congo
America Washington DC, Attached Agencies
(PAHO/AMRO) United States
1. National Nutrition Council (NNC)
Eastern Mediterranean 2. Philippine Health Insurance Corporation
Cairo, Egypt
(EMRO)
(PHIC/PHILHEALTH)
Western Pacific
Manila, Philippines 3. Philippine Institute for Traditional and Alternative
(WPRO)
South-East Asia Health Care (PITAHC)
New Delhi, India
(SEARO) 4. Philippine National AIDS Council (PNAC)
Europe (EURO) Kobenhavn, Denmark
Roles of DOH

1. Direct provider of health programs

Other International Health Agencies
2. Accreditation of all levels of
- United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees hospitals/clinics/laboratories in the country
(UNHCR) 3. Promotion of healthy lifestyle and health seeking
- United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) behaviors
- Unite Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)
Devolution of Health Services in the Philippines
- USAID
- GIZ • Devolution – the transfer or delegation of power to a
- Canadian International Development Agency lower level, especially by central government to local
(CIDA) or regional administration
- Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) • Legal Basis – Republic Act No. 7160 – Local
- Agencia Espanola de Cooperacion Internacional Government Code of 1991
para el Desarrollo (AECID)
- Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC) Philippine Health Care Delivery System
- International Rescue Committee (IRC)
Classification of Hospitals (AO2012-002)
Department of Health
1. According to Ownership
- The executive department of the Philippine a. Government
government responsible for ensuring access to - Financed through a tax-based budgeting system
basic public health services by all Filipinos - Managed by government facilities under national
through the provision of quality health care and and local governments
the regulation of all health services and products ▪ DOH – government corporate hospitals,
- Francisco Duque III – Current Secretary of DOH specialty and regional hospitals
▪ Department of National Defense (DND) –
military hospitals
▪ Provincial Governments – district and
provincial hospitals
▪ Municipal Governments – primary care,
health centers, and barangay health stations.

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 b. Private Sector LESSON 3.5: PRIMARY HEALTH CARE
- For-profit and non-profit health-care providers
- Market oriented Levels of Care
- Financed through user fees 1. Primary Health Care
2. According to Scope of Services - Provided at the community level
a. General 2. Secondary Health Care
- Provides services for all kinds of illnesses,
- Provided at PHC, CHC, and DH
diseases, injuries and deformities 3. Tertiary Health Care
- Ex. Philippine General Hospital, Pasig City - Provided at hospitals
General Hospital
b. Specialty Primary Health Care
- Specializes in a particular disease or condition in
one type of patient - A whole-of-society approach that includes health
- According to illness: POC, NCMH, SLH promotion, disease prevention, treatment,
- According to organ: LCP, PHC, NKTI rehabilitation and palliative care
- According to group: PCMC, NCH, Dr. Jose - People-centered rather than disease-centered
Fabella Memorial Hospital
Components of a PHC approach
3. According to Functional Capacity
a. General - Meeting people’s health needs for life
- Utilizing multisectoral policy and action
- Empowering individuals and families to take
charge of their own health

Foundation – Declaration of Alma-Ata (September

1978)

- International Conference on Primary Health

Care, Alma-Ata, USSR
- Considered as a major milestone in the field of
public health
- Identified primary health care as key to the goal:
Heal for All
- Affirms health as a fundamental human right
- Foundation – Declaration of Alma-Ata
b. Specialty
(September 1978)
c. Trauma Capability
Foundation – Declaration of Astana (October 1978)
NOTES: L3
• DOH is funded by the national budget - Global conference on primary health care,
• 4 levels of governmental health agencies are: Astana, Kazakhstan.
international, national, state, and local
- Renewed the Declaration of Alma-Ata
governmental agencies
• Commitments of Declaration of Astana

- Make bold political choices for health across all

sectors
- Build sustainable primary health care
- Empower individuals and communities
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 - Align stakeholder support to national policies,
strategies and plans

Strategies in Building Sustainable PHC

- Enhanced capacity and infrastructure for primary

care
- Prioritize disease prevention and health
promotion
- Provide comprehensive ranges of services and
care
- Increase access to and integrate safe and efficient
services that are people-centered and gender
sensitive
- Ensure a functional referral system between
primary and other levels of care
- Enhance systems that prevent, detect, and
respond to infectious diseases and outbreaks

Levels of Prevention

1. Primary
- Activities that prevent a problem before it occurs
- No illness – focuses on health promotion and
disease prevention
- Applied to: healthy individuals
- Ex. Health education, marriage counseling,
family planning, prenatal care, environmental
sanitation, immunization
2. Secondary
- Emphasizes on early diagnosis, case finding,
prompt treatment for individuals experience
health problems
- Applied to: people with sign and symptoms
- Ex. Screening survey, sputum exams, check-ups,
dental examinations, breast and testicular
examinations, treatment of acute respiratory
infection, diarrhea, and tuberculosis
3. Tertiary
- Activities that correct a disease state and prevent
further deterioration
- Rehabilitation
- Referring client to support group (counseling)
- Ex. Drugs, HIV, Mental, Physical etc.

NOTES
• s/sx – signs and symptoms
• tx.of ARI – treatment of acute respiratory infection
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 LESSON 4: SERVICE LEARNING ➢ Concrete Experience – CBL
project experience
Service Learning
➢ Reflection Observation – students
• a type of experiential learning reflect on their learning (blogs,
which provides opportunity for journals)
learners = enhance their ➢ Abstract Conceptualization –
understanding of concepts and students see connection between
theories in a practical experience and learning
environment ➢ Active Experimentation – students
• focused on enhancing students’ plan further CBL based on their
understanding through serving learning
the community
How is Service Learning applied in CPH?
• course-based and credit-bearing
• CPH = conducting community
SERVICE LEARNING INTERNSHIP
programs and as we conduct
focuses on learning focuses on
community programs =
through serving the acquiring career-
experience the skills that we
community oriented skills
benefits the benefits the service have learned
community provider/institution/ • through proper observation =
hospital strengthen the understanding of
Context of Service Learning the different concepts of
community and public health

Benefits of Service Learning

• Students
- better application of course
Theoretical Framework (Learning Theory theories and concepts
Associated with Service Learning) - communication, critical-
thinking, and analytical
• Experiential Learning Theory. by
thinking
Dewey – focuses on “learning by
- teamwork
doing”
- social awareness
• Kolb’s Experiential Learning Cycle
- sense of civic responsibility
- preparation for real-life
problems
- overall personality
development

• Faculty
- improved applicability of
course content
- improved teaching ability

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 - improved logical connection - right of individuals, and to a
of course with real-life lesser extent, communities to
problems choose without undue
external pressure
• Community Members (Star of - recognizes the responsibility
Service Learning) of the autonomous individual
- access to various programs to not harm another
- psychological support - right to decide for oneself
- access to consultation and
medical services • Advocacy
- process of supporting and
Challenges in Service Learning
enabling people to express
• difficulty in facilitating proper their views and concerns
interaction between students, - promotes participation in the
faculty and community experience with the
• lack of financial resources community
• time management and program
preparation • Social Justice
- “the foundation underpinning
of community development,
LESSON 5: ETHICAL PRINCIPLES IN PUBLIC community health and
HEALTH community health policy
• Ethos – custom, habit, character, development”
or disposition - promotes a just society by
• Ethics – identifying the right/moral challenging injustice and
thing to do valuing diversity
- programs should be equally
Public Health Ethics available to all
• systematic process to clarify, Four New Principles for Public Health
prioritize and justify possible Ethics
courses of public health action
• based on ethical principles, 1. Principle of Procedural Justice
values and beliefs of - importance of process and, in
stakeholders, and scientific and particular, gives both
other information individuals and minority
groups the chance to prevent
Traditional Ethical and Moral Concepts the majority from imposing
of CPH their values and priorities on
• Beneficence them
- “maximize benefit and - transparency in procedural
minimize harm to patients” justice:
- ex. vaccinations ➢ requires that truthful
information is widely
• Autonomy

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 shared and never - we must reciprocate the
presented evasively impact of the community to
➢ holds public meetings our health by contributing to
and works to build a others’ well-being
public consensus

2. Principle of the Least Restrictive

Alternative
- promote freedom and liberty
and so one must find the way
to achieve public health
goals in ways that do not
impose on human rights or do
so with the lest byrden
possible
- John Stuart Mill’s Harm
Principle:
➢ “society should allow
us to do what we want,
even if it is not
particularly wise; (at
least) the only
exception when
society can justifiably
limit personal freedom
is to prevent harm to
others”

3. Precautionary Principle
- maximize human safety when
there is some scientific
evidence of risk, but it is, as of
yet, inconclusive or less than
certain
- “better safe than sorry”

