International Journal of Medical and Health Research

International Journal of Medical and Health Research

ISSN: 2454-9142
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Volume 3; Issue 11; November 2017; Page No. 124-128

A descriptive exploratory study to assess knowledge regarding risk factors of coronary artery disease
(CAD) among teachers in selected school of Jammu, J&K
Jyoti Kapoor
M.Sc. Nursing (Obstetrics & Gynaecological Nursing), Govt. Medical College, Bakshi Nagar, Jammu, Jammu & Kashmir, India

Abstract
The prevalence and incidence of coronary artery disease along with the risk factors profile vary greatly across the regions of the
world. Coronary heart disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. The world health organization estimates 3.8 million men
and 3.4 million women around the world die from it each year. The global burden of coronary heart disease (CHD) is rapidly
increasing to the effect that it is likely to be the most common cause of disability-adjusted life years (DALY) loss in year 2020 as
compared to fifth position in 1990. The present was aimed to assess the knowledge regarding risk factors of coronary artery
disease (CAD) among teachers in selected school of Jammu, J&K. The sample consisted of 100 teachers of K C Public School,
Jammu. Purposive convenient sampling technique was used to select the sample. Socio-demographic profile and Structured
knowledge questionnaire was used to assess the level of knowledge. The results showed that majority of teachers 66 (66%) were
having poor knowledge followed by 32 (32%) were having average knowledge and only 2 (2%) were having good knowledge
regarding risk factors of coronary artery disease. The association of level of knowledge regarding risk factors of coronary artery
disease with socio-demographic variables revealed that only age (in years) had significant association with the knowledge. The
findings of the research study showed that maximum subjects had poor knowledge regarding risk factors of coronary artery
disease. So the nurses, other health professionals and government should pay more attention to health and establish strategies to
minimize risk factors and complications for coronary artery disease. Greater efforts to implement preventive measures might
reduce complications and might improve quality of life.

Keywords: knowledge, coronary artery disease and employees

1. Introduction incidence of atherosclerotic coronary disease may depend

Blood is a bodily fluid in human and others animal that deliver upon the genetic variability, life-style differences and regional
necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells differences in the medical care system among others [5].
and transport metabolic waste products away from those same Coronary heart disease is the leading cause of death
cells [1]. worldwide. Although, may have higher rate than women at all
Arteries are blood vessels that carry blood away from the ages, coronary heart disease occur up to 10 years later in
heart. While most arteries carry oxygenated blood, there are women. Coronary heart disease is major cause of death for
two exceptions to this, the pulmonary and the umbilical both sexes:-the world health organization estimates 3.8
arteries. In developed countries, the two leading cause of million men and 3.4 million women around the world die from
death, myocardial infarction and stroke, may each directly it each year. Despite recent improvements, the mortality rate
result from an arterial system that has slowly and in the UK remains amongst the highest in the world and
progressively compromised by years of deterioration [2]. coronary prevention is a priority [6].
The global burden of coronary heart disease (CHD) is rapidly Being overweight, physical inactivity, unhealthy eating and
increasing to the effect that it is likely to be the most common smoking tobacco are risk factors for coronary artery disease.
cause of disability-adjusted life years (DALY) loss in year A family history of heart disease also increases your risk for
2020 as compared to fifth position in 1990 [3]. Coronary artery coronary artery disease [7].
disease is a condition that develops due to the accumulation of The risk factors for coronary artery disease are broadly
atherosclerotic plague in the pericardial coronary arteries classified as modification and non-modification risk factors.
leading to Myocardial ischemia. Cardiovascular disease is Modification risk factors include hypertension, diabetes
affecting millions of people in both developed and developing mellitus, dyslipidemia, obesity and smoking. Non-modifiable
countries, the prevalence of cardiovascular disease has risk factors include age, sex, race and family history for
increased dramatically. By 2020, the disease is forecasted to coronary artery disease [8].
be the major caused morbidity and mortality in most Coronary artery disease also known as ischemic heart, is a
developing nation [4]. group of disease that include: stable angina, unstable angina,
The prevalence and incidence of coronary artery disease along myocardial infarction and sudden coronary death. A common
with the risk factors profile vary greatly across the regions of symptoms is chest pain or discomfort which may travel into
the world. Regional differences in the prevalence and the shoulder, arm, back, neck or jaw. Occasionally, it may feel

