Designation: C361 − 16

Standard Specification for

Reinforced Concrete Low-Head Pressure Pipe1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C361; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.

1. Scope A1008/A1008M Specification for Steel, Sheet, Cold-Rolled,

1.1 This specification covers reinforced concrete pipe in- Carbon, Structural, High-Strength Low-Alloy, High-
tended to be used for the construction of pressure pipelines Strength Low-Alloy with Improved Formability, Solution
with low internal hydrostatic heads generally not exceeding Hardened, and Bake Hardenable
125 ft. A1011/A1011M Specification for Steel, Sheet and Strip,
Hot-Rolled, Carbon, Structural, High-Strength Low-
1.2 This specification is the inch-pound companion to Alloy, High-Strength Low-Alloy with Improved
Specification C361; therefore, no SI equivalents are presented Formability, and Ultra-High Strength
in the specification. A1064/A1064M Specification for Carbon-Steel Wire and
NOTE 1—Field tests on completed portions of the pipeline are not Welded Wire Reinforcement, Plain and Deformed, for
covered by this specification for the manufacture of the pipe but should be Concrete
included in specifications for pipe laying. C31/C31M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test
2. Referenced Documents Specimens in the Field
C33/C33M Specification for Concrete Aggregates
2.1 ASTM Standards:2 C39/C39M Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylin-
A27/A27M Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon, for drical Concrete Specimens
General Application C150/C150M Specification for Portland Cement
A36/A36M Specification for Carbon Structural Steel C260/C260M Specification for Air-Entraining Admixtures
A283/A283M Specification for Low and Intermediate Ten- for Concrete
sile Strength Carbon Steel Plates C309 Specification for Liquid Membrane-Forming Com-
A575 Specification for Steel Bars, Carbon, Merchant pounds for Curing Concrete
Quality, M-Grades C497M Test Methods for Concrete Pipe, Manhole Sections,
A576 Specification for Steel Bars, Carbon, Hot-Wrought, or Tile (Metric)
Special Quality C595/C595M Specification for Blended Hydraulic Cements
A615/A615M Specification for Deformed and Plain Carbon- C618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined
Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete
A675/A675M Specification for Steel Bars, Carbon, Hot- C655 Specification for Reinforced Concrete D-Load
Wrought, Special Quality, Mechanical Properties Culvert, Storm Drain, and Sewer Pipe
A706/A706M Specification for Deformed and Plain Low- C822 Terminology Relating to Concrete Pipe and Related
Alloy Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement Products
C1602/C1602M Specification for Mixing Water Used in the
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C13 on Production of Hydraulic Cement Concrete
Concrete Pipe and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C13.04 on Low Head C1619 Specification for Elastomeric Seals for Joining Con-
Pressure Pipe.
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2016. Published September 2016. Originally crete Structures
approved in 1955. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as C361 – 14a. DOI: D698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-
10.1520/C0361-16.
2
istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12,400 ft-lbf/ft3 (600
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
kN-m/m3))
contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on D4253 Test Methods for Maximum Index Density and Unit
the ASTM website. Weight of Soils Using a Vibratory Table

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States

1
 C361 − 16
D4254 Test Methods for Minimum Index Density and Unit pozzolan cement, except that the pozzolan constituent in the
Weight of Soils and Calculation of Relative Density Type IP portland pozzolan cement shall not exceed 20 % by
2.2 Other Standards: weight.
ACI Code 318 Standard Building Code Requirements for 6.2.2 Fly Ash or Pozzolan—Fly ash or pozzolan shall
Reinforced Concrete3 conform to the requirements of Specification C618.
AISI-C 10124 6.2.3 Allowable Cementitious Materials—The combination
ASCE 15-93 Standard Practice for Direct Design of Buried of cementitious materials used in the concrete shall be one of
Precast Concrete Pipe Using Standard Installations the following:
(SIDD) 6.2.3.1 Portland cement only,
6.2.3.2 Portland blast furnace slag cement only, or
3. Terminology
6.2.3.3 Portland pozzolan cement only.
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms relating to concrete 6.2.3.4 A combination of portland cement and fly ash or
pipe, see Terminology C822. pozzolan, wherein the proportion of fly ash or pozzolan is
between 5 and 20 % by weight of total cementitious material
4. Classification
(portland cement plus fly ash or pozzolan).
4.1 Pipe manufactured according to this specification shall
6.3 Aggregates—Aggregates shall conform to Specification
be for hydrostatic heads of 25, 50, 75, 100, and 125 ft measured
C33/C33M, except that the requirements for grading are
to the centerline of the pipe. Designs are provided in Table 1
waived.
for the above hydrostatic heads combined with external load-
ings of 5, 10, 15, and 20 ft (designated A, B, C, and D in Table 6.4 Admixtures—Admixtures, except for air-entraining
1) of earth cover over the top of the pipe under specific agents, shall not be added to the concrete unless permitted by
installation conditions. The specific installation conditions are the owner. At the option of the manufacturer, or if specified by
covered in Appendix X1. Where the hydrostatic head, external the owner, the concrete in precast concrete pipe placed by the
loadings, and installation conditions vary from those given in cast-and-vibrated method shall contain an air-entraining agent
Table 1 and Appendix X1, detailed design calculations shall be conforming to Specification C260/C260M. The amount of
made. The design criteria for Table 1 are presented in Appen- air-entraining agent used shall be such as will affect the
dix X2. entrainment of not more than 3 % air by volume of concrete as
discharged from the mixer.
5. Basis of Acceptance
6.5 Steel Reinforcement—Reinforcement shall consist of
5.1 Acceptability of the pipe in all diameters and classes wire conforming to Specification A1064/A1064M, or of bars
shall be determined by the results of such material tests as are of Grades 40 or 60 steel conforming to Specification A615/
required in 6.2 through 6.9 by crushing tests on cured concrete A615M or of Grade 40 steel conforming to Specification
cylinders, by hydrostatic pressure tests on units of the pipe, by A36/A36M, or Grade 60 steel conforming to Specification
joint leakage tests, and by inspection during or after manufac- A706/A706M.
ture to determine whether the pipe conforms to this specifica-
tion as to design and freedom from defects. 6.6 Steel for Joint Rings:
6.6.1 Steel strips for bell rings less than 1⁄4 in. thick shall
5.2 Age for Acceptance—Pipe shall be considered ready for conform to Grade SS30 of Specification A1011/A1011M or
acceptance when they conform to the requirements, as indi- Grade Designation 1012 of Specification A575. Steel that
cated by the specified tests. meets the requirements of AISI-C1012 for chemical compo-
6. Materials nents will be acceptable provided it conforms to Grade SS30 of
Specification A1011/A1011M in other respects.
6.1 Reinforced Concrete—The reinforced concrete shall 6.6.2 Steel plate for bell rings 1⁄4 in. or more in thickness and
consist of portland cement, mineral aggregates, and water, in special shapes for spigot joint rings shall conform to Specifi-
which steel has been embedded in such a manner that the steel cation A36/A36M, or to Grade A of Specification A283/
and concrete act together. Fly ash or pozzolan is not prohibited A283M, or to Grade Designation 1012 of Specification A576,
when used as a partial cement replacement; see 9.1. or to Grade 50 of Specification A675/A675M. Steel that meets
6.2 Cementitious Materials: the requirements of AISI-C1012 for chemical components will
6.2.1 Cement: be acceptable provided it conforms to Specification A36/A36M
6.2.1.1 Portland Cement—Portland cement shall conform to or to Specification A283/A283M Min other respects.
the requirements of Specification C150/C150M. 6.7 Steel Castings for Fittings—Steel castings for fittings
6.2.1.2 Blended Hydraulic Cement—Blended cement shall shall conform to Grade 70-36, Normalized, of Specification
conform to the requirements of Specification C595/C595M for A27/A27M.
Type IS portland blast furnace slag cement or Type IP portland
6.8 Steel Plates and Sheets for Specials and Fittings—
3
Steel plates for specials and fittings shall conform to Specifi-
Available from American Concrete Institute (ACI), P.O. Box 9094, Farmington
Hills, MI 48333-9094, http://www.concrete.org.
cation A36/A36M or to Grade B or C of Specification
4
Available from American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI), 1140 Connecticut A283/A283M or Grade SS30 or SS33 of Specification A1011/
Ave., NW, Suite 705, Washington, DC 20036, http://www.steel.org. A1011M or Grade SS30 of Specification A1008/A1008M.