4. Communitarian Principle
- refers to accepting our fair
share of the burdens or costs
required to help correct or
diminish unjust constraints in
the lives of others, to justify our
own benefiting from being a
member of that community

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS (SDGS)
MDGs vs SDGs
• 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
• Adopted by the members of the United nations
o Developed in the year 2015
• Included 17 goals for creating a more
“sustainable” future by 2030
• Promotes partnership between all countries

EVOLUTION OF HEALTHCARE

1. 1980-1990 [WASH decade]

a. WASH = water, sanitation and hygiene
b. Year when primary health care was
implemented in the PH
c. Promote clean and safe water • SDGs is inclusive than MDGs
• SDGs is more universal
2. 1990-2015 MDG Period • MDGs only developing countries
a. MDG = Millennium Development Goals
b. Period of the rise of Health Systems HISTORY of SDG

• June 2012 – the Rio+20 conference urged for

the development of the new goals (now SDGs)
that will continue the momentum set by the
MDGs after 2015
o Just before 2015, the nations talked
about on ways on how they will
continue the progress that MDgs
where able to achieve

3. 2015-2030 SDG ERA • July 2014 – the 17 goals were proposed by the
a. In 2019, Universal Health Care was UN General Assembly Open Working Group
implemented (OWG)
b. Continued the bluepring of MDG
• Consensus between different Participants
o civil society organizations, citizens,
scientists, academics, and the private
sector from around the world
o My World survey
Used for the development of
the SDGs

MISSION OF THE SDG

• The 2030 Agenda for the Sustainable

Development was launched in 2015 to end
poverty and set the world on a path of peace,
prosperity and opportunity for all on a healthy
planet.

• The 17 SDGs demand nothing short of a

transformative of the financial, economic and
political systems that govern our societies
today to guarantee the human rights of all.

• “Leave no one behind”

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THEY BREAK DOWN TRADITIONAL SILOS BETWEEN: 4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education
and promote lifelong learning opportunities for
PLACES all.
• The SDGs are universal meaning that the goals • Quality education
apply to all countries regardless of their • Ensuring access to education
traditional development status.
o Whether you are a first world, 5. Achieve gender equality and empower all
emerging, second world, developing, women and girls.
struggling country everyone is included • Gender equality
• Decreasing/combating discrimination and
DEFINITIONS violence against women in school
• The SDGs define sustainability through workplace and households
Environmental, Economic and Social
dimensions 6. Ensure availability and sustainable management
of water and sanitation for all.
ISSUES • Clean water and sanitation
• The SDGs feature 17 interconnected goals, 169 • Access to drinking water
targets, and 232 indicators.
o They are integrated and indivisible. 7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable,
o Try to achieve all goals sustainable and modern energy for all.
• Affordable and clean energy
DEPARTMENT • Access to electricity
• The SDGs require policy coherence and a
government-wide approach 8. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable
o Not only for the metro but for the economic growth, full and productive
whole country employment and decent work for all.
o Not policies does not contracted with • Decent work and economic growth
other regions • Focus on employment
SECTORS • Low percentage of unemployment
• The SDGs were designed for all sectors and • Youth has opportunity to work
require participation form all sectors
9. Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive
PEOPLE and sustainable industrialization and foster
• The SDGs require inclusiveness and innovation.
participation from subpopulations, particularly • Industry innovation and infrastructure
the poorest and the most vulnerable. • Concerned with urbanization and
infrastructure
GOALS IN DETAILS:
10. Reduce inequality within and among countries
1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere. • Reduce inequality
• No poverty • Tackles discrimination on social status,
2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved economic status, political views
nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture. • Empower and promote social, economic
• Zero hunger and political inclusion of all age, sex,
• Increase access and supply disability, race, ethnicity, origin religion, or
economic of other status
3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for
all at all ages. 11. Make cities and human settlements inclusive,
• Good health and wellbeing safe, resilient and sustainable.
• Tackles global maternal mortality • Sustainable cities and communities
• Preventable deaths and diseases • Safe and stable housing, road safety, air
quality and management

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 12. Ensure sustainable consumption and production PHILIPPNE HEALTH AGENDA (2016-2022)
patterns
• Responsible Consumption and • “All for Health Towards Health for All”
• Production o Lahat Para sa Kalusugan! Tungo sa
• Related to waste management and Kalusugan Para sa Lahat
generation • DOH AO 2016-0038
• Ensure to wisely use limited and natural • developed during the National Heath Summit
resources in 2016
• implemented during the presidency of
13. Take urgent action to combat climate change President Duterte (referred to as the Duterte
and its impacts. health agenda)
• Climate action
• Strengthen resilient in climate related
hazards and natural disasters VISSION BY 2030 (DOH)
• to improve awareness in the impact of
climate change A global leader for attaining better health
outcomes, competitive and responsible health
14. Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas care system, and equitable health financing.
and marine resources for sustainable
development. MISSION BY 2030 (DOH)
• Life below water
• Ensuring that sea is free from pollution To guarantee equitable, sustainable and
• Sustainable for marine species quality health for all Filipinos, especially the
poor, and to lead the quest for excellence in
15. Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of health.
terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage
forests, combat desertification, and halt and
reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity
loss. GOALS / THE HEALTH SYSTEM WE ASPIRE FOR
• Life on Land
• Sustainable for land species FINANCIAL PROTECTION
• Prevent deforestation Filipinos, especially the poor, marginalized,
• Conserve ecosystems and vulnerable are protected from high cost
• Maintain biodiversity of health care

16. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for BETTER HEALTH OUTCOMES
sustainable development, provide access to Filipinos attain the best possible health
justice for all and build effective, accountable outcomes with no disparity
and inclusive institutions at all levels.
• Peace, justice and strong institutions RESPONSIVENESS
• Reduce all forms of violence and related Filipinos feel respected, valued, and
death rates empowered in all of their interaction with the
health system
17. Strengthen the means of implementation and
revitalize the global partnership for sustainable VALUES / THE HEALTH SYSTEM WE ASPIRE FOR
development.
• Partnerships for the goals • Equitable & inclusive to all
• Have dependable partnership with nations • Transparent & accountable
and various organizations • Uses resources efficiently
• A call to developed countries renew their • Provides high quality services
commit to development assistance

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 During the last 30 years of Health Sector
Reform, we have undertaken key structural reforms
and continuously built on programs that take us a
step closer to our aspiration.

MILESTONE:
• Devolution
• DOH resources to promote local health
system development
• Use of Generics
• Milk Code
• Good Governance Programs (ISO, IMC, PGS)
• PhilHealth (1995)
• Funding for UHC
• Fiscal autonomy for government hospitals

PERSISTENT INEQUITIES IN HEALTH OUTCOMES

• Every year, around 2000 mothers die due to

pregnancy-related complications.
• A Filipino child born to the poorest family is 3
times more likely to not reach his 5th
birthday, compared to one born to the richest GUARANTEE #1: ALL LIFE STAGES & TRIPLE BURDEN
family. OF DISEASE
• Three out of 10 children are stunted. • Services for Both the Well & the Sick
• Pregnant>Newborn>Infant>Child>Adolescent
POOR QUALITY AND UNDIGNIFIED CARE >Adults>Elderly
SYNONYMOUS WITH PUBLIC CLINICS AND o First 1000 days
HOSPITALS o Reproductive and sexual health
o maternal, newborn, and child health
• Long wait times o exclusive breastfeeding
• Privacy and confidentiality taken lightly o food & micronutrient
• Limited autonomy to choose provider supplementation
• Poor record-keeping o Immunization
• Less than hygienic restrooms, lacking o Adolescent health
amenities o Geriatric Health
• Overcrowding & under-provision of care o Health screening, promotion &
information
RESTRICTIVE AND IMPOVERISHING HEALTHCARE
COSTS TRIPLE BURDEN OF DISEASE

• Every year, 1.5 million families are pushed to COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

poverty due to health care expenditures • HIV/AIDS, TB, Malaria
• Filipinos forego or delay care due to prohibitive • Diseases for Elimination
and unpredictable user fees or co-payments • Dengue, Lepto, Ebola, Zika
• Php 4,000/month healthcare expenses
considered catastrophic for single income NON- COMMUNICABLE DISEASES & MALNUTRITION
families • Cancer, Diabetes, Heart Disease and their Risk
o Expensive healthcare service Factors – obesity, smoking, diet, sedentary
lifestyle
• Malnutrition

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DISEASES OF RAPID URBANIZATION & STRATEGY
INDUSTRIALIZATION

• Injuries
• Substance abuse
• Mental Illness
• Pandemics, Travel Medicine
• Health consequences of climate change /
disaster

GUARANTEE 2: SERVICES ARE DELIVERED BY

NETWORKS THAT ARE:

