MODULE 10: POLITICAL ASPECT OF SELF

Political Self

 Here in Philippine Culture, Filipino posses common values such as religiosity, hospitality,
friendliness and compassion among others and that it contributes each “Filipino” fellow and
their identities.
 The political self the self that the Constitution aims to foster. This self defines the rejection of
individualistic view and focuses on collective welfare for the people and country.

Man as Political Animal

 According to Aristotle, man is a “political animal.”

o People might easily interpret this as something that refers to intrinsic desire of every
human being to lead or govern.
o Similar to being a social animal, humans come together and form a political body.
o The creation of the political body is intended for the attainment of a good life.
 For instance, the city-state, which originates from the Greek word “polis” is understood as the
highest and the humans, like animals, intrinsically work together to achieve a common goal.
 Like saying “No man island,” humans are interconnected and must work together.

Are Politics Necessary?

 In Making decisions, it makes a big difference on each individual that would affect them as
group of families, loved ones, universities that you want to attend, how properties are to be
fairly distributed, examinations and etc.
 The government decides where to construct overpass or diversion roads, what cars are
allowed on the main roads on particular times and days.
 A single decision that affects all members of the group or an individual.
 Not everyone's actions adhere to general policy set by the group one is part of.
 The formulation of a general policy for a group of people constitutes politics, and the
questions about these policies are political questions that affect both personal and public
interest.

Political Culture
  Political culture is the pattern of individual attitudes and orientation towards politics among
members of the political system (Almond & Verba, 1965).

Characteristics of Philippine Political Culture

 Every Filipino cultures includes, beliefs, feelings, group-accepted practices, language, and
paraphernalia shared by groups of Filipinos in their production, allocation, and usage of
political powers alongside the interaction with the state (Montiel, 2000).
1) Dominance of family ties or kinship system
o Political dynasties usually control the government. In the Philippines where
consanguinity (blood relations) is given the utmost importance, it does not
matter even if a political candidate is inefficient, immoral or corrupt. This is
because the family is seen to function collectively, having shared values and
beliefs.
o Ritual kinship or the kumpadre system where the sacredness of baptism or
sacrament of marriages used to get favors is evident in politics. Politicians are
called to act as a godfathers or godmothers in baptism or marriage for mutual
benefit. The inaanak (godchild) looks at his or her ninongs or ninangs
(godparents) as possible connections in political affairs while godparents
looks out their godchildren as investments to remain in power.

2) Euphemism
o Officials and employees in lower positions are not straightforward in
criticizing officials of higher rank. They use parinig or patutsada instead of
immediately addressing or confronting the officials about the issues in their
area. Rather they value their relationships with the officials for they are afraid
that their criticism might offend the officials. Thus, the issue are not given
immediate attention.
3) Utang na loob (Debt of Gratitude)
o Citizens often disregard the impact of their votes to public interest when they
elect corrupt and incompetent officials just because they feel indebted to
them as payment for utang ng loob.
o Filipinos are often heard saying, “Malaki and utang na loob natin kay
Mayor. Kung hindi dahil sa kanya, wala sana tayong madadaanang tulay
ngayon.” Such perception leads to re-election of some officials when, in fact,
 the budget for the construction of such projects come from the national
budget sourced from people’s taxes.
4) Sense of Over dependency
o Some constituents rely on an elected official or a “patron” politician for their
personal and economic needs. The attitude of over dependency also manifests
when citizens and/or lower-ranked employees wait for orders rather than take
initiative or be active participants in policy making
5) Belief that majority of politicians are corrupt
o The term buwaya (crocodile) has been used to describe corrupt politicians in
the Philippines signifying their greed for money and power. “Pag may
semento, may porsiyento,” “Bigay Ikaw Regalo (BIR),” or “kulang lang ng
padulas”, are common phrases usually heard in government activities and
projects. “Wala naming pulitikong hindi kurakot” shows public perception
anchored towards the political idea that it is evil for many politicians value
more the money they can get instead of being good public servants.
6) Lack of Political maturity
o Some people elect based on popularity and personality but not on the
performances or skills in a platform. It seems some people take interests of
entertainments rather than the serious presentation of platforms and plans for
the benefit of the country.
o Politics is no long limited to individuals with backgrounds in political science
and law, even celebrities are now able to hold positions in office by sheer
popularity.