2
 TABLE 1 Design Requirements for Reinforced Concrete Low-Head Pressure Pipe [12 Through 144 in. Diameter], Concrete Design Strength 5000 psi except as noted, Steel
Reinforcement Yield Strength 40 000 psi
NOTE 1—See Appendix for specific installation conditions and design criteria conditions required in conjunction with the use of Table 1.
NOTE 2—Designations, A, B, C, and D, for class of pipe, denote 5, 10, 15, and 20 ft of earth cover over top of pipe. Figures 25, Figures 50, Figures 75, etc. for class of pipe, denote hydrostatic
pressure heads in feet measured to centerline of pipe.
NOTE 3—An “s” in place of a steel area indicates the pipe class is a special design requiring stirrup reinforcement. Stirrups may be eliminated by changing wall thickness, main reinforcement,
concrete strength, or a combination thereof.
NOTE 4—The boldfaced value denotes 6000 psi concrete strength required.
Circumferential reinforcement, in.2/linear ft of pipe
Internal
Designated 12 15 18 21 24 27
Dia, in.
Type of
Reinforce- Circular Circular Circular Elliptical Circular Elliptical Circular Elliptical Circular Elliptical
ment
Wall
Thickness, 2 3 2 3 2 1⁄ 4 3 21 ⁄4 3 23⁄8 3 23⁄ 8 3 2 1⁄2 3 21⁄ 2 3 25⁄8 3 1⁄8 3 1⁄ 4 4 1⁄ 4 2 5 ⁄8 3 1⁄ 4
in.
Layers of
Reinforce- Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Inner Outer Inner Outer Single Single
ment

3
Class

A-25 0.07 0.06 0.09 0.08 0.12 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.15 0.13 0.15 0.14 0.18 0.17 0.18 0.17 0.22 0.20 0.14 0.09 0.11 0.07 0.22 0.17
B-25 0.10 0.08 0.14 0.11 0.18 0.15 0.18 0.15 0.23 0.20 0.23 0.20 0.29 0.25 0.29 0.25 0.35 0.30 0.21 0.13 0.16 0.10 0.35 0.21
C361 − 16

C-25 0.13 0.10 0.20 0.15 0.25 0.20 0.25 0.20 0.33 0.27 0.33 0.27 0.41 0.35 0.41 0.35 0.50 0.42 0.28 0.17 0.21 0.12 0.50 0.28
D-25 0.17 0.13 0.26 0.18 0.33 0.26 0.33 0.26 0.43 0.34 0.43 0.34 0.55 0.45 0.55 0.45 0.68 0.55 0.36 0.21 0.26 0.14 0.68 0.36

A-50 0.10 0.10 0.13 0.13 0.16 0.15 0.25 0.25 0.20 0.18 0.29 0.29 0.24 0.22 0.33 0.33 0.28 0.26 0.18 0.14 0.15 0.12 0.37 0.37
B-50 0.13 0.11 0.18 0.15 0.23 0.20 0.25 0.25 0.29 0.25 0.29 0.29 0.35 0.31 0.35 0.33 0.41 0.37 0.25 0.18 0.20 0.14 0.41 0.37
C-50 0.16 0.13 0.23 0.18 0.30 0.25 0.30 0.25 0.38 0.32 0.38 0.32 0.47 0.41 0.47 0.41 0.56 0.49 0.33 0.21 0.25 0.16 0.56 0.37
D-50 0.20 0.15 0.29 0.22 0.37 0.30 0.37 0.30 0.48 0.40 0.48 0.40 0.60 0.51 0.60 0.51 0.74 0.62 0.40 0.25 0.30 0.19 0.74 0.40

A-75 0.16 0.16 0.20 0.20 0.24 0.24 0.28 0.28 0.33 0.33 0.37 0.37 0.23 0.19 0.20 0.16
B-75 0.16 0.16 0.22 0.20 0.27 0.24 0.34 0.30 0.41 0.37 0.48 0.44 0.30 0.22 0.25 0.18
C-75 0.19 0.16 0.27 0.22 0.34 0.29 0.43 0.37 0.53 0.46 0.63 0.55 0.37 0.26 0.30 0.21
D-75 0.23 0.18 0.33 0.26 0.42 0.34 0.53 0.45 0.66 0.57 0.81 0.68 0.45 0.30 0.35 0.23

A-100 0.23 0.23 0.29 0.29 0.35 0.35 0.40 0.40 0.46 0.46 0.52 0.52 0.28 0.24 0.28 0.24
B-100 0.23 0.23 0.29 0.29 0.35 0.35 0.40 0.40 0.46 0.46 0.55 0.52 0.35 0.27 0.29 0.23
C-100 0.23 0.23 0.31 0.29 0.39 0.35 0.48 0.42 0.58 0.52 0.70 0.62 0.42 0.31 0.34 0.25
D-100 0.26 0.23 0.37 0.29 0.46 0.39 0.58 0.50 0.72 0.62 0.87 0.75 0.49 0.34 0.39 0.27

A-125 0.31 0.31 0.39 0.39 0.46 0.46 0.54 0.54 0.62 0.62 0.69 0.69 0.37 0.32 0.37 0.32
B-125 0.31 0.31 0.39 0.39 0.46 0.46 0.54 0.54 0.62 0.62 0.69 0.69 0.39 0.32 0.38 0.31
C-125 0.31 0.31 0.39 0.39 0.46 0.46 0.54 0.54 0.64 0.62 0.76 0.69 0.46 0.35 0.39 0.30
D-125 0.31 0.31 0.40 0.39 0.51 0.46 0.64 0.55 0.78 0.68 0.94 0.81 0.54 0.39 0.43 0.31
 TABLE 1 Continued
Circumferential reinforcement, in.2/linear ft of pipe
Internal
Designated 30 33
Dia, in.
Type of
Reinforce- Circular Elliptical Circular Elliptical
ment
Wall
Thickness, 2 3 ⁄4 3 1⁄ 8 3 1⁄ 4 3 1 ⁄2 4 3⁄ 4 2 3⁄ 4 3 1⁄ 2 2 7⁄ 8 3 1⁄ 8 3 1⁄4 3 3⁄ 4 4 3 ⁄4 2 7⁄8 3 3⁄ 4
in.
Layers of
Reinforce- Single Single Inner Outer Inner Outer Inner Outer Single Single Single Single Inner Outer Inner Outer Inner Outer Single Single
ment