• FULLY FUNCTIONAL
(Complete Equipment, Medicines,
ADVANCE QUALITY, HEALTH PROMOTION AND
Health Professional)
PRIMARY CARE
1. Conduct annual health visits for all poor families
• PRACTICING GATEKEEPING
and special populations (NHTS, IP, PWD, Senior
o Address the shortage of specialist
Citizens)
o Encouraging the patients to go to general
2. Develop an explicit list of primary care
practitioners first then to specialist
entitlements that will become the basis for
licensing and contracting arrangements
• COMPLIANT WITH CLINICAL PRACTICE
3. Transform select DOH hospitals into mega-
GUIDELINES
hospitals with capabilities for multi-specialty
training and teaching and reference laboratory
• LOCATED CLOSE TO THE PEOPLE
4. Support LGUs in advancing pro-health
(Mobile Clinic or Subsidize Transportation
resolutions or ordinances (e.g. city-wide smoke-
Cost) proximity
free or speed limit ordinances)
5. Establish expert bodies for health promotion
• ENHANCED BY TELEMEDICINE
and surveillance and response
• AVAILABLE 24/7 & EVEN DURING DISASTERS
COVER ALL FILIPINOS AGAINST HEALTH-RELATED
FINANCIAL RISK
GUARANTEE 3: SERVICES ARE FINANCED
1. Raise more revenues for health, e.g. impose
PREDOMINANTLY BY PHILHEALTH
health- promoting taxes, increase NHIP premium
rates, improve premium collection efficiency.
PHILHEALTH AS THE GATEWAY TO FREE AFFORDABLE
2. Align GSIS, MAP, PCSO, PAGCOR and minimize
CARE
overlaps with PhilHealth
• 100% of Filipinos are members
• Formal sector premium paid through payroll 3. Expand PhilHealth benefits to cover outpatient
• Non-formal sector premium paid through tax diagnostics, medicines, blood and blood products
aided by health technology assessment
subsidy
4. Update costing of current PhilHealth case rates
to ensure that it covers full cost of care and link
SIMPLIFY PHILHEALTH RULES
payment to service quality
• No balance billing for the poor/basic
5. Enhance and enforce PhilHealth contracting
accommodation & Fixed co-payment for non-
policies for better viability and sustainability
basic accommodation

PHILHEALTH AS MAIN REVENUE SOURCE FOR PUBLIC

HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS
• Expand benefits to cover comprehensive
range of services
• Contracting networks of providers within
SDNs

BE PROUD OF YOURSELF. KEEP MOVING FORWARD. STAY STRONG! LJOC 5

HARNESS THE POWER OF STRATEGIC HRH ELICIT MULTI-SECTORAL AND MULTI-STAKEHOLDER
DEVELOPMENT SUPPORT FOR HEALTH
1. Revise health professions curriculum to be 1. Harness and align the private sector in planning
more primary care-oriented and responsive to supply side investments
local and global needs 2. Work with other national government agencies
2. Streamline HRH compensation package to to address social determinants of health
incentivize service in high-risk or GIDA areas 3. Make health impact assessment and public
3. Update frontline staffing complement health management plan a prerequisite for
standards from profession-based to initiating large-scale, high-risk infrastructure
competency-based projects
4. Make available fully-funded scholarships for 4. Collaborate with CSOs and other stakeholders on
HRH hailing from GIDA areas or IP groups budget development, monitoring and evaluation
5. Formulate mechanisms for mandatory return
of service schemes for all heath graduates

INVEST IN EHEALTH AND DATA FOR DECISION-

MAKING
1. Mandate the use of electronic medical records in
all health facilities
2. Make online submission of clinical, drug
dispensing, administrative and financial records a
prerequisite for registration, licensing and
contracting
3. Commission nationwide surveys, streamline
information systems, and support efforts to
improve local civil registration and vital statistics
4. Automate major business processes and invest in
ware- housing and business intelligence tools
5. Facilitate ease of access of researchers to
available data

ENFORCE STANDARDS, ACCOUNTABILITY AND

TRANSPARENCY
1. Publish health information that can trigger
better performance and accountability
2. Set up dedicated performance monitoring unit
to track performance or progress of reforms

VALUE ALL CLIENTS AND PATIENTS, ESPECIALLY THE

POOR, MARGINALIZED, AND VULNERABLE
1. Prioritize the poorest 20 million Filipinos in all
health programs and support them in non-direct
health expenditures
2. Make all health entitlements simple, explicit and
widely published to facilitate understanding, &
generate demand
3. Set up participation and redress mechanisms
4. Reduce turnaround time and improve
transparency of processes at all DOH health
facilities
5. Eliminate queuing, guarantee decent
accommodation and clean restrooms in all
government hospitals

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 LESSON 8: PHILIPPINE LAWS RELATED TO RA 6675 – Generics Act
PUBLIC HEALTH
• It is an act to promote, require and ensure the production
Definition of Terms of an adequate supply, distribution, use and acceptance
of drugs and medicines identified by their Generic
• Republic Act – an act passed by the congress of the names.
Philippines, while in the form of
• Senate bill – is a piece of proposed legislation. Section 3. Definition of Terms:
- In order to become law, a senate bill must win
majority approval in both senate and the house of 1. Generic Name or Generic Terminology is the
representatives and then be approved by the identification of drugs and medicines by their
president. scientifically and internationally recognized active
ingredients or by their official generic name as
RA 3573 – Reporting of Communicable Diseases determined by the Bureau of Food and Drugs of the
Department of Health
• Requires all individuals and health facilities to report Ex. Tylenol: Paracetamol (Biogesic)
notifiable diseases to local and national health ▪ Active Ingredient – is the chemical component
authorities responsible for the claimed therapeutic effect of
• 17th congress (amended) the pharmaceutical product.
• Senate Bill No. 1647: Mandatory Reporting of ▪ Chemical Name – is the description of the
Notifiable Diseases and Health-Related Events Act of chemical structure of the drug or medicine and
2016 serves as the complete identification of a
• Filed on January 15, 2018 by Ejercito, Joseph Victor compound
G., Villanueva, Joel, and Binay, Maria Lourdes Nancy ▪ Drug Product – is the finished product form that
S. contains the active ingredients, generally but not
• The Philippine Integrated Disease Surveillance and necessarily in association with inactive ingredients.
Response (PIDSR) System shall be recognized as the ▪ Brand Name – is the proprietary name given by
official system of the DOH in terms of disease the manufacturer to distinguish its product from
surveillance. those of competitors.
• It shall endeavor to protect the people and public health ▪ Generic Drugs – are drugs not covered by patent
threats through efficient and effective disease protection and which are labeled solely by their
surveillance. international non-proprietary or generic name

WHO Top 10 Threats to Global Health

1. Air Pollution and Climate change

2. Non-communicable diseases (diabetes, cancer and
heart disease)
3. Global Pandemic Influenza
4. Fragile and Vulnerable Settings
5. Antimicrobial Resistance
6. Ebola and other High threat Pathogens
7. Weak Primary Healthcare
8. Vaccine Hesitancy
9. Dengue Virus
10. HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) RA 7719 – National Blood Services Act of 1994

Purpose:

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• To promote voluntary blood donation • For this purpose, the state shall promote the
• To provide safe, adequate, affordable, and equitable nutritional fortification of food to combat
blood products micronutrient as a priority health program for the
• To require all blood banks/centers to operate on a non- nation
profit basis
Hypothyroidism vs Hyperthyroidism
Blood Group Determination

Blood Type Test

- People with hypothyroidism tend to be obese due

to slower metabolism

RA 8423 – Traditional and Alternative Medicine Act

• Purpose: An act creating the Philippine Institute of

Traditional and Alternative Health Care (PITAHC)
• To accelerate the development of traditional and
Based on Antigens alternative health care in the Philippines, providing for
a traditional and alternative health care development
ABO Anti-A Anti-B fund and for other purposes
Type A + -
Type B - + RA 8749 – Clean Air Act
Type AB + +
Type O - - • Is a comprehensive air quality management policy
and program which aims to achieve and maintain
healthy air for all Filipinos.
Based on Antibody
• Purpose:
ABO Produces - Air quality monitoring
Type A Anti-B - Emission testing
Type B Anti-A - Use of bio fuels
Type AB No Anti-A & No Anti-B
Type O Anti-A & Anti-B RA 9003 – Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of
RA 8172 – Asin Law 200

• An act promoting salt iodization nationwide and for

related purposes
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• Set guidelines and targets for solid waste avoidance
and volume reduction through source reduction and
waste minimization measures:
- Composting,
- Recycling
- Re-use
- Recovery
- Green charcoal process
- Treatment
- Disposal

Section 3: Definition of Terms

▪ Agricultural Waste – waste generated from

planting or harvesting crops, trimming or pruning
of plants and wastes or run-off materials from
farms or fields
▪ Hazardous waste – solid waste management or
combination of solid waste which because of its
quantity, concentration or physical, chemical or
infectious characteristics.
▪ Composting – controlled decomposition of
organic matter by micro-organisms, mainly
bacteria and fungi into a humus-like product
▪ Special waste – consumer electronics includes
worn-out, broken, and other discarded items such
as radios, stereos, and TV sets.