Establishing a Democratic Culture

 Culture is defined as the way of life with customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits
of a racial, religious, or social groups.
 Culture has two major elements:
o Material
o Non-Material
 A system of government is part of the nation’s non-material culture.
 Democracy is a system of government in which all citizens are eligible members of the state
where Sovereign power belongs to the people. It is expected that there is rule of the majority,
human rights are protected, and the rule of law is upheld.
 These features of democracy have been part of Filipino nation’s culture from the time this
system was adopted. In fact, the very first principle states that “The Philippines is a
democratic and republican state” on 1987 Philippine Constitution.
 Democratic Culture has been inherited as a way of life for Filipinos and it was inculcated by
nation’s Heroes before the arrival of Americans.
 Elections and Majority rules have been practiced and was first declared in the Philippines, the
Biak-na-Bato, republic before it was formally first embodied in the Philippine Constitution.
 Throughout Philippine history, democracy was subdued from years of colonization to the
martial law period (1972-1986). However, Filipinos are known to fight for their rights.
 They knew that suppressing of rights is running through liberated-loving people and dying,
sacrificing to reclaim or revive their rights in order for democracy to be restored.
 It is important that the Filipino cherish the basic features of democracy.
 First is the Rule of the Majority.
o In choosing leaders and in political processes, whether the decision of the majority is
correct or not, it is the people who will suffer from the consequences of their
decisions.
o Vox populi, Vox dei translated as “the voice of the people is the voice of God,”
justifies that the decisions made by the people are blessed by the will of a higher
being.
 The SECOND basic feature of democracy is the protection of the human rights.
o “The States values the dignity of every human person and guarantees full respect for
human rights.”
o It is important that citizens are aware of basic human rights such as the right to life in
order to prevent from being inflicted by other individual.
o Basic human rights should be enjoyed by all citizens regardless of financial status,
ethnic identity, political beliefs, gender or religion.
 The LAST feature is upholding the rule of law.
o Most legal practitioners often say, democracy should be under the rule of law and not
the rule of men.
o Loyalty to the constitution and adherence to the law should be the guiding light for
law enforcement agencies and judicial branch of the government in making policies
and decisions.
o The utang ng loob culture in politics should be set aside to allow the rule of law to
reign.
o Let law and conscience be the guide for officials on how they should act, who hold
the political power. Thus, citizen should serve as watchdogs.
Ideal Citizen

 CITIZENSHIP – a status of being a legal number of a nation-state where anyone can easily
claim that he/she is a citizen of the nation.

 When identifying what makes a person a citizen of one state, one has to look at the
Constitution in determining how one becomes a citizen of a nation.

o If a child’s parent are citizens of a country, then the child must follow the citizenship
of his/her parents.

o If a particular person is born in a particular country, he or she becomes a citizen in a

particular country or undergoes the legal process of NATURALIZATION.

 The concept of REAL self and IDEAL self is introduced in the previous lessons:

o Real self – an individual feels to be most true to what and who she/he really is.

o Ideal self – an ideal self is the self-one aspires to be or influenced by one’s

experiences/ aspirations in the environment he or she is situated in.

What constitutes an ideal citizen?

 An Ideal Citizen can be a person who follows the laws, protects and takes care of the
environment, and contributes to the welfare of the other people. They hold responsibilities –
duties that shapes better society.

 Article XIV, Section 3, Paragraph 2 of the Philippine Constitution identifies the qualities
expected of citizens to posses and creating ideal citizens.

o It states that an ideal citizen is patriotic and nationalistic, fosters love of humanity,
respects for human rights, spiritual values, ethical and roles that has good moral
character and personal discipline.

Governance

 Governance is defined as the traditions and institutions that determine how authority is
exercised in a particular country.

o The process by which governments are selected and monitored.

 o The capacity of governments to manage resources, formulate and enforce sound
policies and regulations

o Respect of citizens and the state for institutions that govern economic and social
interactions. (Kaufmann, Kraay & Zoido-Lobataon, 2000)

Good Governance

 In 1994, British Prime Minister John Major created a Committee on Standards to proper
outline behavior by public servants.

 In the first report, the committee’s first released the Nolan Principles, named after the first
committee’s first chairman, Lord Michael Nolan.

o The principles aim to eliminate corruption in the government.

o The seven Nolan principles or seven principles are objectivity, openness and
leadership.

Nolan Principles or 7 principles

These principles are applied to Philippine setting.