Class

A-25 0.25 0.23 0.16 0.11 0.15 0.10 0.12 0.08 0.25 0.19 0.29 0.27 0.19 0.13 0.17 0.11 0.14 0.09 0.29 0.21
B-25 0.41 0.37 0.25 0.16 0.23 0.15 0.18 0.11 0.41 0.23 0.48 0.45 0.30 0.19 0.26 0.16 0.21 0.13 0.48 0.26

4
C-25 0.60 0.52 0.34 0.21 0.31 0.19 0.23 0.13 0.60 0.31 0.71 0.64 0.41 0.25 0.34 0.21 0.27 0.16 0.71 0.34
D-25 0.82 0.69 0.44 0.26 0.40 0.23 0.28 0.16 0.82 0.40 0.92 0.87 0.53 0.32 0.44 0.26 0.34 0.19 0.92 0.44

A-50 0.32 0.30 0.21 0.16 0.20 0.15 0.17 0.13 0.41 0.41 0.37 0.35 0.24 0.19 0.22 0.17 0.19 0.15 0.45 0.45
C361 − 16

B-50 0.49 0.45 0.30 0.21 0.28 0.20 0.22 0.15 0.49 0.41 0.56 0.53 0.35 0.25 0.31 0.22 0.26 0.18 0.56 0.45
C-50 0.67 0.60 0.39 0.26 0.36 0.24 0.28 0.18 0.67 0.41 0.79 0.72 0.46 0.31 0.40 0.26 0.32 0.21 0.79 0.45
D-50 0.90 0.77 0.49 0.31 0.44 0.28 0.33 0.20 0.90 0.44 1.00 0.95 0.58 0.37 0.49 0.31 0.39 0.24 1.00 0.49

A-75 0.41 0.41 0.27 0.22 0.25 0.21 0.22 0.18 0.45 0.45 0.30 0.24 0.27 0.22 0.25 0.20
B-75 0.56 0.52 0.35 0.26 0.33 0.25 0.27 0.20 0.64 0.61 0.41 0.30 0.36 0.27 0.31 0.23
C-75 0.74 0.67 0.44 0.31 0.41 0.29 0.32 0.22 0.87 0.80 0.52 0.36 0.45 0.32 0.37 0.26
D-75 0.97 0.84 0.53 0.36 0.49 0.33 0.38 0.25 1.08 1.03 0.63 0.43 0.54 0.36 0.44 0.29

A-100 0.58 0.58 0.32 0.27 0.31 0.26 0.31 0.27 0.64 0.64 0.36 0.30 0.34 0.29 0.34 0.29
B-100 0.63 0.59 0.41 0.31 0.38 0.30 0.32 0.25 0.72 0.69 0.47 0.36 0.42 0.32 0.36 0.28
C-100 0.82 0.74 0.49 0.36 0.46 0.34 0.37 0.27 0.95 0.88 0.57 0.42 0.50 0.37 0.42 0.31
D-100 1.04 0.91 0.58 0.41 0.54 0.38 0.42 0.29 1.16 1.11 0.69 0.48 0.59 0.42 0.49 0.34

A-125 0.77 0.77 0.41 0.36 0.41 0.36 0.41 0.36 0.85 0.85 0.46 0.39 0.45 0.39 0.45 0.40
B-125 0.77 0.77 0.46 0.37 0.43 0.35 0.43 0.35 0.85 0.85 0.52 0.42 0.47 0.38 0.47 0.38
C-125 0.89 0.81 0.54 0.41 0.51 0.39 0.44 0.33 1.03 0.96 0.63 0.48 0.56 0.42 0.48 0.37
D-125 1.12 0.99 0.63 0.46 0.59 0.43 0.47 0.34 1.24 1.19 0.74 0.54 0.65 0.47 0.54 0.39
 TABLE 1 Continued
Circumferential reinforcement, in.2/linear ft of pipe
Internal
Designated 36 39 42
Dia, in.
Type of
Reinforce- Circular Elliptical Circular Elliptical Circular Elliptical
ment
Wall
Thickness, 3 1 ⁄8 3 1⁄ 4 4 5 31 ⁄ 8 4 3 1⁄ 2 4 1⁄ 4 5 1⁄ 4 3 1⁄ 2 4 1⁄ 4 3 3⁄ 4 4 1 ⁄2 51⁄2 3 3 ⁄4 4 1⁄ 2
in.
Layers of
Reinforce- Single Inner Outer Inner Outer Inner Outer Single Single Inner Outer Inner Outer Inner Outer Single Single Inner Outer Inner Outer Inner Outer Single Single
ment

Class

A-25 0.32 0.22 0.15 0.18 0.12 0.15 0.10 0.32 0.23 0.23 0.16 0.20 0.13 0.17 0.11 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.17 0.21 0.15 0.19 0.13 0.27 0.27
B-25 0.54 0.35 0.23 0.28 0.18 0.23 0.14 0.54 0.28 0.38 0.24 0.31 0.19 0.26 0.16 0.38 0.31 0.40 0.26 0.33 0.21 0.28 0.17 0.40 0.33

5
C-25 0.78 0.49 0.30 0.38 0.23 0.30 0.18 0.78 0.38 0.52 0.32 0.41 0.25 0.34 0.20 0.52 0.41 0.55 0.34 0.45 0.27 0.37 0.22 0.55 0.45
D-25 1.01 0.63 0.38 0.48 0.28 0.38 0.21 1.01 0.48 0.67 0.40 0.52 0.31 0.42 0.24 0.67 0.52 0.71 0.43 0.56 0.34 0.46 0.26 0.71 0.56

A-50 0.40 0.28 0.21 0.24 0.18 0.21 0.16 0.49 0.49 0.30 0.23 0.26 0.20 0.23 0.17 0.53 0.53 0.32 0.24 0.28 0.21 0.25 0.19 0.57 0.57
C361 − 16

B-50 0.62 0.41 0.29 0.34 0.24 0.29 0.20 0.62 0.49 0.44 0.31 0.37 0.26 0.31 0.22 0.53 0.53 0.47 0.32 0.40 0.28 0.34 0.24 0.57 0.57
C-50 0.87 0.54 0.36 0.43 0.29 0.36 0.23 0.87 0.49 0.58 0.38 0.47 0.31 0.39 0.25 0.58 0.53 0.61 0.41 0.51 0.34 0.43 0.28 0.61 0.57
D-50 1.10 0.69 0.44 0.53 0.34 0.43 0.27 1.10 0.53 0.73 0.47 0.58 0.37 0.47 0.30 0.73 0.58 0.77 0.49 0.63 0.40 0.52 0.32 0.77 0.63

A-75 0.49 0.34 0.28 0.30 0.24 0.27 0.22 0.36 0.29 0.32 0.26 0.29 0.24 0.38 0.31 0.34 0.28 0.31 0.25
B-75 0.71 0.47 0.35 0.40 0.29 0.34 0.25 0.50 0.37 0.43 0.32 0.37 0.28 0.53 0.39 0.46 0.34 0.41 0.30
C-75 0.96 0.60 0.42 0.49 0.34 0.41 0.29 0.64 0.45 0.53 0.37 0.45 0.31 0.68 0.47 0.57 0.40 0.49 0.34
D-75 1.19 0.74 0.50 0.59 0.40 0.48 0.32 0.79 0.53 0.64 0.43 0.53 0.35 0.83 0.56 0.69 0.46 0.58 0.39