NOTES
• Study the title and content of the laws
• Amended – revisions (addition/subtraction) made by
the senators
• Overdose of paracetamol is harmful to your liver
• Thyroid needs iodine to produce thyroid hormones
• Thyroid hormones promote metabolism in the body
• Bradycardia – slow heartbeat – bagal
• Tachycardia – fast heartbeat – takbo
• Universal Precaution – treat all clinical specimens as
potentially infectious.

cedric baket naman napaka seryoso ng reviewer mo :<

3|LCDLB
 LESSON 10: EXPANDED PROGRAM  examples (cells in your body):
ON IMMUNIZATION (EPI) WBCs (lymphocytes/T cells and B
cells), antibodies
 target population: children  antibody (immunoglobulin) – is a
Introduction protein that is produced to detect a
particular antigen; protects you
 immunization – act of conferring or giving from a recurring infection
immunity to a person against a particular  antigen – substance that can cause
disease reaction; causes the body to
 the study of immunology (study of immune produce specific antibodies
system) began as an interest in achieving
immunity or resistance to disease
 immune system – system in the body that
makes you immune or that protects you
against a certain disease
 immunity – the ability of an organism to
resist a particular infection or toxin
 examples: WBCs (lymphocytes/
leukocytes/ T cells), lymphoid
organs)

Principle of Immunity

Natural/Innate (own)

 immunity that you have ever since you were

born
 non-specific (so parang kahit anong
pumasok na infection/disease sa body it will
be attacked by your natural/innate immune
system)
 examples: WBCs (phagocytic white
blood cells = neutrophils), tissues =
macrophages, chemical component
in your lysozymes that protects you
from diseases or infection

Adaptive (exposure)

 immunity gained from exposure

 you become immune to a particular
Active Immunity
infection only after you are initially exposed
to it  where you become immune to a
 specific (once you are exposed sa virus disease/infection because you yourself made
ganon your immunity will be specific) or created or produced the antibodies needed
 immunologic memory – example: if you to protect you
become exposed sa chicken pox, your body  ikaw mismo gumawa ng antibodies na
will remember that until you grow older kailangan mo
 examples: chicken pox  natural (infection) – naturally
exposed to a particular infection

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 (example: when you get infected by
chicken pox)
 artificial (vaccination) – gaining
immunity through artificial means
(vaccination – can either kill or
weaken virus or pathogens); ikaw
paren nagpproduce ng sarili mong
antibodies pero through artificial
means

Passive Immunity

 when you receive antibodies or the

2 Types of Vaccine
immunity against a specific disease from
someone else/something else Whole-Agent Vaccine
 natural (maternal antibodies) –
gain maternal antibodies or when  whole, nonvirulent microorganism
the newborn gain or receive  inactivated (killed) –
antibodies from the breast milk of microorganism killed using
his/her mother; through the formalin and present no risk of
placenta when the newborn was getting the disease (example: rabies
still a fetus vaccine)
 artificial (monoclonal antibodies)  attenuated (weakened) – DNA
– when patients receive monoclonal mutations have accumulated during
antibodies for immediate protection long-term cell culture but there is a
(example: prophylaxis) risk of getting the disease; no
booster shot required (example:
Vaccine MMR vaccine)

 it is intended to produce immunity to a Subunit Vaccine

disease by stimulating then production of
antibodies  part or product of the microorganism
 contains an agent that resembles a disease-  use adjuvants that increase
causing microorganism or portion of it and effectiveness of the vaccine
is often made from weakened or killed  adjuvants are not part of the
forms of the microbe, its toxins or one of its pathogen (examples: detergent or
surface proteins dead non-pathogenic bacteria)
 safer than attenuated vaccines; no
risk of getting the diseases
(example: hepatitis B vaccine)

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The Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI)

 established in 1976
 six vaccine-preventable diseases were
initially included in the EPI:
 tuberculosis
 poliomyelitis
 diphtheria
 tetanus
 pertussis
 measles
 vaccines under the EPI are:
 BCG birth dose
 hepatitis B birth dose
 oral poliovirus vaccine
 pentavalent vaccine
 measles containing vaccines
(antimeasles vaccine, measles,
mumps, rubella)
 tetanus toxoid
 in 2014, pneumococcal conjugate vaccine
13 (to provide protection against
pneumococcal respiratory infections) was
included in the routine immunization of EPI
 last 2016, the EPI transitioned to become the
national immunization program – targets
and also accommodates senior citizens and
adolescents
 vaccines under EPI:
 bacille calmette-guerin (BCG) –
tuberculosis
 hepatitis B vaccine – hepa B
 oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) –
polio
 pentavalent vaccine – diphtheria,
tetanus, pertussis, hepatitis B, and
haemophilus influenza type B (Hib)
Program Goals
 measles containing vaccines
(MMR) – measles, mumps, and  over-all goal – to reduce the morbidity and
rubella mortality among children against the most
 tetanus toxoid (TT) – tetanus common vaccine-preventable diseases
 pneumococcal conjugate vaccine  specific goal
(PCV) – pneumococcal diseases  to immunize all infants/children
against the most common vaccine-
preventable diseases
 to sustain polio-free status of the
Philippines
 to eliminate measles infection

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  to control diphtheria, pertussis,  refers to any untoward medical
hepatitis B and German measles occurrence which follows immunization
(rubella) and which does not necessarily have a causal
 to prevent extra pulmonary relationship with the usage of vaccine
tuberculosis among children

Program Target

 achieve 95% fully immunized child

coverage

Program Strategies

 reaching every purok strategy

 supplemental immunization activities (SIA)
 vaccine-preventable diseases surveillance

REB/REP and SIA

 reaching every barangay/purok

(REB/REP) strategy – aimed to improve AEFI Surveillance
the access to routine immunization and  Philippines – collaborative monitoring
reduce drop-outs between national epidemiology center
 ensure that each child in the (NEC), national center for disease
Philippines is vaccinated prevention and control (NCDPC) and food
 supplemental immunization activity (SIA) and drug administration (FDA)
– targets children who did not develop  US – the vaccine adverse event reporting
sufficient immunity system (VAERS)
 example: measles rubella – oral  run by CDC and the food and drug
polio vaccine supplemental administration (FDA)
immunization (MR-OPV SIA) from
2020-2021 Adverse Effects
 mass immunization campaigns, known as
 adverse reaction – is an undesirable side
national immunization days (NIDs) or
effect that occurs after a vaccination
supplementary immunization activities
 vaccine adverse reactions are classified as:
(SIAs), are one of the four pillars of
 local (most common and least
eradication. this supplementary
severe) – when the pain/reaction is
immunization is intended to complement –
not replace – routine immunization limited to the site of administration
(examples: sumakit/bumigat)
Issues and Concerns  systemic – affects the whole body
(examples: headache, fatigue fever)
 lack of training in basic EPI skills and cold  allergic/anaphylactic (least
chain and logistics management common and most severe) – any
 inadequate immunization schedule allergic reactions (examples:
 lack of cold chain equipment for vaccine pangangati/paghihirap huminga)
storage  local reactions (example: redness) are
 expensive WHO pre-qualified refrigerators usually the least severe and most frequent
 differences in population estimation

Adverse Events Following Immunization (AEFI)

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  severe cases – limpness, pallor, loss
of consciousness and hypotension
 epinephrine – stimulates the heart and
reverses the spasm in the blood vessels and
the lung passages, reduces edema and
uticaria, thus countering the anaphylaxis

Allergy vs. Anaphylaxis vs. Atopy

Allergy

 disorder of the immune system that is often

called atopy
 allergic reactions occur to environmental
substances known as allergens
 these reactions are acquired, predictable and
rapid

Anaphylaxis

 acute systemic (multi-system) and severe

type I hypersensitivity allergic reaction in
humans and other mammals
 the term comes from the greek words ana
(against) and phylaxis (protection)
 severe reaction of rapid onset, characterized
by circulatory collapse
 early signs – generalized erythema
(pamumula ng skin) and urticaria
(appearance of hives) with upper
and/or lower respiratory tract
obstruction

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CPH LESSON 11: TRADITIONAL AND approval’ and adoption by the
ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE appropriate government agencies;