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like heartburn usually symptoms occur with rest [9]. teachers. Purposive convenient sampling technique was used
The world health organization estimates that in 2010, 1.2 to select the sample. Prior to the data collection procedure,
million Indians dead from heart disease and predicts that this formal permission was obtained from the Principal of school.
number will more than double by 2020, giving India the Socio-demographic profile, a Structured knowledge
greatest CVD burden of any nation by that year in the same questionnaire was used to collect personal information. Socio-
thirty year period, death rate from the heart disease will rise demographic profile included items like age, gender, type of
by just 15%. By 2010 the states, 100 million Indians will have living, type of family, dietary pattern, family history of
heart disease. In fact more than 25% of all cardiac patients in hypertension and source of information. Self structured
the world will be Indian. A major study found that the questionnaire schedule prepared to assess the level of
prevalence of heart disease in New Delhi and Chennai both in knowledge of teachers on coronary artery disease (CAD). The
India was 10% and 11% respectively. Over the past three review of literature, expert’s opinions and investigator’s own
decades, heart disease rates in the nation of India have double experience provided the basis for construction of tool.
in rural areas and tripled in urban areas [10]. Data collection was done in September 2017. Prior to
It is estimated by the year 2020, India will have the largest interview the questionnaire to the teachers, investigator gave
cardiovascular burden in the world”. He adds that among self introduction to the subjects and explained the purpose of
Indians CHD tends to occur earlier in life than in any other gathering information. A good rapport was established with
ethnic group [11]. the subjects. They were assured that their responses will be
used kept confidential and the information will be used only
Objectives of the study for research purpose. Formal consent was taken from subjects.
1. To assess the level of knowledge regarding risk factors of The time taken by each respondent for filling the tool was
coronary artery disease among teachers of selected school. average for 15-20 minutes. The data gathered was analyzed
2. To find association of knowledge regarding risk factors of and calculated by percentage, mean, standard deviation and
coronary artery disease among teachers with selected chi square.
Socio-demographic variables such as age, gender,
education etc. Criterion Measures
3. To prepare and distribute an information booklet to the Subjects were awarded with different levels of knowledge
teachers. regarding coronary artery disease among employees such as:

2. Methodology Level of knowledge Score %

For the present study, Descriptive research approach and Non Poor <14 <50%
Experimental research design was used. The research setting Average 15-20 50-70%
was K C Public School, Jammu. The sample consisted of 100 Good 21-30 >70%

3. Results
Section-1
Sample characteristics

Table 1: Frequency and percentage distribution of Sample Characteristics (N=100)

Sr.no Socio demographic variables Frequency (n) Percentage (%)
Age (in years)
Less than 30 41 41%
1. 31-40 43 43%
41-50 12 12%
Above 50 4 4%
Gender
2. Male 38 38%
Female 62 62%
Type of living
3. Urban 75 75%
Rural 25 25%
Type of family
Nuclear 51 51%
4.
Joint 49 49%
Extended - -
Dietary pattern
Vegetarian 63 63%
5.
Non vegetarian 36 36%
Eggetarian 1 1%
Family history of hypertension
6. Yes 23 23%
No 77 77%

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Source of information
Hospital 22 22%
7. Mass media 35 35%
Books/pamphlets 19 19%
Family/relatives 24 24%

Hence, it can be concluded that out of 100 samples majority of Section 2

teachers were in age group 31-40 years, were females living in Objective wise Analysis
urban areas from nuclear family taking vegetarian diet. Objective 1: To assess the knowledge regarding risk
Majority were not having family history of HTN and factors for coronary artery disease among teachers of
mass/media was source of information among them. selected school of Jammu.