A-100 0.69 0.40 0.34 0.38 0.32 0.38 0.32 0.43 0.36 0.41 0.34 0.41 0.34 0.45 0.38 0.44 0.37 0.44 0.37
B-100 0.80 0.53 0.41 0.45 0.35 0.40 0.31 0.57 0.44 0.49 0.38 0.43 0.33 0.60 0.46 0.53 0.41 0.47 0.36
C-100 1.04 0.66 0.48 0.55 0.40 0.47 0.34 0.70 0.51 0.59 0.43 0.51 0.37 0.74 0.54 0.64 0.46 0.55 0.40
D-100 1.28 0.80 0.56 0.65 0.45 0.54 0.38 0.85 0.59 0.70 0.49 0.59 0.41 0.90 0.63 0.75 0.53 0.64 0.45

A-125 0.93 0.50 0.43 0.50 0.43 0.50 0.43 0.54 0.46 0.54 0.47 0.54 0.47 0.58 0.50 0.58 0.50 0.58 0.50
B-125 0.93 0.60 0.47 0.51 0.41 0.51 0.41 0.63 0.50 0.56 0.45 0.56 0.45 0.67 0.53 0.60 0.48 0.60 0.48
C-125 1.13 0.72 0.54 0.60 0.46 0.53 0.40 0.77 0.58 0.65 0.49 0.57 0.43 0.81 0.61 0.70 0.53 0.62 0.47
D-125 1.36 0.86 0.62 0.70 0.51 0.59 0.43 0.91 0.65 0.76 0.55 0.65 0.47 0.96 0.69 0.81 0.59 0.70 0.51
 TABLE 1 Continued
Circumferential reinforcement, in.2/linear ft of pipe
Internal
Designated 45 48 51
Dia, in.
Type of
Reinforce- Circular Elliptical Circular Elliptical Circular Elliptical
ment
Wall
Thickness, 3 7⁄ 8 4 3⁄ 4 5 3 ⁄4 3 7 ⁄8 4 3⁄ 4 4 1⁄ 8 5 5 3⁄ 4 4 1⁄ 8 5 4 1⁄ 4 5 1⁄ 4 6 4 1 ⁄4 5 1⁄ 4
in.
Layers of
Reinforce- Inner Outer Inner Outer Inner Outer Single Single Inner Outer Inner Outer Inner Outer Single Single Inner Outer Inner Outer Inner Outer Single Single
ment

Class

A-25 0.27 0.19 0.23 0.16 0.20 0.14 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.20 0.25 0.17 0.23 0.15 0.31 0.31 0.32 0.22 0.27 0.18 0.25 0.17 0.33 0.33
B-25 0.44 0.28 0.36 0.23 0.31 0.19 0.44 0.36 0.48 0.31 0.39 0.25 0.35 0.22 0.48 0.39 0.52 0.33 0.42 0.26 0.37 0.23 0.52 0.42

6
C-25 0.60 0.38 0.48 0.29 0.40 0.24 0.60 0.48 0.65 0.41 0.53 0.32 0.46 0.27 0.65 0.53 0.71 0.44 0.56 0.34 0.49 0.30 0.71 0.56
D-25 0.78 0.47 0.61 0.36 0.50 0.29 0.78 0.61 0.84 0.51 0.66 0.40 0.57 0.33 0.84 0.66 0.92 0.56 0.71 0.42 0.62 0.36 0.92 0.71

A-50 0.34 0.26 0.30 0.23 0.27 0.20 0.61 0.61 0.37 0.28 0.32 0.25 0.30 0.23 0.65 0.65 0.40 0.30 0.35 0.26 0.32 0.24 0.70 0.70
C361 − 16

B-50 0.51 0.35 0.43 0.30 0.37 0.26 0.61 0.61 0.55 0.38 0.47 0.32 0.42 0.29 0.65 0.65 0.60 0.41 0.50 0.34 0.45 0.31 0.70 0.70
C-50 0.67 0.45 0.55 0.36 0.47 0.30 0.67 0.61 0.73 0.48 0.60 0.39 0.53 0.34 0.73 0.65 0.79 0.52 0.64 0.42 0.57 0.37 0.79 0.70
D-50 0.85 0.54 0.67 0.43 0.56 0.35 0.85 0.67 0.91 0.59 0.73 0.47 0.64 0.40 0.91 0.73 0.99 0.64 0.78 0.50 0.69 0.43 0.99 0.78

A-75 0.42 0.33 0.37 0.30 0.34 0.27 0.45 0.36 0.40 0.32 0.37 0.30 0.48 0.38 0.42 0.34 0.40 0.32
B-75 0.58 0.43 0.50 0.37 0.44 0.32 0.63 0.46 0.54 0.40 0.49 0.36 0.68 0.50 0.57 0.42 0.52 0.38
C-75 0.74 0.52 0.61 0.43 0.53 0.37 0.80 0.56 0.67 0.47 0.60 0.42 0.86 0.60 0.71 0.50 0.64 0.45
D-75 0.91 0.61 0.74 0.50 0.63 0.42 0.98 0.66 0.80 0.54 0.71 0.47 1.07 0.71 0.85 0.57 0.76 0.51

A-100 0.49 0.41 0.47 0.39 0.47 0.40 0.53 0.44 0.50 0.42 0.50 0.42 0.56 0.47 0.54 0.45 0.53 0.45
B-100 0.65 0.50 0.57 0.43 0.51 0.39 0.70 0.54 0.61 0.47 0.56 0.43 0.76 0.58 0.65 0.50 0.60 0.46
C-100 0.81 0.59 0.68 0.50 0.60 0.44 0.87 0.63 0.74 0.54 0.67 0.49 0.94 0.68 0.79 0.57 0.72 0.52
D-100 0.98 0.68 0.80 0.56 0.69 0.48 1.05 0.73 0.87 0.61 0.78 0.54 1.14 0.79 0.93 0.65 0.83 0.58

A-125 0.62 0.53 0.62 0.54 0.62 0.54 0.67 0.57 0.66 0.57 0.66 0.57 0.71 0.60 0.71 0.61 0.71 0.61
B-125 0.73 0.57 0.64 0.51 0.64 0.51 0.78 0.62 0.69 0.55 0.69 0.55 0.84 0.66 0.73 0.58 0.73 0.58
C-125 0.88 0.66 0.75 0.57 0.66 0.50 0.95 0.71 0.81 0.61 0.74 0.56 1.02 0.76 0.86 0.65 0.79 0.60
D-125 1.05 0.75 0.87 0.63 0.76 0.55 1.13 0.81 0.94 0.68 0.85 0.62 1.21 0.87 1.00 0.72 0.91 0.66
 TABLE 1 Continued
Circumferential reinforcement, in.2/linear ft of pipe
Internal
Designated 54 57 60
Dia, in.
Type of
Reinforce- Circular Elliptical Circular Elliptical Circular Elliptical
ment
Wall
Thickness, 4 1⁄ 2 5 1⁄ 2 6 1 ⁄4 4 1 ⁄2 5 1⁄ 2 4 3⁄ 4 5 3⁄4 6 1⁄ 2 4 3⁄ 4 5 3⁄ 4 5 6 63 ⁄ 4 5 6
in.
Layers of
Reinforce- Inner Outer Inner Outer Inner Outer Single Single Inner Outer Inner Outer Inner Outer Single Single Inner Outer Inner Outer Inner Outer Single Single
ment