Republic Act. 8423 (R.A. 8423) 5. To formulate policies for the protection
• Traditional and Alternative Medicine Act of indigenous and natural health
(TAMA) of 1997 resources and technology from
• established the Philippine Institute of unwarranted exploitation, for approval
Traditional and Alternative Health Care and adoption by the appropriate
(PITAHC) as an institute under the government agencies;
Department of Health (DOH) • Natural resources will not be abused
o “to improve the quality and delivery of or exploited
health care services to the Filipino
people through the development of 6. To formulate policies to strengthen the
traditional and alternative health care role of traditional and alternative health
and its integration into the national care delivery system; and
health care delivery system “
7. To promote traditional and alternative
FUNCTIONS health care in international and
1. To encourage scientific research on and national conventions, seminars and
develop traditional and alternative meetings in coordination with the
health care systems that have direct Department of Tourism, Duty Free
impact on public health care; Philippines, Incorporated, Philippine
Convention and Visitors Corporation
2. To promote and advocate the use of and other tourism-related agencies as
traditional, alternative, preventive, and well as non-government organizations
curative health care modalities that and local government units.
have been proven safe, effective, cost • know to local and international scene
effective and consistent with
government standards on medical
practice; PROGRAMS

3. To develop and coordinate skills 1. Reflexology

training courses for various forms of • an application of pressure to areas on
traditional and alternative health care the feet and/or the hands
modalities;
2. Acupuncture
4. To formulate standards, guidelines and • involves the whole body
codes of ethical practice appropriate • a form of treatment that involves
for the practice of traditional and inserting very thin needles through a
alternative health care as well as in the person's skin at specific points on the
manufacture, quality control and body, to various depths.
marketing of different traditional and
alternative health care materials,
natural and organic products, for

LABAN LANG PO! LJOC 1

3. Massage 10 DOH APPROVED HERBAL PLANTS
• general term for pressing, rubbing,
and manipulating your skin, muscles, 1. Ringworm Bush (Akapulko)
tendons, and ligaments • or Candle Bush
• Scientific name: Cassia alata/ Senna
4. Acupressure alata
• a massage therapy technique based
on the theories of Traditional Chinese BENEFITS:
Medicine (TCM) that uses finger  Skin disease
pressure to mobilize chi — or life  Ringworm/tinea infections
force energy — at specific spots on  insect bites
the body called acupressure points,  Eczema, scabies
which are also known as acupuncture  pruritis
points or acupoints  Constipation

5. Chiropractic APPLICATION:
• a system of integrative medicine Ointment, shampoo, soap, and, lotion
based on the diagnosis and The akapulko leaves when extracted
manipulative treatment of can be directly applied to affected
misalignments of the joints, areas in the skin.
especially those of the spinal column,
which are held to cause other ACTIVE COMPOUNDS:
disorders by affecting the nerves, Alkaloids, lectins, glycosides and isoflavones
muscles, and organs.
2. Bitter melon/ Bitter Gourd (Ampalaya)
6. Nutritional therapy • Scientific name: Momordica charantia
• intake of different fruits and
vegetables BENEFITS:
• treatment of medical condition  Reducing agent in fasting blood sugar
through changes in diet. (hypoglycemic benefit)
 Lowers blood cholesterol
PITAHC use of Tu-Ob/Su-Ob for COVID-19 (hypolipidemic)
Uses of Tu-Ob/Su-Ob (Steam  improvement of tolerance in glucose
Inhalation) intake
o relieve the symptoms of colds and  helpful for non-insulin dependent
clogged nose diabetes mellitus patients
supports the use of tu-ob/su-ob to  Coughs
alleviate the signs and symptoms of  hemorrhoids
respiratory illness found common  scalds and burns
among COVID-19 patients
tuob/suob cannot be recommended ACTIVE COMPOUNDS:
as a standard care treatment for Saponins, Glycosides, phenolic constituents, other
COVID-19 until it is proven by alkaloids, and, 5-hydroxytryptamine
controlled clinical studies

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3. Garlic (Bawang) 5. Five-Leaved Chaste Tree (Lagundi)
• Scientific name: Allium sativum • Scientific name: Vitex negundo
• common ingredient in cough syrups
BENEFITS: and capsules.
 Treatment of cuts and wounds
 lowers of blood pressure (hypotensive) BENEFITS:
 Anti- inflammatory  Cough (Tussis)
 Controlling/reducing of cholesterol  Asthma
level (hypolipidemic effect)  Pharyngitis
 Rheumatism
ACTIVE COMPONENTS:  Boils
Alkaloids, flavanoids, saponins, protein, and  Diarrhea
carbohydrates, tannins, cardiac glycosides, and,
reducing sugars, flavones, and flavonols
 Dyspepsia
 Used for Upper respiratory infections
APPLICATION:
• a staple in the Philippine alternative ACTIVE COMPONENTS:
Phlobatannins, carbohydrates, tannins, glycosides,
medicines and in the Filipino dishes
volatile oils, resins, balsams, flavonoids, and
saponins
4. Guava (Bayabas)
• Scientific name: (Psidium guajava) 6. Rangoon Creeper (Niyog-niyogan)
• Scientific name: Quisqualis indica L.
BENEFITS:
 Wound Treatment BENEFITS:
 Antiseptic/Anti-microbial  Helminthic infections
 Anti- inflammatory (anti-helminthic/Parasitic Deworming)
 Anti- plasmodial  Fever
 Antioxidant  Painful urination
 Anti-genotoxic  Ulcer
 Cough  Headache
 Cleansing of rectum  Diarrhea
 Anti-cancer
APPLICATION:  Nephritis
Gargled as a mouthwash to treat mouth  Rheumatism
infections with boiled leaves
skin wash using leaves that are boiled, APPLICATION:
chopped, pounded or grounded as an ingestion of dried seeds
anti-septic for wound disinfection. o adults - 10 seeds
o children - 4 seeds
ACTIVE COMPONENTS:
Phenolic compounds, isoflavonoids, gallic acid,
ACTIVE COMPONENTS:
catechin, epicathechin, rutin, naringenin, kaempferol
Quisqualic acid, anthelmintic tannins, rutin,
ascorbic acid, carotenoids (lycopene, β-carotene and
pelargonidin-3glucoside, and 25-Oacetyl-23,24-
βcryptoxanthin), and glycosides
dihydrocucurbitacin

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7. Nagal Camphor (Sambong) 9. Silver Bush (Ulasimang Bato/Pansit-
• Scientific name: Blumea balsamifera pansitan)
• Scientific name: Peperomia Pellucida
BENEFITS:
 For Treatment: Kidney problems and BENEFITS:
stones  Treatment for: Joint pain in arthritis
o Diuretic – increases urine output  decreases uric acid level in blood (anti-
 Hypertension hyperuricemia)
 Cuts and infected wounds  Analgesic - pain reliever
 Anti-Diarrhea
 Controls Rheumatism APPLICATION:
 Colds,coughs, and Respiratory infection • Edible plant, can be used in salads
 Stomach pain, Spasms • prepare an infusion/decoction to make
a tea
APPLICATION:
• DOST used it as a tablet for treating ACTIVE COMPONENTS:
kidney problems Flavonoid compounds, tannins, saponins, steroids,
monoterpenes, and sesquiterpene

ACTIVE COMPONENTS:
Steroids or 2-deoxysugars, flavonoids, tannins, 10. Mint (Yerba Buena)
polyphenyls, and alkaloids • Scientific name: Clinopodium douglasii/
Satureja douglasii
8. Scorpion Bush (Tsaang-Gubat) • English common name – none, but it
• Scientific name: Ehretia microphylla belongs in the mint family
Lam.
BENEFITS:
BENEFITS:  Cold, Cough
 Abdominal symptoms: Stomachache  Insect bites
 Abdominal pain  analgesic to Headache
 Diarrhea/ diarrheal spasms  reliever of stress
 Anti-spasmodic  lessens body pain/aches (due to gout
 Skin allergies and rheumatism, nausea and fainting)
 Psoriasis o muscle relaxant – relieves muscle
 pruritis pain and intestinal cramps
 Scabies, Eczema
APPLICATION:
APPLICATION: extracted into tea
Can be used as an infusion/tea o Soak the leaves in boiling water
o also known as “wild tea” then drink the infusion
apply near the nostrils
ACTIVE COMPONENTS: crush then apply on the affected area
Microphyllone, baurenol, ursolic acid,
dehydromicrophyllone, hydroxymicrophyllone, ACTIVE COMPONENTS:
cyclomicrophyllone, and allomicro-phyllone Tannins, carbonyls, and flavonoids