1) Selflessness
o Caring for what people need and want instead of personal interests. Public service is
nothing else but serving people.
2) Objectivity
o being neutral and free from biases. Decisions must be on verifiable data and
evidences for transparency and impartiality.
3) Integrity
o Maintaining good name and character. Ethical standards and public services are good
examples to their constituents. They have to free themselves from illegal practices,
corruptions and immoral activities.
4) Honesty
o Telling the truth, nothing to hide and transparency. Honesty is usually measured in
accuracy and truthfulness of their SALN (Statement of Assets, Liabilities, and Net
Worth).
5) Accountability
 o It means being liable and responsible for one’s actions. The Constitution states that
the sovereignty resides in the people and all government powers emanate from them.
6) Openness
o Being full transparent with whatever information on handles. To free from false
accusations and to inform the public about the situation in the government, the
Constitution mandates full public disclosure of all government transactions and
public interests (Article II, Section 28 of 1987 Philippine Constitution).
7) Leadership
o leading the way for development that would benefit to all. Every leader knows how to
manage and run the government service but the most quality is professional
competence. A leader is visionary who thinks of the future of the nation and
maintains healthy relations to other states.

Filipino Values

 These are traits form part of the socio-anthropological self of the Filipino and formed part of
Filipino identity. Below are POSITIVE and NEGATIVE Filipino values.
 POSITIVE FILIPINO VALUES:
o Bayanihan – practice of the spirit of kinship and camaraderie. It is observed
whenever a helping hand is extended to accomplish a task as group.
o Damayan – This is characterized by providing assistance to the families affected by
unfortunate events.
o Familism or Close Family Ties – Filipinos are known to prioritize the welfare of
family members. The families of their children will be taken care by their elderly
because of strong family ties.
o Optimism – An attitude of positivity or all ways to be happy and maintain positive
outlook even in times of calamities.
o Hospitality – Filipinos are identified as friendly and polite people, accommodating to
other people or Fellow people.
o Regionalism – Filipinos have this attitude of giving more priority to their province
mate.
o Flexibility – The ability to adapt or conform to the expectations or will of other
people to achieve smooth and harmonious relationship.
o Religious – Characterized by strong faith and submission to the supreme being.
o Respect for Elders – Show of courtesy towards elderly. This is manifested in the act
of pagmamano and say po and opo when talking older is a sign of respect.
 o Remedyo Attitude – Filipinos are known for being creative and resourceful. This is
characterized by their ability to find usefulness in things or recycling.
o Matiyaga – It is known for their gift and strong determination in every undertaking.
o Utang na Loob – The feeling of gratitude, recognition of one’s indebtedness and
obligation to repay someone who has extended assistance.
 NEGATIVE FILIPINO VALUES
o Bahala na Attitude – Leaving to fate and luck the outcome of a certain scenario.
o Colonial Mentality or Blue-Seal Mentality – A trait that is giving praise to foreign
products and treating local as low in quality.
o Crab Mentality – A Filipino attitude born out of jealousy and insecurity in attempt to
anchored down for those who are ahead of them.
o Euphemistic – A Filipino attitude of not being on point so as to prevent from
offending another person.
o Filipino Time – An attitude among Filipinos through lack of punctuality.
o Gaya-gaya Attitude – Copying or imitating others’ ideas, work, product, business,
fashion and trends.
o Jackpot Mentality – Mentality by an “Instant millionaire” or rather engaged in fast
ways of acquiring money in occasions.
o Belief in Kapalaran – A Filipino trait of believing and accepting that one’s fate is
already written in the stars. A practice of going to fortune – tellers or palm – readers
just to earn affirmation of their beliefs rather than pursuing their goals.
o Manana Habit – Phrase of “Mamaya na” means “I’ll do it later,” an attitude by
stalling on doing tasks.
o Ningas Kugon – Characterized by the attitude of being enthusiastic only at the
beginning of an endeavor and slowly decreased when concerns starts to pile up.
o Oversensitivity – It is inability of some Filipinos to withstand and accept criticism or
negative comments.
o Pakikisama – A Filipino attitude of always adhering or submitting to the will of the
group they are part of.
o Lack of Sprtsmanship – An attitude of Filipino that cannot seem to accept defeat.
o Tsamba lang Attitude – It is characterized by refusal to take the credit for one’s own
accomplishments.
 MODULE 11: DIGITAL ASPECT OF SELF

Introduction: Digital Self

 Facebook is a social media platform where an individual expose their personal information
that is seen on their Facebook profile whether the user’s information contains the truth or not.

