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Allowances: A. Introduction

The document discusses various types of allowances that can be provided over normal time standards to account for delays and inefficiencies in work. It describes three main categories of allowances - constant, variable fatigue, and special allowances. Several methods are presented for determining allowances, including comprehensive work measurement, work sampling, ILO recommendations, and ergonomic analysis. Specific allowance percentages are recommended for factors like personal needs, basic fatigue, posture, lifting weight and other conditions. Special allowances may also be provided for unavoidable delays, workstation cleaning and machine maintenance.

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Muthu Aravind
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160 views5 pages

Allowances: A. Introduction

The document discusses various types of allowances that can be provided over normal time standards to account for delays and inefficiencies in work. It describes three main categories of allowances - constant, variable fatigue, and special allowances. Several methods are presented for determining allowances, including comprehensive work measurement, work sampling, ILO recommendations, and ergonomic analysis. Specific allowance percentages are recommended for factors like personal needs, basic fatigue, posture, lifting weight and other conditions. Special allowances may also be provided for unavoidable delays, workstation cleaning and machine maintenance.

Uploaded by

Muthu Aravind
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 11.

Allowances 1

Allowances

A. Introduction

• Provide allowances over the normal time to account for slowdowns


caused by fatigue, interruptions, and delays.

• The typical allowance percentage in industry ranges 10% to 35% (average


= 17.7%).

• Three categories of allowances (Figure 11-2)


(1) Constant allowances
(2) Variable fatigue allowances
(3) Special allowances

• Some allowances are applied to manual effort time only, or machine time
only, or both manual and machine times.

B. Allowance Determination Methods

1. Comprehensive work measurement

• Conduct a comprehensive, intensive time study on selected operations by


recording the durations and reasons of ineffective elements.

No Operation Start End OT M/C? Performance NT Remarks


1 250,270 0.0 5.8 5.8 100 5.8
2 RS-S 16.5 10.7 v
3 250,270 26.7 10.2 95 9.7
4 LG 28.1 1.4 v
5 250,270 29.5 1.4 100 1.4
6 LG 32.1 2.6 v
7 260,280,290 50.6 18.5 100 18.5
8 LG 54.5 3.9 v
9 260,280,290 58.8 4.3 110 4.7
10 90,110 0.0 4.7 4.7 100 4.7
11 LG 5.2 0.5 v
12 90,110 9.0 3.8 100 3.8
13 100,120,130 19.7 10.7 100 10.7
14 PN 33.3 13.6 v
15 100,120,130 0.0 7.5 7.5 100 7.5
Chapter 11. Allowances 2

• Discussion

(1) Strength

(2) Weakness

2. Work sampling

• Take a large number of random observations on selected operations for at


least two weeks. Calculate the proportion of the number of delays to the
number of observations to determine the allowances required.

• Discussion

(1) Strength

(2) Weakness

3. ILO recommendation

• Apply the ILO allowance recommendations (1979) (Table 11-2), which


was developed through consensus agreements between management
and workers across many industries. However, the ILO recommendations
have not been substantiated.

• Discussion

(1) Strength

(2) Weakness

4. Ergonomic analysis

• Develop allowance standards by conducting ergonomic analyses on tasks.

• Discussion

(1) Strength

(2) Weakness
Chapter 11. Allowances 3

C. Constant Allowances

1. Personal Needs

• Provide 5% for maintaining the general well-being of the worker (e.g. trips
to the drinking fountain and restroom).

2. Basic Fatigue Allowance

• Provide 4% to account for the energy used to carry out the work and
alleviate monotony under good working conditions (seated, no special
demands on the sensory and motor systems).

D. Variable Fatigue Allowances

1. Application of ILO recommendation

• By using the ILO allowance recommendation, provide an appropriate


percentage of allowance for each fatigue factor.

Exercise
Determine the variable fatigue allowance for the following working condition.

(1) Posture: standing


(2) Posture: awkward (bending)
(3) Lifting: 15 pounds
(4) Light: somewhat dark
(5) Atmospheric conditions (hear & humidity): good
(6) Attention requirement: fine assembly
(7) Noise: intermittently loud
(8) Mental strain: fairly complex
(9) Monotony: low
(10) Tediousness: rather tedious
Chapter 11. Allowances 4

2. Ergonomic analysis

• Conduct mental, biomechanical, and physiological analyses on tasks to


determine the allowances.

Fatigue Factor Measures/Techniques (selected)


Posture Energy expenditure (oxygen uptake)
Light Illumination meter
(Illumination)
Visual strain Blackwell curve (target detection percentage,
contrast, target size, and viewing time)
Mental strain Performance decrement
Monotony Performance decrement
Muscular Force Endurance time
EMG (amplitude and mean power frequency)
NIOSH lifting guidelines (lifting index)
Energy expenditure
Heart rate
Heat Energy expenditure
Wet-bulb globe temperature
Noise Dosimeter
Permissible noise exposures
Repetitiveness

Exercise: Allowance for posture


Energy expenditures of 3.8 kcal/min, 3.86 kcal/min, and 4.16 kcal/min are
measured for sitting, standing, and bending, respectively.

(1) Based on the ergonomic analysis results, what allowances will you
recommend the standing and bending tasks?

(2) Compare your recommendations to the corresponding ILO


recommendations.

(3) How will you validate the ergonomic recommendations?


Chapter 11. Allowances 5

F. Special Allowances

1. Unavoidable Delays

• Interruptions from:
(1) the supervisor, dispatcher, time study analyst, and others,
(2) material supply irregularities, and
(3) interference delays where multiple machines assignments are made.

• Use the work sampling method to determine the proper percentage.

2. Avoidable Delays

• Examples include idleness other than rest to overcome fatigue and visits
with other operators for social reasons.

• No allowance is provided for avoidable delays.

3. Extra Allowances

• Maintain safe and efficient progress of operation. (e.g.) extra time for safe
operation or careful inspection.

4. Workstation Cleaning and Machine Oiling (see Tables 11-7 to 11-9)

5. Power Feed Machine Maintenance

• Shutdowns requiring minor repairs.

• Tool maintenance (see Table 11-10).

6. Policy Allowances

• Used to provide a satisfactory level of earnings for workers under


exceptional circumstances (e.g. new employees and workers with
disabilities).

• Decided by management, perhaps with union negotiations.

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