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HOW ARE HERBAL MEDICINES PREPARED? GLOSSARY:
• Infusion • Pruritus- sever itching of the skin
o leaves placed in boiling water to • Eczema- presence of itchy and
extract the active components inflamed patches on the skin
of the plant • Ringworm – also known as tinea
• Decoction infection caused by a fungus
o preferred for harder herbs like • Scabies – skin infection caused by the
roots, barks, and seeds human itch mite
o concentrating the essence of a • Hypoglycemic – lowers blood sugar or
substance by heating or boiling, glucose
especially a medicinal • Hypolipidemic- lowers blood
preparation made from a plant cholesterol
• Syrup • Hypotensive - lowers of blood
• Poultice pressure
o grind the leaves then place on • Antiseptic – kills bacteria
the site/area to heal • Tussis - Cough
o a paste made of herbs, plants, • Dyspepsia - indigestion, refers to
and other substances with discomfort or pain that occurs in the
healing properties upper abdomen, often after eating or
• Lotions drinking
• Compresses • Helminthic infections - worm
o A cloth is soaked in a liquid with infection, is any macroparasitic
the active components of the disease of humans and other animals
plant then applied on the in which a part of the body is infected
patient’s body with parasitic worms, known as
helminths.
IT CAN ALSO BE DONE THROUGH o Ascaris lumbricoides (large
CONVERTING IT INTO: roundworm)
• Powders • Nephritis - nephrons, the functional
o pulverize and take in as units of the kidneys, become
capsules inflamed. This inflammation, which is
• Juice also known as glomerulonephritis, can
• Creams adversely affect kidney function
• Steam inhalation (suob) • Rheumatism - rheumatic disorders are
• Skin/mouth washes conditions causing chronic, often
o Example is guava because of its intermittent pain affecting the joints
anti-septic effects or connective tissue
• Diuretic – increases urine output,
helpful for patients with kidney
problems and kidney stones
• Anti-spasmodic – prevents muscle
spasms

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 CPH LABORATORY
LESSON 6 – DOH HEALTH PROGRAMS
➢ DOH Health Programs: 51 Programs

➢ ADOLESCENT HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM:-

- ONE LINER STATEMENT (Important): To make adolescents well informed about health
- Aim: Make adolescents informed, developed, empowered, responsible and healthy
- Age Range: 10-19 years old
- Objectives:
1. Improve the health status of adolescents
2. Enable them to fully enjoy their rights to health

➢ BLOOD DONATION PROGRAM:-

- ONE LINER STATEMENT [Important]: Promotion/ Encouragement of voluntary blood
donation
- Aim: Inculcate public awareness that blood donation is a humanitarian act
- RA No. 7719 – National Blood Services Act of 1994
- Blood donation IS AND SHOULD be voluntary

➢ BELLY GUD FOR HEALTH:-

- ONE LINER STATEMENT [Important]: To address over-nutrition DOH personnel/
executives
- Focused on: Executives of DOH// DOH personnel

➢ BARANGAY NUTRITION SCOLAR (BNS) PROGRAM:-

- ONE LINER STATEMENT [Important]: To address malnutrition in barangay communities
- Recruiting nutrition scholars or residents from the barangay to help with the program

➢ CHILD HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIC PLAN YEAR 2001-2004:-

- ONE LINER STATEMENT [Important]: To Address child health and development

➢ COMMITTEE OF EXAMINERS FOR UNDERTAKERS AND EMBALMERS:-

- ONE LINER STATEMENT [Important]: To regulate the practice of registered undertakers
and embalmers through licensure examination
- Embalmers: The ones who take care of our loved ones who have passed away. They
usually preserve bodies & make sure the bodies are usable for medical purposes
- Undertaker: AKA Funeral directors. They manage funeral services
➢ COMMITTEE OF EXAMINERS FOR MASSAGE THERAPY (CEMT):-
- ONE LINER STATEMENT [Important]: To regulate massage therapy
- Traditional medicine → Massage Therapy

➢ CLIMATE CHANGE:-
- ONE LINER STATEMENT [Important]: To address climate change

➢ DENTAL HEALTH PROGRAM:-

- ONE LINER STATEMENT [Important]: To address problems with regards to dental health

➢ DENGUE PREVENTION AND CONTROL PROGRAM:-

- ONE LINER STATEMENT [Important]: To address dengue and inform individuals about
the virus
- Dengue: A viral infection caused by the Dengue Virus
- Vector: A carrier → Mosquito – Aedes aegypti

➢ EMERGING AND RE-EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASE PROGRAM:-

- ONE LINER STATEMENT [Important]: To control and ensure the access to health services
to serve as a surveillance of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases
- Emerging: New
- Re-Emerging: A repeated rise after the passage of time

➢ ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PROGRAMS:-

- ONE LINER STATEMENT [Important]: To address health problems caused by the
environment
- Environment → A determinant for health

➢ EXPANDED PROGRAM ON IMMUNIZATION (EPI):-

- ONE LINER STATEMENT [Important]: To promote the use of vaccines and immunization
- Principle of vaccination: When vaccinated, it develops the immunity of the individual to
that particular/certain disease by development of antibodies
- Main component of vaccines: Killed or weakened microorganisms
- Infectious diseases focused on by the vaccine:
1. Tuberculosis (TB)
2. Pertussis
3. Measles
4. Diphtheria
5. Tetanus
 6. Polio

➢ FOOD AND WATERBORNE DISEASES PREVENTION AND CONTROL

PROGRAM:-
- ONE LINER STATEMENT [Important]: To prevent and control food and waterborne
diseases
- Food Disease: Ameobiasis (E. histolytica), Hepatitis, Salmonella
- Waterborne Disease: Cholera

➢ FOOD FORTIFICATION PROGRAM:-

- ONE LINER STATEMENT [Important]: Fortification on the importance of iodine, vitamin A
and iron
- Supplementation of salt with iodine to combat iodine deficiency
- Iodine: Helps in production of thyroid hormones

➢ FILARIASIS ELIMINATION PROGRAM:-

- ONE LINER STATEMENT [Important]: To inform individuals of the disease and eliminate
filariasis
- Filariasis: Parasitic infection caused by parasitic roundworms (Wuchereria bancrofti)
through the bite of a mosquito [Vector] (Aedes poecilus, Anopheles flavirostris)

➢ GARANTISADONG PAMBATA:-
- ONE LINER STATEMENT [Important]: To ensure that all Filipino children have equitable
access to affordable health, nutrition and environmental care

➢ HUMAN RESOURCE FOR HEALTH NETWORK:-

- ONE LINER STATEMENT [Important]: To produce and develop human resource for health
- Human resource for health: Any person who’s involved in health professions

➢ HEALTH AND WELLNESS PROGRAM FOR SENIOR CITIZENS:-

- ONE LINER STATEMENT [Important]: To address health and wellness for senior citizens

➢ HIV/STI PREVENTION PROGRAM:-

- ONE LINER STATEMENT [Important]: To address the prevalence and prevent HIV & STI
- HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Virus → Viral infection
- STI: Sexually Transmitted Infection. Ex: Syphilis, Gonorrhea etc.
➢ INFANT AND YOUNG CHILD FEEDING (IYCF):-
- ONE LINER STATEMENT [Important]: To address infant and child feeding as well as
decrease the mortality of children and infants due to malnutrition

➢ INTER LOCAL HEALTH ZONE:-

- ONE LINER STATEMENT [Important]: Promotes cooperation of different Local
Government Units (LGU) with regards to good practices for health

➢ INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF CHILDHOOD ILLNESS (IMCI):-

- ONE LINER STATEMENT [Important]: To address and reduce death, frequency and
severity of illness, and disability in children

➢ KNOCK OUT TIGDAS 2007:-

- ONE LINER STATEMENT [Important]: To address measles
- Measles: Viral infection caused by the measles virus

➢ LIFESTYLE-RELATED DISEASES:-
- ONE LINER STATEMENT [Important]: To address and promote ensuring health
environments and accessible, cost-effective, comprehensive, equitable and quality
health care services
- Non-Communicable
- Developed by the personal behaviors of an individual
- Ex: Diabetes, Cardiovascular related disease

➢ MALARIA CONTROL PROGRAM:-

- ONE LINER STATEMENT [Important]: To address and prevent malaria infection
- Malaria: Parasitic infection caused by Plasmodium species
- Vector: Anopheles flavirostris mosquito

➢ MEASLES ELIMINATION CAMPAIGN (LIGTAS TIGDAS):-

- ONE LINER STATEMENT [Important]: To address and prevent measles

➢ MICRONUTRIENT PROGRAM:-
- ONE LINER STATEMENT [Important]: To address micronutrient deficiency

➢ MENTAL HEALTH PROGRAM:-

- ONE LINER STATEMENT [Important]: To promote awareness and provide access to
services regarding to mental health
➢ NATIONAL FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAM:-
- ONE LINER STATEMENT [Important]: To address medically safe, legal, non-abortifacient,
effective, and culturally acceptable modern family planning methods

➢ NATIONAL LEPROSY CONTROL PROGRAM:-

- ONE LINER STATEMENT [Important]: To ensure the provision of comprehensive,
integrated quality leprosy services at all levels of healthcare

➢ NATIONAL TUBERCULOSIS TB CONTROL PROGRAM:-

- ONE LINER STATEMENT [Important]: To address, control and prevent TB infection

➢ NEWBORN SCREENING PROGRAM:-

- ONE LINER STATEMENT [Important]: To ensure screening of newborns to strengthen
quality of service and intensify monitoring as well as evaluation

➢ NATIONAL SAFE MOTHERHOOD PROGRAM:-

- ONE LINER STATEMENT [Important]: To promote safe motherhood. To address diseases
or deaths that are related to pregnancy etc.