Class

A-25 0.33 0.23 0.29 0.19 0.26 0.18 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.24 0.30 0.21 0.28 0.19 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.25 0.32 0.22 0.30 0.20 0.39 0.39
B-25 0.54 0.35 0.44 0.28 0.40 0.25 0.54 0.44 0.56 0.36 0.47 0.30 0.42 0.26 0.56 0.47 0.58 0.38 0.49 0.31 0.45 0.28 0.58 0.49

7
C-25 0.74 0.46 0.60 0.36 0.53 0.32 0.74 0.60 0.78 0.49 0.63 0.39 0.57 0.34 0.78 0.63 0.81 0.51 0.67 0.41 0.60 0.36 0.81 0.67
D-25 0.96 0.59 0.75 0.45 0.66 0.39 0.96 0.75 1.00 0.61 0.80 0.48 0.70 0.41 1.00 0.80 1.05 0.64 0.85 0.51 0.75 0.44 1.05 0.85

A-50 0.42 0.31 0.37 0.28 0.34 0.26 0.74 0.74 0.44 0.33 0.39 0.29 0.37 0.27 0.78 0.78 0.46 0.35 0.41 0.31 0.39 0.29 0.82 0.82
C361 − 16

B-50 0.62 0.43 0.52 0.36 0.48 0.33 0.74 0.74 0.65 0.45 0.55 0.38 0.50 0.35 0.78 0.78 0.67 0.47 0.58 0.40 0.53 0.37 0.82 0.82
C-50 0.82 0.55 0.68 0.44 0.61 0.40 0.82 0.74 0.86 0.57 0.72 0.47 0.65 0.42 0.86 0.78 0.90 0.60 0.76 0.50 0.69 0.45 0.90 0.82
D-50 1.04 0.66 0.83 0.53 0.74 0.46 1.04 0.83 1.08 0.69 0.88 0.56 0.78 0.49 1.08 0.88 1.13 0.72 0.93 0.59 0.83 0.53 1.13 0.93

A-75 0.50 0.40 0.45 0.36 0.42 0.34 0.53 0.42 0.48 0.38 0.45 0.36 0.55 0.44 0.50 0.40 0.48 0.38
B-75 0.71 0.52 0.60 0.44 0.55 0.41 0.73 0.54 0.63 0.47 0.59 0.43 0.76 0.56 0.67 0.49 0.62 0.45
C-75 0.90 0.63 0.75 0.52 0.68 0.47 0.94 0.66 0.80 0.55 0.73 0.50 0.99 0.68 0.84 0.58 0.77 0.53
D-75 1.11 0.74 0.91 0.61 0.81 0.54 1.16 0.78 0.96 0.64 0.86 0.58 1.21 0.81 1.01 0.68 0.91 0.61

A-100 0.59 0.49 0.57 0.47 0.57 0.47 0.62 0.51 0.60 0.50 0.60 0.50 0.65 0.53 0.63 0.52 0.63 0.52
B-100 0.79 0.60 0.68 0.52 0.63 0.49 0.82 0.63 0.72 0.55 0.67 0.51 0.85 0.65 0.76 0.58 0.71 0.54
C-100 0.98 0.71 0.83 0.61 0.76 0.55 1.03 0.74 0.88 0.64 0.81 0.59 1.07 0.77 0.93 0.67 0.86 0.62
D-100 1.19 0.83 0.98 0.69 0.89 0.62 1.24 0.86 1.04 0.72 0.94 0.66 1.29 0.90 1.09 0.76 1.00 0.70

A-125 0.75 0.64 0.75 0.64 0.75 0.64 0.79 0.67 0.79 0.68 0.79 0.68 0.84 0.71 0.83 0.71 0.83 0.71
B-125 0.87 0.69 0.77 0.61 0.77 0.62 0.91 0.71 0.82 0.65 0.82 0.65 0.94 0.74 0.86 0.68 0.86 0.68
C-125 1.07 0.79 0.91 0.69 0.84 0.63 1.11 0.83 0.96 0.72 0.89 0.67 1.16 0.86 1.02 0.76 0.94 0.71
D-125 1.27 0.91 1.06 0.77 0.97 0.70 1.32 0.95 1.12 0.81 1.02 0.74 1.38 0.99 1.18 0.85 1.08 0.78
 TABLE 1 Continued
Circumferential reinforcement, in.2/linear ft of pipe
Internal
Designated 63 66 69
Dia, in.
Type of
Reinforce- Circular Elliptical Circular Elliptical Circular Elliptical
ment
Wall
Thickness, 5 1⁄ 4 6 1⁄ 4 7 5 1 ⁄4 6 1⁄ 4 5 1⁄ 2 6 1⁄2 7 1⁄ 4 5 1⁄ 2 6 1⁄ 2 5 3⁄ 4 6 3⁄ 4 7 1⁄ 2 5 3 ⁄4 6 3⁄ 4
in.
Layers of
Reinforce- Inner Outer Inner Outer Inner Outer Single Single Inner Outer Inner Outer Inner Outer Single Single Inner Outer Inner Outer Inner Outer Single Single
ment

Class

A-25 0.39 0.27 0.35 0.24 0.32 0.22 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.28 0.37 0.25 0.34 0.23 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.30 0.39 0.26 0.36 0.24 0.44 0.44
B-25 0.62 0.40 0.52 0.33 0.48 0.30 0.62 0.52 0.64 0.41 0.55 0.35 0.50 0.31 0.64 0.55 0.67 0.43 0.58 0.37 0.53 0.33 0.67 0.58

8
C-25 0.87 0.54 0.72 0.44 0.65 0.39 0.87 0.72 0.90 0.56 0.76 0.46 0.69 0.41 0.90 0.76 0.94 0.58 0.80 0.49 0.72 0.44 0.94 0.80
D-25 1.11 0.68 0.90 0.54 0.81 0.47 1.11 0.90 1.16 0.70 0.95 0.57 0.85 0.50 1.16 0.95 1.20 0.73 1.00 0.60 0.90 0.53 1.20 1.00

A-50 0.49 0.37 0.44 0.33 0.42 0.31 0.86 0.86 0.51 0.38 0.47 0.35 0.44 0.33 0.90 0.90 0.54 0.40 0.49 0.36 0.46 0.34 0.94 0.94
C361 − 16

B-50 0.71 0.49 0.62 0.43 0.57 0.39 0.86 0.86 0.74 0.51 0.65 0.45 0.60 0.41 0.90 0.90 0.77 0.53 0.67 0.47 0.63 0.43 0.94 0.94
C-50 0.96 0.63 0.81 0.53 0.74 0.48 0.96 0.86 1.00 0.66 0.85 0.56 0.78 0.51 1.00 0.90 1.04 0.68 0.89 0.59 0.82 0.53 1.04 0.94
D-50 1.20 0.77 0.99 0.63 0.89 0.56 1.20 0.99 1.24 0.80 1.04 0.66 0.94 0.59 1.24 1.04 1.29 0.83 1.09 0.70 0.99 0.63 1.29 1.09