Table 2: Frequency and Percentage distribution of teacher’s knowledge regarding coronary artery disease. (N =100)
Level of knowledge Frequency (n) Percentage (%)
Good 2 2.0
Average 32 32.0
Poor 66 66.0
Maximum score =30
Minimum score =0

The frequency and percentage distribution of knowledge poor knowledge regarding risks of coronary artery disease.
among teachers showed the majority of teachers 66(66%)
were having poor knowledge followed by 32(32%) were Objective 2: To find the association of knowledge
having average knowledge and only 2(2%) were having good regarding risk factors of coronary artery disease among
knowledge. teachers with selected socio-demographic variables.
Hence, it was concluded that maximum teachers were having

Table 3: Association of level of knowledge regarding risk factors of CAD among teachers with age (in years) (N=100)
Knowledge Level
Age (in yrs.)
Poor n (%) Average n (%) Good n (%) Total n (%) df 2
Less than 30 30 (73.2) 10 (24.4) 1 (2.4) 41 (41)
31-40 28 (65.1) 15 (34.9) 0 (0) 43 (43)
41-50 8 (66.7) 4 (33.3) 0 (0) 12 (12) 6 17.856(S)
Above 50 0 (0) 3 (75) 1 (25) 4 (4)
Maximum score= 30 S= Significant
Minimum score= 0

Table-3 reveals association of knowledge regarding risk In above 50 age group, 75% were having average knowledge
factors of CAD among teachers with age (in years). It shows and only 25% were having good knowledge. Chi- square was
that in the age group less than 30 years, 73.2% were having computed (17.856) which showed the relationship among
poor knowledge, 24.4% were having average knowledge and variables was significant at P<0.05 level.
only 2.4% were having good knowledge. In 31-40 age group, Hence, it was concluded there was association of knowledge
65.1% were having poor knowledge and 34.9% were having regarding risk factors for CAD among teachers with age (in
average knowledge. In 41-50 age group, 66.7% were having years).
poor knowledge and 33.3% were having average knowledge.

Table 4: Association of level of knowledge regarding risk factors of CAD among teachers with gender. (N=100)
Knowledge Level
Gender
Poor n (%) Average n (%) Good n (%) Total n (%) df 2
Male 25 (65.8) 12 (31.6) 1 (2.6) 38 (38)
2 0.126(NS)
Female 41 (66.1) 20 (32.3) 1 (1.6) 62 (62)
Maximum score= 30 NS= Not Significant
Minimum score= 0

Table-4 reveals association of knowledge regarding risk 1.6% were having good knowledge. Chi-square was computed
factors of CAD among teachers with gender. It shows that (0.126) which showed the relation among variables was non-
65.8% males were having poor knowledge followed by 31.6% significant at P< 0.05 level.
were having average knowledge and only 2.6% were having Hence, it was concluded that there was no association of
good knowledge. 66.1% females were having poor knowledge knowledge regarding risk factors for CAD among teachers
followed by 32.3% were having average knowledge and only with gender.

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Table 5: Association of level of knowledge regarding risk factors of Table 6: Association of knowledge regarding risk factors of CAD
CAD among teachers with type of living. (N=100) among teachers with type of family. (N=100)
Knowledge Level Knowledge Level
Poor Average Good Total Poor Average Good Total
Type of living df 2 Type of family df 2
n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%)
Urban 48 (64) 25(33.3) 2(2.7) 75 (75) Nuclear 36 (70.6) 14 (27.5) 1 (2) 51 (51)
2 1.1015NS
Rural 18 (72) 7(28) 0(0) 25 (25) Joint 30 (61.2) 18 (36.7) 1 (2) 49 (49) 2 1.006(NS)
Maximum score=30 NS=Not Significant Extended 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0)
Minimum score=0 Maximum score=30 NS=Not Significant
Minimum score= 0
Table-5 reveals association of knowledge regarding risk
factors of CAD among teachers with type of living. It shows Table-6 reveals association of knowledge regarding risk
that 64% urban living employees were having poor knowledge factors for CAD among teachers with type of family. It shows
followed by 33.3% were having average knowledge and only that 70.6% from nuclear family were having poor knowledge
2.7% were having good knowledge. In context to rural living, followed by 27.5% were having average knowledge and only
72% were having poor knowledge and 28% were having 2% were having good knowledge. In context to joint family,
average knowledge. Chi-square (1.015) was computed which 61.2% were having poor knowledge followed by 36.7% were
showed relation among variables was non-significant at having average knowledge and only 2% were having good
P<0.05 level. knowledge. Chi-square (1.006) was computed which showed
Hence, it was concluded that there was no association of relation among variables was non-significant at P<0.05 level.
knowledge regarding risk factors of CAD among teachers Hence, it was concluded that there was no association of
with type of living. knowledge regarding risk factors for CAD among teachers
with type of family.