➢ ORAL HEALTH PROGRAM:-

- ONE LINER STATEMENT [Important]: To address and ensure quality, affordable,
accessible and available oral health care delivery
- Identical to Dental Health Program

➢ OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH PROGRAM:-

- ONE LINER STATEMENT [Important]: To address injuries and diseases that are related to
a particular occupation
- Ex: Back pain, Shoulder pain etc.
- Professions focused on: Farmers, Miners etc.

➢ PREVENTION OF BLINDNESS PROGRAM:-

- ONE LINER STATEMENT [Important]: To address blindness and reduce the prevalence of
avoidable blindness through the provision of quality eye care
- Cataract: Buildup of proteins

➢ PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES:-

- ONE LINER STATEMENT [Important]: To protect and ensure quality health service for
people with disabilities
➢ PROVINCE-WIDE INVESTMENT PLAN FOR HEALTH (PIPH):-
- ONE LINER STATEMENT [Important]: To improve health services for different provinces

➢ PHILIPPINE MEDICAL TOURISM PROGRAM:-

- ONE LINER STATEMENT [Important]: To improve health services to encourage tourists in
order to get their health checked up in the Philippines
- Involves an economic purpose

➢ PHILIPPINE CANCER CONTROL PROGRAM:-

- ONE LINER STATEMENT [Important]: To address cancer and reduce the impact of cancer
by providing equitable availability of health services

➢ PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOCIATE DEPLOYMENT PROGRAM (PHADP):-

- ONE LINER STATEMENT [Important]: To develop and deploy public health associates/
professionals to different rural areas/ priority areas identified by the Department of
Health

➢ PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP FOR HEALTH PROGRAM:-

- ONE LINER STATEMENT [Important]: Promotes cooperation between public and private
health facilities

➢ RABIES PREVENTION AND CONTROL PROGRAM:-

- ONE LINER STATEMENT [Important]: To address and prevent rabies infection
- Rabies: Viral infection caused by rabies virus→ No cure but has vaccines for prevention
- Rabies are 100% fatal but 100% preventable

➢ RURAL HEALTH MIDWIVES PLACEMENT PROGRAM (RHMPP)/ MIDWIFERY

SCHOLARSHIP PROGRAM OF THE PHILIPPINES (MSPP):-
- ONE LINER STATEMENT [Important]: To produce midwives that will help in delivery of
infants in rural areas by providing a scholarship program

➢ SCHISTOSOMIASIS CONTROL PROGRAM:-

- ONE LINER STATEMENT [Important]: To address and educate individuals about
schistosomiasis being acquired from snails that are mostly found in muddy areas.
- Schistosomiasis: Parasitic infection caused by Schistosoma worms/ species → Acquired
from snails
- Ex: Schistosoma japonicum
➢ SMOKING CESSATION PROGRAM:-
- ONE LINER STATEMENT [Important]: To increase awareness on the effects and aid to
stop smoking

➢ URBAN HEALTH SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT (UHSD) PROGRAM:-

- ONE LINER STATEMENT [Important]: To address urban health diseases and prevent
infection as well as the negative effects of urbanization
- Ex: Triple Burden of Health, Issues with rapid urbanization such as property or criminal
injuries, co-existence of malnutrition and obesity, resource availability and disposal,
community acquired diseases

➢ UNANG YAKAP (ESSENTIAL NEWBORN CARE: PROTOCOL FOR NEW LIFE):-

- ONE LINER STATEMENT [Important]: To prevent death of newborns

➢ VIOLENCE AND INJURY PREVENTION PROGRAM:-

- ONE LINER STATEMENT [Important]: To address and prevent violence and promote
health services that address as well as prevent such occurrences
- Ex. of violence: Abuse in Households, self-harm etc.

➢ WOMEN AND CHILDREN PROTECTION PROGRAM:-

- ONE LINER STATEMENT [Important]: To protect women and children from abuse and
violence
 LESSON 4: BODY MASS INDEX

Anthropometric Measurement Other Methods of Evaluating Body Composition

Anthropometric – scientific study of the measurements • Trunk Circumferences and diameter

and proportions of the human body. - Useful for assessing obesity rather than
undernutrition
Body Mass Index - Waist circumference
• Indicator of nutritional status - Hip circumference
- Sagittal abdominal diameter
• Indicates body composition

BMI
Underweight <18.5 kg/m2
Normal 18.5-24.9 kg/m2
Overweight 25-29.9 kg/m2
Obese ≥30kg/m2

• Limb Circumferences
Weight (kg)
- Useful for assessing malnutrition rather than
BMI = -------------------- obesity
- Mid-Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC)
Height (m2) - Leg circumferences

• Skinfold anthropometry
- Measurement of subcutaneous fat
- More useful in lean individuals

Body Composition Assessment (BCA)

• Increased BMI
• Body composition describes the relative
- Mortality
proportions of fat, bone, and muscle mass in the
- Cardiovascular Disease
human body
- Cancer
• Decreased BMI Why is it important?
- Mortality
- Post-surgical complications • Provides information (like % of body fat, fat
- Infection and length of hospital stay distribution, body segment girth etc.) which are
pertinent to athletic performance and for reducing
Limitations risk factors associated with musculoskeletal injury
and disease.
1. Failure to discriminate between muscle and fat
mass
2. Inability to identify where body fat is located
(measures the body as a whole)
1|LCDLB & AFBCC <3
 • Reflect on your approach to the patient
• Adjust the lighting and the environment
Body Composition – the body’s relative amounts of fat
• Check your equipment
mass and fat-free mass
• Make the patient comfortable
Fat mass = body mass x %body fat • Observe standard and universal precautions
• Choose the sequence, scope, and positioning of
Body Mass Ex. 75.1kg examination
Body Fat Ex. 23.6 Approaching the patient
Fat-Free Body Mass (FFM) = body mass – fat mass • Emotional – explain exactly what will occur
• Defined as body mass devoid of all extractable fat • Physical – offer the bathroom and instruct the
patient on how to disrobe and don an exam gown
NOTES: L4 • Positioning and draping – help patient assume
• It’s NOT about the scale needed exam position and drape to provide privacy
• It gives people the same height and weight, • Special considerations: patients of different
same index number when they are different religion and culture; children
body types
• BMI does not differentiate muscles and fats Positioning and Draping
• Having muscles are fine as well as fats because
they help us in many ways (essential fat – • Positions
needed for organs, insulation, and energy • Cover with appropriate drape
source)
- Maintain privacy
• We can see essential fats with the major organs
like muscles and central nervous system. • Informed consent
• Essential fats are also required for the normal - Assault and battery (sexual harassment)
physiological functioning
• Extreme dieting and exercise can reduce
essential fats

LESSON 5: PHYSICAL EXAMINATION

Purpose of Physical Examination

• To determine the overall state of health of the

patient
• To diagnose a medical problem
- Head-to-toe approach
- Major-Body-Systems approach
- Problem-oriented approach
• Clinical Diagnosis
- Based on signs and symptoms
▪ Sign – objective
▪ Symptom – subjective
- Laboratory tests
▪ Confirm clinical diagnosis

Preparation

2|LCDLB & AFBCC <3

 Tape Measure Thermometer

Watch Sphygmomanometer

Equipment

Visual Acuity Card Reflex Hammer

Ophthalmoscope Otoscope

Tuning Fork

Tongue Depressor

Pen Light

Safety Precautions

3|LCDLB & AFBCC <3

 • Standard Precautions – all blood, body fluids, - Tapping and striking the body to hear sounds
secretions, excretions (except sweat), nonintact or feel vibrations
skin, and mucous membranes may contain - Location, size, or density of structure or organ
transmissible infectious agents
1. Handwashing • Auscultation
▪ Before and after each patient contact - Listening to body sounds
▪ Before and after each procedure - Diaphragm – high frequency: lungs
- Bell – low frequency: heart