A-75 0.59 0.47 0.54 0.43 0.51 0.40 0.62 0.49 0.56 0.45 0.54 0.42 0.64 0.51 0.59 0.47 0.56 0.45
B-75 0.81 0.59 0.71 0.52 0.66 0.48 0.84 0.61 0.74 0.54 0.69 0.51 0.87 0.63 0.77 0.57 0.73 0.53
C-75 1.05 0.73 0.90 0.62 0.83 0.57 1.09 0.76 0.94 0.65 0.87 0.60 1.13 0.78 0.99 0.69 0.92 0.63
D-75 1.28 0.86 1.08 0.72 0.98 0.65 1.33 0.89 1.13 0.76 1.03 0.69 1.38 0.93 1.19 0.79 1.09 0.72

A-100 0.69 0.57 0.66 0.55 0.66 0.55 0.72 0.59 0.70 0.57 0.70 0.57 0.75 0.61 0.73 0.60 0.73 0.60
B-100 0.90 0.69 0.80 0.61 0.75 0.58 0.94 0.71 0.84 0.64 0.79 0.60 0.97 0.74 0.88 0.67 0.82 0.63
C-100 1.14 0.82 0.99 0.72 0.92 0.66 1.19 0.85 1.04 0.75 0.96 0.70 1.23 0.89 1.09 0.78 1.01 0.73
D-100 1.37 0.95 1.17 0.81 1.07 0.74 1.42 0.99 1.22 0.85 1.12 0.78 1.48 1.02 1.28 0.89 1.18 0.82

A-125 0.88 0.74 0.88 0.74 0.88 0.74 0.92 0.78 0.92 0.78 0.92 0.78 0.96 0.81 0.96 0.81 0.96 0.81
B-125 1.00 0.78 0.90 0.72 0.90 0.72 1.04 0.81 0.95 0.75 0.95 0.75 1.07 0.84 0.99 0.78 0.99 0.78
C-125 1.23 0.92 1.08 0.81 1.01 0.75 1.28 0.95 1.13 0.85 1.06 0.79 1.33 0.99 1.19 0.89 1.11 0.83
D-125 1.46 1.04 1.26 0.90 1.16 0.83 1.52 1.08 1.32 0.95 1.22 0.88 1.57 1.12 1.38 0.99 1.28 0.92
 TABLE 1 Continued
Circumferential reinforcement, in.2/linear ft of pipe
Internal
Designated 72 78 84
Dia, in.
Type of
Reinforce- Circular Elliptical Circular Circular
ment
Wall
Thickness, 6 7 7 3⁄ 4 6 7 61⁄2 7 1⁄ 2 8 1 ⁄4 7 8 8 3⁄ 4
in.
Layers of
Reinforce- Inner Outer Inner Outer Inner Outer Single Single Inner Outer Inner Outer Inner Outer Inner Outer Inner Outer Inner Outer
ment

Class

A-25 0.48 0.33 0.43 0.29 0.40 0.27 0.48 0.46 0.52 0.35 0.47 0.32 0.44 0.30 0.57 0.38 0.52 0.35 0.49 0.33
B-25 0.73 0.47 0.63 0.40 0.58 0.36 0.73 0.63 0.79 0.50 0.69 0.44 0.63 0.40 0.84 0.54 0.74 0.47 0.69 0.43

9
C-25 1.05 0.65 0.88 0.54 0.80 0.48 1.05 0.88 1.12 0.69 0.96 0.58 0.87 0.53 1.18 0.73 1.02 0.63 0.94 0.57
D-25 1.34 0.81 1.10 0.66 0.99 0.58 1.34 1.10 1.43 0.87 1.20 0.72 1.09 0.64 1.49 0.91 1.30 0.78 1.19 0.70

A-50 0.60 0.44 0.54 0.40 0.51 0.38 0.98 0.98 0.65 0.48 0.59 0.44 0.56 0.41 0.70 0.51 0.64 0.47 0.61 0.45
C361 − 16

B-50 0.84 0.58 0.74 0.51 0.68 0.47 0.98 0.98 0.90 0.62 0.80 0.55 0.75 0.51 0.96 0.66 0.87 0.59 0.81 0.56
C-50 1.15 0.76 0.98 0.64 0.90 0.59 1.15 0.98 1.23 0.81 1.07 0.70 0.98 0.64 1.30 0.85 1.14 0.75 1.06 0.69
D-50 1.44 0.92 1.21 0.77 1.09 0.69 1.44 1.21 1.53 0.98 1.31 0.83 1.20 0.75 1.61 1.03 1.42 0.90 1.30 0.82

A-75 0.71 0.56 0.65 0.51 0.62 0.49 0.77 0.60 0.71 0.55 0.68 0.53 0.82 0.64 0.77 0.60 0.74 0.57
B-75 0.95 0.70 0.85 0.62 0.79 0.58 1.02 0.74 0.92 0.67 0.86 0.63 1.09 0.79 0.99 0.72 0.93 0.68
C-75 1.26 0.87 1.09 0.75 1.00 0.69 1.34 0.92 1.18 0.81 1.09 0.75 1.42 0.98 1.26 0.87 1.17 0.81
D-75 1.54 1.02 1.31 0.87 1.19 0.79 1.64 1.09 1.42 0.94 1.30 0.87 1.72 1.15 1.53 1.02 1.42 0.94

A-100 0.82 0.67 0.76 0.62 0.76 0.62 0.89 0.72 0.83 0.67 0.83 0.67 0.95 0.77 0.89 0.73 0.89 0.72
B-100 1.07 0.81 0.96 0.73 0.90 0.69 1.14 0.86 1.03 0.79 0.98 0.74 1.21 0.92 1.11 0.84 1.06 0.80
C-100 1.36 0.98 1.19 0.86 1.11 0.80 1.46 1.04 1.29 0.93 1.20 0.86 1.54 1.10 1.38 0.99 1.29 0.93
D-100 1.64 1.13 1.41 0.98 1.29 0.90 1.75 1.21 1.53 1.06 1.41 0.98 1.84 1.27 1.65 1.14 1.53 1.06

A-125 1.01 0.85 1.01 0.85 1.00 0.85 1.09 0.91 1.09 0.92 1.09 0.92 1.18 0.98 1.18 0.98 1.18 0.98
B-125 1.18 0.92 1.07 0.84 1.03 0.82 1.26 0.98 1.15 0.90 1.12 0.88 1.34 1.05 1.24 0.97 1.21 0.95
C-125 1.47 1.09 1.30 0.97 1.21 0.90 1.57 1.16 1.40 1.04 1.31 0.98 1.66 1.23 1.50 1.11 1.41 1.05
D-125 1.74 1.24 1.51 1.08 1.40 1.00 1.86 1.32 1.64 1.17 1.52 1.09 1.96 1.40 1.76 1.26 1.65 1.18
 TABLE 1 Continued
Circumferential reinforcement, in.2/linear ft of pipe
Internal
Designated 90 96 102 108 120 132 144
Dia, in.
Type of
Reinforce- Circular Circular Circular Circular Circular Circular Circular
ment
Wall
Thickness, 7 1⁄ 2 8 8 8 1⁄ 2 8 1⁄ 2 9 9 91 ⁄2 10 11 12
in.
Layers of
Reinforce- Inner Outer Inner Outer Inner Outer Inner Outer Inner Outer Inner Outer Inner Outer Inner Outer Inner Outer Inner Outer Inner Outer
ment