Table 7: Association of knowledge regarding risk factors of CAD among teachers with dietary pattern. (N=100)
Knowledge Level
Dietary pattern Poor n (%) Average n (%) Good n (%) Total n (%) df 2
Vegetarian 43(68.3) 19 (30.2) 1 (1.6) 63 (63)
Non- vegetarian 21(61.1) 13 (36.1) 1 (2.8) 36 (36) 4 1.113(NS)
Eggetarian 1 (100) 0 (0%) 0 (0) 1 (1)
Maximum score=30 NS=Not Significant
Minimum score=0

Table-7 reveals association of knowledge regarding risk knowledge. In eggetarian diet, 100% were having poor
factors for CAD among teachers with dietary pattern. It shows knowledge. Chi-square (1.113) was computed which showed
that 68.3% vegetarians were having poor knowledge followed the relation among variables was not significant at P<0.05
by 30.2% were having average knowledge and only 1.6% level.
were having good knowledge. In context to non-vegetarian Hence, it was concluded that there was no association of
diet, 61.1% were having poor knowledge followed by 36.1% knowledge regarding risk factors for CAD among teachers
were having average and only 2.8% were having good with dietary pattern.

Table 8: Association of level of knowledge regarding risk factors of CAD among teachers with history of HTN. (N=100)
Knowledge Level
Family history of HTN Poor n (%) Average n (%) Good n (%) Total n (%) df 2
Yes 15 (65.2) 7 (30.4) 1 (4.3) 23 (23)
2 0.819(NS)
No 51 (66.2) 25 (32.5) 1 (1.3) 77 (77)
Maximum score=30 NS=Not Significant
Minimum score=0

Table-8 reveals association of knowledge regarding risk knowledge. Chi-square (0.819) was computed which showed
factors of CAD among teachers. It shows that in the family the relation among variables was not significant at P<0.05
history of HTN, 65.2% were having poor knowledge followed level.
by 30.4% were having average knowledge and only 4.3% Hence, it was concluded that there was no association of
were having good knowledge. In context to No family history knowledge regarding risk factors for CAD among teachers of
of HTN, 66.2% were having poor knowledge, 32.5% were with family history of HTN.
having average knowledge and only 1.3% were having good

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Table 9: Association of knowledge regarding risk factors of CAD among teachers with source of information. (N=100)
Knowledge Level
Source of information Below average n (%) Average n (%) Good n (%) Total n (%) df 2
Hospitals 15 (68.2%) 7 (31.8%) 0 (0%) 22 (22%
Mass media 20 (57.1%) 15 (42.9%) 0 (0%) 35 (35%)
6 5.875(NS)
Books/Pamphlets 13 (68.4%) 5 (26.3%) 1 (5.3%) 19 (19%)
Family/Relatives 18 (75%) 5 (20.8%) 1 (4.2%) 24 (24%)
Maximum score=30 NS=Not Significant
Minimum score=0

Table-9 reveals association of knowledge regarding risk nurses and other health professionals should pay more
factors of CAD among teachers. It shows that the source of attention to health and establish strategies to minimize risk
information through hospitals, 68.2% was having poor factors and complications for coronary artery disease. Greater
knowledge and 31.8% were having average knowledge. In efforts to implement preventive measures might reduce
context to mass media, 57.1% were having poor knowledge, complications and might improve quality of life.
42.9% were having average knowledge. From
books/pamphlets 68.4% were having poor knowledge, 26.3% 6. References
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regarding risk factors of coronary artery disease among
teachers with selected socio-demographic variables.
The analysis of data to assess the association of knowledge
regarding risk factors of coronary artery disease among
employees with selected socio-demographic variables
revealed that there is significant association of knowledge
with age (in years) of subjects. This finding was also
congruent with result of a study which concluded that there
was significant of age with the knowledge related to coronary
artery disease [13].

5. Conclusion
The findings of the research study showed that the subjects
had poor knowledge regarding risk factors of coronary artery
disease among employees in selected school of Jammu. So the

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