2. Wear gloves if in contact with

▪ Blood
▪ Body fluids
▪ Non intact skin
▪ Moist surfaces Components of the General Physical Examination
Rules for Physical Assessment
• Skin
1. Stand on the right side of the patient - Skin – a good indicator of overall health
2. Use a head-to-toe approach (pallor, jaundice, cyanosis or ashen)
3. Compare right to left sides (symmetry) - Exanthem – widespread rash on the outside of
4. Least invasive to most invasive the body (children)
>1cm <1cm
Sequence of Physical Examination Flat Patch Macule
1. Skin 11. Thorax and Back Elevated Plaque Papule
2. Head/Hair 12. Breast and Fluid Bullae Vesicle
3. Nails Axillary • Head
4. Ears 13. Upper extremities - Abnormal condition of scalp or skin
5. Eyes 14. Heart and
6. Nose peripheral vessels
7. Sinuses 15. Abdomen
8. Mouth 16. Lower Extremities
9. Throat 17. Anus and Rectum
10. Neck 18. Genitals

Examination Methods (IPPA) • Nails

- Nails and nail beds (spoon, clubbed)
• Inspection
- Visual • Ears
- Size, shape, color, position, symmetry - Hearing, tinnitus (ringing), vertigo, earache,
- Presence of abnormalities infection, discharge
• Palpation • Eyes
- Touch, texture, temperature, shape - Visual acuity (Snellen chart, E-Chart; Ishihara
- Light and deep palpation chart)
- Myopia – near sighted
- Hyperopia – far sighted
• Percussion
- Presbyopia – normal aging
- Pale palpebral conjunctiva – eyeballs are pale
4|LCDLB & AFBCC <3
 - Hordeolum – stye NOTES: L5
- Exophthalmos – commonly seen in people • Before, there was only universal precautions
with hyperthyroidism until CDC decided to extend
- Homonymous Hemianopia – person can only • Standard precautions – designed to reduce the
see one side; brain function damage risk of transmission of blood-borne and other
pathogen from both recognize and
- Nystagmus – eyes makes repetitive and
unrecognized sources of susceptible host
uncontrolled movements ▪ Treat all human blood, bodily fluid
- Cataract Vision – build-up of proteins in the and potentially infectious materials as
eyes (clouding) if they are infectious
- Glaucoma – damage in optic nerve; inherited • Universal precautions – deals with blood only
disease; fluids build up in the eye (blood samples)
- PERRLA (Pupils Equally Round, Reactive to • When performing physical examination, use
Light and Accommodation) the 4 techniques: inspection, palpation,
percussion, auscultation (Use them in
▪ Direct or consensual sequence)
▪ 3-5mm. in size and equal • Abdominal assessment: inspection,
percussion, palpation
• 2 types of palpation: light palpation – 1cm
deep only, most common; deep palpation – 4-
• Nose and Sinuses
5cm deeper, for abdominal and reproductive
- Nasal stuffiness, discharge or itching, assessments.
nosebleed (epistaxis) • Swishing sound while auscultating –
• Mouth and Throat narrowing of the arteries
- Mouth – cold sores (Herpes), teeth, gums • Heart murmurs may sound innocent, normal
- Throat – gag reflex or may be threatening at the same time
• Neck
- Capillary refill (normal range is 1 to 2
- Lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy)
seconds)
- Thyroid glands
• Extremities
- Jugular vein distension
- Upper Extremities
- Symmetry and range of motion
▪ Muscle tone, range of motion, strength,
• Breast and axillary
reflex
• Thorax
- Lower Extremities
- Breathing patterns
▪ Femoral, popliteal, pedal pulses
▪ Audible sounds of breathing
▪ Discoloration
- Chest retractions
▪ Inguinal lymph nodes
▪ Check for pitting edema
• Abdomen
- Visible (enlarged) organs, masses
- Distention
• Anus and Rectum
- Hemorrhoids, lesions, warts
- Check the frequency of urine output;
abnormalities
- Determine the frequency and type of bowel
movement
• Heart and Peripheral Vessels
- Heart rate

5|LCDLB & AFBCC <3

6|LCDLB & AFBCC <3
LESSON 8: WASTE MANAGEMENT
Waste Management

• process of proper handling of waste

materials
• this includes: collection,
transportation, disposal, recycling
and monitoring
• locally managed by the
Environmental Management Bureau
of the Department of Environment
and Natural Resources (DENR) • residual – non-compostable and non-
recyclable
Ecological Solid Waste Management (ESWM)
• special – household hazardous waste
• the systematic administration of
waste management activities that do
not harm the environment
➢ segregation (at source and
transportation)
➢ storage
➢ transfer
➢ processing
➢ treatment
➢ disposal Steps of Ecological Waste Management
Solid Waste
• sort-at source
• all discarded household, commercial • package properly
waste, non-hazardous institutional • use, reuse, dispose ecologically
and industrial waste, street sweeping,
construction debris, agricultural waste 1. Avoid
and other non-hazardous and non- • avoid disposable goods such as etc.
toxic solid waste thruway razors, pens, diapers
• avoid products that made from non-
Three Types of Waste
renewable resources
• compostable – biodegradable waste
that can be turned into compost 2. Reduce
(organic fertilizer) • reduce the amount of unnecessary
• recyclable – waste that can be packaging
processed and transformed into new
products 3. Reuse

1|AFBCC
 • consider reusable products ecological waste management
• maintain and repair durable products excluding incineration
• reuse bags, containers, and other
items ➢ strengthen the integration of
• borrow, rent, or share items used ecological solid waste
infrequently management and resource
• sell or donate goods instead of conservation and recovery
throwing them out topic into the academic
curricula of formal and non-
4. Recycle formal education in order to
• choose recyclable products and promote environmental
containers and recycle them awareness and action among
• select products made from recyclable the citizenry
materials

5. Dispose

SDG 12

• target 12.5 “by 2030, substantially

reduce waste generation through
prevention, reduction, recycling and
reuse”
• indicator – national recycling rate

RA 9003: Ecological Solid Waste

Management Act of 2000

• section 2. declaration of policies

➢ ensure the protection of the
public health and
environment

➢ ensure the proper

segregation, collection,
transport, storage, treatment
and disposal of solid waste
through the formulation and
adoption of the best
environmental practice in

2|AFBCC
 LESSON 12: ENVIRONMENTAL • cadmium – lung ad prostate cancer
HEALTH • lead – anemia, birth defects, learning
disabilities, depressed neurological
Introduction
and psychological functions (paint and
Environmental Health toys – addition of color)
➢ lead detection (tiny blue dots
• study and management of
environmental conditions that affect in RBCs) – basophilic stippling:
our health and well-being identification through blood
smear and stain
Environmental Hazard • mercury – CNS damage
• factors or conditions in the Pesticides
environment that increase the risk of
human injury, disease, or death • pesticide poisoning – respiratory
problems, convulsions, cancer,
Common Environmental Hazards mutations, birth defects
(Outdoor) Air Pollutants Asbestos
• include particulate matter, ozone, • lung damage/scarring
nitrogen oxide (smoke:
vehicles/factories), carbon monoxide Cyanide
(automobiles, smoking) and sulfur • heart and brain damage due to lack of
dioxide (combustion of fuel) oxygen (CDC)
• impact – respiratory tract illnesses,
asthma, pre-natal complication like Waste and Waste Management
low birth weight, fire related injuries, Waste
cancer
• “substances or objects which are
Solvents disposed of or are intended to be
• organic chemicals ingredient of disposed of or are required to be
household products including paint, disposed of by the provisions of the
varnishes, wax, cosmetics, law” – pls nakalimutan q sino ‘to :>
disinfectants, air fresheners, and Kinds of Wastes
hobby products
Solid Wastes
• impact – damage to the liver, kidney,
blood system, CNS and cancer • garbage, refuse, sludge, and other
Biological Pollutants discarded solid materials
• examples: plastics, Styrofoam
• dust mites, infectious agents, pollen containers, bottles, cans, papers,
Heavy Metals scrap iron, and other trash

1|AFBCC
Liquid Wastes • reactive – can be reactive with other
substances
• wastes in liquid form
• toxic – can cause diseases/infections
• examples: domestic washings,
chemicals, oils, wastewater from
ponds, manufacturing industries and
other sources

Classification of Waste According to their

Properties

Bio-degradable

• can be degraded
• paper, wood, fruits

Non-biodegradable

• cannot be degraded
• plastics, bottles, old machines, cans,
Styrofoam containers

Classification of Waste According to Health

and Environmental Effects

Hazardous

• solid wastes with properties that

make it dangerous or potentially
harmful
• require special management and
disposal

Non-Hazardous

• not harmful
• does not require special management
and disposal

Classification of Waste According to Health

and Environmental Effects

Criteria for Hazardous Waste

• ignitable – flammable
• corrosive – degradable

2|AFBCC