Class

A-25 0.62 0.41 0.59 0.39 0.67 0.45 0.64 0.43 0.72 0.48 0.69 0.46 0.77 0.51 0.75 0.49 0.89 0.58 1.01 0.66 1.14 0.74
B-25 0.90 0.57 0.85 0.54 0.96 0.61 0.91 0.58 1.02 0.65 0.97 0.62 1.08 0.69 1.04 0.66 1.22 0.77 1.36 0.86 1.52 0.96

10
C-25 1.25 0.77 1.16 0.72 1.31 0.81 1.23 0.76 1.39 0.86 1.31 0.81 1.46 0.90 1.38 0.85 1.62 1.00 1.78 1.10 1.96 1.21
D-25 1.59 0.97 1.50 0.91 1.69 1.03 1.61 0.97 1.79 1.09 1.69 1.02 1.88 1.15 1.77 1.07 S S S S S S

A-50 0.75 0.55 0.72 0.53 0.81 0.59 0.78 0.57 0.87 0.63 0.84 0.61 0.93 0.67 0.90 0.65 1.06 0.76 1.19 0.85 1.34 0.94
B-50 1.03 0.71 0.98 0.67 1.09 0.75 1.04 0.71 1.16 0.80 1.11 0.76 1.23 0.84 1.18 0.81 1.38 0.94 1.54 1.04 1.71 1.15
C361 − 16

C-50 1.37 0.90 1.29 0.85 1.44 0.95 1.36 0.90 1.52 1.00 1.45 0.95 1.60 1.05 1.53 1.00 1.77 1.16 1.95 1.28 2.14 1.40
D-50 1.71 1.10 1.62 1.03 1.82 1.16 1.73 1.10 1.93 1.23 1.82 1.16 2.02 1.29 1.91 1.22 S S S S S S

A-75 0.89 0.69 0.86 0.66 0.95 0.73 0.92 0.71 1.02 0.78 0.99 0.76 1.08 0.83 1.06 0.81 1.23 0.93 1.38 1.03 1.54 1.14
B-75 1.16 0.84 1.11 0.80 1.23 0.89 1.18 0.85 1.31 0.94 1.26 0.91 1.38 1.00 1.34 0.96 1.55 1.11 1.72 1.23 1.90 1.35
C-75 1.49 1.03 1.41 0.97 1.58 1.09 1.50 1.03 1.66 1.14 1.58 1.09 1.75 1.20 1.67 1.15 1.93 1.33 2.12 1.46 2.33 1.59
D-75 1.83 1.22 1.74 1.16 1.95 1.30 1.86 1.24 2.06 1.37 1.96 1.30 2.16 1.44 2.06 1.37 S S S S S S

A-100 1.02 0.82 0.99 0.80 1.09 0.88 1.06 0.85 1.17 0.93 1.14 0.91 1.24 0.99 1.21 0.96 1.40 1.10 1.56 1.22 1.74 1.35
B-100 1.29 0.97 1.24 0.94 1.37 1.03 1.32 1.00 1.45 1.09 1.40 1.06 1.54 1.15 1.49 1.12 1.71 1.28 1.90 1.41 2.09 1.55
C-100 1.62 1.16 1.54 1.10 1.71 1.22 1.63 1.17 1.80 1.29 1.72 1.24 1.90 1.36 1.82 1.30 2.09 1.49 2.30 1.64 2.51 1.79
D-100 1.96 1.35 1.86 1.29 2.08 1.43 1.99 1.37 2.20 1.52 2.09 1.45 2.30 1.59 2.20 1.52 S S S S S S

A-125 1.27 1.05 1.26 1.05 1.35 1.12 1.35 1.12 1.44 1.18 1.44 1.18 1.53 1.25 1.53 1.25 1.70 1.38 1.88 1.52 2.06 1.65
B-125 1.42 1.11 1.37 1.07 1.51 1.17 1.46 1.14 1.60 1.24 1.55 1.20 1.69 1.31 1.64 1.27 1.88 1.45 2.08 1.60 2.29 1.75
C-125 1.75 1.29 1.67 1.24 1.84 1.36 1.77 1.31 1.94 1.44 1.87 1.38 2.04 1.51 1.97 1.46 2.25 1.66 2.47 1.82 2.70 1.98
D-125 2.08 1.48 1.99 1.41 2.21 1.57 2.27 1.50 2.34 1.66 2.23 1.59 2.45 1.74 2.35 1.67 S S S S S S
 TABLE 2 Design Requirements for Reinforced Concrete Low-Head Pressure Pipe [12 Through 144 in. Diameter], Concrete Design Strength 5000 psi except as noted, Steel
Reinforcement Yield Strength 60 000 psi
NOTE 1—See Appendix for specific installation conditions and design criteria conditions required in conjunction with the use of Table 2.
NOTE 2—Designations, A, B, C, and D, for class of pipe, denote 5, 10, 15, and 20 ft of earth cover over top of pipe. Figures 25, Figures 50, Figures 75, etc. for class of pipe, denote hydrostatic
pressure heads in feet measured to centerline of pipe.
NOTE 3—An “s” in place of a steel area indicates the pipe class is a special design requiring stirrup reinforcement. Stirrups may be eliminated by changing wall thickness, main reinforcement,
concrete strength, or a combination thereof.
NOTE 4—The boldfaced value denotes 6000 psi concrete strength required.
Circumferential reinforcement, in.2/linear ft of pipe
Internal
Designated 12 15 18 21 24 27
Dia, in.
Type of
Reinforce- Circular Circular Circular Elliptical Circular Elliptical Circular Elliptical Circular Elliptical
ment
Wall
Thickness, 2 3 2 3 2 1⁄ 4 3 21 ⁄4 3 23⁄8 3 23⁄ 8 3 2 1⁄2 3 21⁄ 2 3 25⁄8 3 1⁄8 3 1⁄ 4 4 1⁄ 4 2 5 ⁄8 3 1⁄ 4
in.
Layers of
Reinforce- Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Inner Outer Inner Outer Single Single
ment

11
Class

A-25 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.08 0.07 0.12 0.12 0.10 0.09 0.14 0.14 0.12 0.11 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.09 0.06 0.07 0.05 0.17 0.17
B-25 0.07 0.05 0.10 0.08 0.12 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.16 0.13 0.16 0.14 0.19 0.17 0.19 0.17 0.23 0.20 0.14 0.09 0.11 0.07 0.23 0.17
C361 − 16

C-25 0.09 0.07 0.13 0.10 0.17 0.14 0.17 0.14 0.22 0.18 0.22 0.18 0.27 0.23 0.27 0.23 0.33 0.28 0.19 0.11 0.14 0.08 0.33 0.19
D-25 0.11 0.08 0.17 0.12 0.22 0.17 0.22 0.17 0.29 0.23 0.29 0.23 0.36 0.30 0.36 0.30 0.45 0.37 0.24 0.14 0.18 0.10 0.45 0.24

A-50 0.10 0.10 0.13 0.13 0.15 0.15 0.25 0.25 0.18 0.18 0.29 0.29 0.20 0.20 0.33 0.33 0.23 0.23 0.13 0.10 0.13 0.10 0.37 0.37
B-50 0.10 0.10 0.13 0.13 0.15 0.15 0.25 0.25 0.19 0.18 0.29 0.29 0.23 0.21 0.33 0.33 0.28 0.25 0.17 0.12 0.14 0.09 0.37 0.37
C-50 0.11 0.10 0.16 0.13 0.20 0.17 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.21 0.29 0.29 0.31 0.27 0.33 0.33 0.38 0.32 0.22 0.14 0.17 0.11 0.38 0.37
D-50 0.13 0.10 0.20 0.15 0.25 0.20 0.25 0.25 0.32 0.26 0.32 0.29 0.40 0.34 0.40 0.34 0.49 0.41 0.27 0.17 0.20 0.12 0.49 0.37