 The information, events, ideas or thoughts that a person update their status in social
networking sites represents how he/she wants to be perceived in virtual space.

Digital Self

 The “self” that is presented in online platforms can be regarded as the “extended self.”
 Belk(1998) presented the concept of “extended self” 25 years ago , when the internet was
being developed.
 Now days because of the many developments of Technologies, the possibilities of self-
extension have never been so extensive

Digital self: I, Me, Myself and my online identity

  In online social media platforms especially their profile pictures, images can be represented as
their projected images – these is how your friends want themselves to be seen.
 It can be taken in a famous place, their loved ones, pets, pictures with famous personality or a
particular character/icon.
 Their profile pictures taken from their favorite places, famous cities, with their families,
popular personalities, pets, animations/heroes are projecting their adventurous side, bragging
having gone to these places, a loving responsible person(mother, father, son/daughter), animal
lovers or they might want to be identifies with the personality of a animated
characters/heroes.
 People’s profile pictures represents to signify many things about them/ a certain character.
Whatever reasons they may have behind these profile pictures are definitely influenced of
how they want to be perceived by the viewers on social media.

Front and back stages of the self

 In Goffman’s “dramaturgical” theory, he claimed that life is a series of performances where

people enacts the presentation of self on a daily basis.

 The theory presents social life as stage where all are actors and audiences members and how
interaction and presentation are contextual time where locations are the outcome of a certain
behavior.

 In a theater, there are front and back stages. In front stages occurs when an individual’s
performances can openly seen by the audiences, while in the backstage can be linked to what
individual would like to be kept hidden or confidentiality.

 Humans as a social beings are conscious of how they present themselves to others.

 Performing one’s identity means there are aspect of the self that can not be easily seen.
Otherwise it may be embarrassing for someone if he/she is to disclose information that he/she
wants to keep.

Digital self

 In today’s technologies, images can be manipulated by recreating himself or herself digitally

through filters, photography or Photoshop skills where anything is possible. Though one’s
physical appearances produce indefinite authentic self.
  One’s “digital self” consists of how one expresses himself/herself in various social media
platforms.

 It is a right or a liberty of an individual to use images of their icons as their profile or maybe it
will be seen as one way of addressing their unfulfilled dreams. Other’s might consider it as
lack of acceptance and gratitude for their physical appearance and characteristics because of
not being contented and moral implication.

Don’t(s) in an Online Platforms

 Inappropriate/ Revealing images.

o These kinds of pictures should be kept private and secured. It will be taken as an
advantage for others to use/spread the images without your knowledge.
 Pictures or a video with personal moments with loved ones.
o People showing affections towards their loved one’s like kissing and intimate
moments/activities and should not divulged in online platforms.
 Pictures or videos with bad behaviors
o These are picture/videos showing a person dinking liquor and being intoxicated,
cigarettes, gambling or showing their indecency to brag and inform one’s vices to the
public to present he/she is proud of their habits.
 Negative comments on others.
o It can be unfair or damaging to another person’s reputation/attitudes. It is unethical to
criticize the person online for it is open to everyone else to be seen and posted
without knowledge of the person one is referring to. This is considered crime of
slander.
 Posting conflicts with other people.
o Conflicts with other people does not resolve anything by posting them online but the
best way of resolving these conflicts is to face them without any screens between.
 Posts of the results of a particular competition with the names of defeated participants.
o Everyone has the right to present online their achievements or success but it is
indecent to display and inform the world the failure of other people. It can cause an
impact of their psychological wellbeing.
 Comments showing strong opposition to certain issues.
o An individual is free to express his/her thoughts and opinions on a certain topic or
issue, but there are certain expressions can offend other people. Social media can be a
 avenue to express one’s view on a certain issues, there is no assurance that other
people on social media will be open-minded.
 Comments with foul, vulgar, indecent and offensive words.
o A Person’s response reflects who he or she is and it has nothing to do with one he or
she responding to.
 Pictures or videos revealing one’s financial status.
o One must be careful in posting/ revealing about their finances for it may put you at
security risks.
 Pictures or Videos showing family trips.
o Posting too much pictures about gatherings or family events may also pose security
risk that will attract criminals or unwanted chaos.
 Pictures or Videos displaying one doing good deeds.
o Showing or posting one’s doing a good deed can be a moment to be proud of but it
will be misleading to take photos of such deeds that focuses more on the doer of the
good deed instead of the deed itself.
 Pictures or videos in hospitals.
o Taking photos inside the hospital whether it’s a part of a hospital, a patient that is
your relative or family, taking photos in the hospital is against the law.
 Posts of every single thing you do.
o Social media is not a diary can be writes down every single moment you do every
day. People who post every detail of their actions of what they do in daily life basis
may show that they lack self-esteem that needs approval/ seeking public recognition
which is a sign of low self-esteem.

Dichotomies of the self

 There are three crucial domains where traditional boundaries between the dichotomies of self
become increasingly blurred. These domains are producer or consumer, offline versus online,
and body versus technology.
 Producer or Consumer – Do your material possessions define who you are?
 Offline vs. Online – Will there be a consistency between what is seen online and what is
perceived offline?
 Body vs. Technology – Technology and consumerism allow people to easily redefined and
recreate themselves.

Are you a Responsible Netizen?

  With the rampant use of the internet, specifically social media, there are issues that need to be
recognized and thus be addressed. Here are some issues to be addressed if an individual wants
to give justice as a responsible netizen.
1) Sharing Fake News
o “Think before you click.” Lately, social media has been teeming with fake news
– malicious content that tends to speak ill of certain issues.
2) Cyberbullying
o people bully other people online because they feel that they can do so as online
interaction is different from face-to-face. One form of cyberbullying is bashing
which can do damage to an individual’s psychological well-being.
3) Sharing Viruses
o There are users share viruses to damage one’s reputation or for fun. These viruses
represent themselves as pornographic content which makes users take interest in
opening such malicious links.

How to Fight Social media addiction?

 If you are spending more than 3 hours of your time every day on social media, then you are
considered as a social media addict user. To fight off your addiction, here are the lists that you
can try to take away your eyes on digital platforms.
1) The maximum time of using social media platform is less than 3 hours or the lesser the
better. Take control of you time before it controls you.
2) Do not participate political issues discussions, it is time consuming and never ending.
You might spend more time arguing and persuading people to accept your stand.
3) Do not post daily activities for the sake of the “likes” or positive comments. Enjoy
hobbies without screens in between.
4) Read books instead of spending time reading news, articles, and issues on social media.
5) Spend time to communicate personally.
6) “unfriend” or “unfollow” when friends shows no care and concern for you or whom you
do not interact with.

MODULE 12: MANAGING AND CARING FOR THE SELF: BECOMING A BETTER
STUDENT

What is Learning?
 Learning Involves change – in order to learn a new skill, there is change in:
  one’s behavior that mostly occur through experience
 Example: learning to sing a new song during nursery classes. Singing in this event becomes
natural
 Example: learning martial arts. You get injured along the way but you learn discipline, proper
execution, habits, behaviors and knowledge.

Characteristics of Learning
1) Learning is Purposeful
2) Learning is a Result of Experience
3) Learning is Multifaceted
4) Learning is an Active Process

Learning is Purposeful
 Every human action is MOTIVATED or INSPIRED by your aims, goals, and intentions.
 Goals? It can be short-term or long-term
 Example: you review to receive high grades (short term goal)
 Example: going through masters and PHD courses receive higher salary (long-term)
 So? This means that learning is PLANNED, INTENDED, and even FORCED
 When a person wants to learn, there is a purpose for why they seek more knowledge
 Research shows that students who set goals tend to be more persistent and are more likely to
achieve their goals

Learning is a Result of Experience

 Learning comes with one’s interaction with the environment
 Recall: learning is associated or linked in change of one’s behavior because of experience.
 Students call easily memorize concepts, words and terms but it is through
UNDERSTANDING these terms and concepts that the experience becomes MEANINGFUL
and APPLICABLE
 Example: the practice or OJT (On the job training) – students are exposed to actual
application for what they studied from nursery until their final year in college. OJT is
considered a significant learning experience.

Learning is Multifaceted: “A Sound mind in a sound body”

 Learning involves not only a healthy and sound mind but also a healthy body: there is a
connection between the physical and mental well-being of a learner.
  For learners to be effective, schools do not only hone their INTELLECTUAL capabilities but
also their SOCIAL, PHYSICAL, EMOTIONAL and SPIRITUAL potential.
 Example: social studies involve the learning of nationalism and patriotism
 Example: PE classes also teach teamwork and sportsmanship
 The focus of learning is not only knowledge alone, this also includes skills and attitudes.

Learning is an Active Process

 Learners should not be passive receivers of knowledge
 Learning is not only through memorization of terms, concepts, laws and theories
 Learners should be the center of the learning process which also involves their active
participation
 The presence of assessment tasks enables the review and evaluation of these concepts and
learning objectives.
 Example: using quizzes, exams and recitation to know if learners are able to understand
certain topics.

What happens during Learning?

 The Brain Changes
o As a person eats food to provide nutrition for the body which is necessary for their
growth, the brain, takes a set of knowledge and skills for its development.
o The change process in the brain:
1) New nerve cells may grow thus, new neural networks will form
2) The strength of existing synaptic connection changes, thus changing the
connectivity within the existing neural networks in response to a sensory stimuli.
3) New synapses are found between neurons that were not connected before, which
create new networks when active, represent a new memory.
 Behavioral Changes
o As a child, when you have accidentally touched a hot pot, did you touch it again?
o As a student, one tries to study harder upon experiencing failure in a certain course.
o One professor quoted: “at the time you begin to dislike me and even hate me, that is
the time you start to learn. It is because you are forced to go out of your comfort
zones. You are doing something that is not convenient for you, something that was
not done to you by your previous teachers”.
o Example: the first time reporting in class will be scary and difficult but with enough
practice, the reporter learns to get rid of stage fright and at the same time, become
articulate with words and finds it easier to express ideas and thoughts.
  Remember and understand that: LEARNING IS DEFINED AS A PERMANENT CHANGE IN
BEHAVIOR AS A RESULT OF EXPERIENCE
o Because learning requires CONTINUOUS and CONSISTENT behavioral change.

Becoming a self-regulated learner

 What is self-regulated learning?
o This refers to the learner’s ability to regulate or CONTROL one’s learning and
behavior.
o this entails or requires that one’s acquisition of knowledge does not require external
intervention (e.g. learning by one’s own motivation without others forcing the
learning process)
o Self-regulation is not a skill but a self-directive process where learners transform their
mental abilities into skills.
 How?
1) Planning and setting goals
2) Using strategies and monitoring performances
3) Reflecting on one's own performance *this allows learners to know where to improve and
which skills to focus on honing
o e.g. during writing essays, you noticed you find it difficult to express ideas.
4) Adapting strategies to achieve one’s goals
Note: analyze the learning task so you can strategize better!

Learning to be a better student

 “If you are not getting better, you are getting worse” – Pat Riley, one of the greatest
basketball coaches of all time and the head coach of Los Angeles Lakers in the 1980s
 Examples:
o In medicine, what does not cure can make a person sick and sickness can mutate and
make things worse.
o In businesses, if you are not equipped to compete, they will be left behind
o In sports, people focus their attention on champions
 THE BIGGEST ROOM IN THE WORLD IS THE ROOM FOR IMPROVEMENT!
 Outcome-based education (OBE) system in the Philippines
o What is this? The premise of instruction is based on what the student can do, as
opposed to what the students know. It is performance-based and action-based as
opposed to knowledge-based.
 o James Spady – father of OBE and he asserts that whatever a students’ skills are,
what is crucial is what they can do with the information.
o Traditionally, in order to become a better student, one must read more books but
aside from being a reader now, students need to analyze, learn, understand and even
practice critical thinking.

Good study habits

 On a general note: one must establish good study habits to learn effectively. STUDY
HABITS refer to attitudes and behaviors of students when preparing for tests or any learning
assessment.
1) get organized
2) prepare your review materials
3) ask help
4) test yourself or ask someone to test you
5) allot time to take a break and eliminate stress
6) create of join a study group
7) teach what you have learned
8) study to understand, not to remember.

Meaningful learning
 Professors and teachers are guilty of the traditional teaching style where they tend to be the
only main speaker of the topic. Students, upon dismissal, should end in learning and not in the
feeling of freedom and the need to now unload and erase mental load and stress.
 What are some ways we can make learning meaningful?
1) interactions – asking each other about practical application in their lives
2) allowing students to demonstrate a new skill
3) requiring to make students write essays and reflection
4) asking each other to relate the lesson to other fields
5) helping students or each other find the relevance of the lesson to their lives.