A-75 0.16 0.16 0.20 0.20 0.24 0.24 0.28 0.28 0.33 0.33 0.37 0.37 0.20 0.16 0.20 0.16
B-75 0.16 0.16 0.20 0.20 0.24 0.24 0.28 0.28 0.33 0.33 0.37 0.37 0.21 0.16 0.21 0.16
C-75 0.16 0.16 0.20 0.20 0.24 0.24 0.29 0.28 0.35 0.33 0.42 0.37 0.25 0.17 0.22 0.15
D-75 0.16 0.16 0.22 0.20 0.28 0.24 0.36 0.30 0.44 0.38 0.54 0.45 0.30 0.20 0.23 0.15

A-100 0.23 0.23 0.29 0.29 0.35 0.35 0.40 0.40 0.46 0.46 0.52 0.52 0.28 0.24 0.28 0.24
B-100 0.23 0.23 0.29 0.29 0.35 0.35 0.40 0.40 0.46 0.46 0.52 0.52 0.29 0.23 0.29 0.23
C-100 0.23 0.23 0.29 0.29 0.35 0.35 0.40 0.40 0.46 0.46 0.52 0.52 0.30 0.22 0.30 0.22
D-100 0.23 0.23 0.29 0.29 0.35 0.35 0.40 0.40 0.48 0.46 0.58 0.52 0.33 0.23 0.31 0.21

A-125 0.31 0.31 0.39 0.39 0.46 0.46 0.54 0.54 0.62 0.62 0.69 0.69 0.37 0.32 0.37 0.32
B-125 0.31 0.31 0.39 0.39 0.46 0.46 0.54 0.54 0.62 0.62 0.69 0.69 0.38 0.31 0.38 0.31
C-125 0.31 0.31 0.39 0.39 0.46 0.46 0.54 0.54 0.62 0.62 0.69 0.69 0.39 0.30 0.39 0.30
D-125 0.31 0.31 0.39 0.39 0.46 0.46 0.54 0.54 0.62 0.62 0.69 0.69 0.40 0.29 0.40 0.29
 TABLE 2 Continued
Circumferential reinforcement, in.2/linear ft of pipe
Internal
Designated 30 33
Dia, in.
Type of
Reinforce- Circular Elliptical Circular Elliptical
ment
Wall
Thickness, 2 3⁄ 4 3 1⁄8 3 1⁄ 4 3 1⁄ 2 4 3⁄ 4 2 3 ⁄4 3 1⁄ 2 2 7 ⁄8 3 1 ⁄8 3 1 ⁄4 3 3⁄ 4 4 3 ⁄4 2 7⁄ 8 3 3⁄ 4
in.
Layers of
Reinforce- Single Single Inner Outer Inner Outer Inner Outer Single Single Single Single Inner Outer Inner Outer Inner Outer Single Single
ment

Class

A-25 0.17 0.15 0.11 0.07 0.10 0.07 0.08 0.05 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.18 0.13 0.09 0.11 0.08 0.09 0.06 0.21 0.21
B-25 0.28 0.25 0.17 0.11 0.15 0.10 0.12 0.07 0.28 0.19 0.32 0.30 0.20 0.13 0.17 0.11 0.14 0.08 0.32 0.21

12
C-25 0.40 0.35 0.23 0.14 0.21 0.13 0.15 0.09 0.40 0.21 0.47 0.43 0.27 0.17 0.23 0.14 0.18 0.11 0.47 0.23
D-25 0.55 0.46 0.29 0.17 0.26 0.15 0.19 0.10 0.55 0.26 0.61 0.58 0.35 0.21 0.29 0.17 0.23 0.13 0.61 0.29

A-50 0.26 0.26 0.14 0.11 0.14 0.11 0.14 0.11 0.41 0.41 0.28 0.28 0.16 0.12 0.16 0.12 0.16 0.12 0.45 0.45
C361 − 16

B-50 0.32 0.30 0.20 0.14 0.19 0.13 0.15 0.10 0.41 0.41 0.38 0.35 0.24 0.16 0.21 0.14 0.17 0.12 0.45 0.45
C-50 0.45 0.40 0.26 0.17 0.24 0.16 0.18 0.12 0.45 0.41 0.52 0.48 0.31 0.20 0.27 0.17 0.21 0.14 0.52 0.45
D-50 0.60 0.51 0.32 0.21 0.30 0.19 0.22 0.13 0.60 0.41 0.66 0.64 0.39 0.25 0.33 0.21 0.26 0.16 0.66 0.45

A-75 0.41 0.41 0.22 0.18 0.22 0.18 0.22 0.18 0.45 0.45 0.25 0.20 0.25 0.20 0.25 0.20
B-75 0.41 0.41 0.24 0.18 0.23 0.17 0.23 0.17 0.45 0.45 0.27 0.20 0.26 0.19 0.26 0.19
C-75 0.50 0.45 0.29 0.21 0.27 0.19 0.24 0.17 0.58 0.53 0.35 0.24 0.30 0.21 0.26 0.18
D-75 0.65 0.56 0.36 0.24 0.33 0.22 0.25 0.16 0.72 0.69 0.42 0.28 0.36 0.24 0.29 0.19

A-100 0.58 0.58 0.31 0.26 0.31 0.26 0.31 0.27 0.64 0.64 0.34 0.29 0.34 0.29 0.34 0.29
B-100 0.58 0.58 0.32 0.25 0.32 0.25 0.32 0.25 0.64 0.64 0.36 0.28 0.36 0.28 0.36 0.28
C-100 0.58 0.58 0.33 0.24 0.33 0.24 0.33 0.24 0.64 0.64 0.38 0.28 0.37 0.27 0.37 0.27
D-100 0.70 0.61 0.39 0.27 0.36 0.25 0.34 0.24 0.77 0.74 0.46 0.32 0.40 0.28 0.37 0.26

A-125 0.77 0.77 0.41 0.36 0.41 0.36 0.41 0.36 0.85 0.85 0.46 0.39 0.45 0.39 0.45 0.40
B-125 0.77 0.77 0.43 0.34 0.43 0.34 0.43 0.35 0.85 0.85 0.47 0.38 0.47 0.38 0.47 0.38
C-125 0.77 0.77 0.44 0.33 0.44 0.33 0.44 0.33 0.85 0.85 0.48 0.37 0.48 0.37 0.48 0.37
D-125 0.80 0.77 0.45 0.32 0.45 0.33 0.45 0.32 0.85 0.85 0.49 0.36 0.49 0.36 0.49 0.36
 TABLE 2 Continued
Circumferential reinforcement, in.2/linear ft of pipe
Internal
Designated 36 39 42
Dia, in.
Type of
Reinforce- Circular Elliptical Circular Elliptical Circular Elliptical
ment
Wall
Thickness, 3 1 ⁄8 3 1⁄ 4 4 5 31 ⁄ 8 4 3 1⁄ 2 4 1⁄ 4 5 1⁄ 4 3 1⁄ 2 4 1⁄ 4 3 3⁄ 4 4 1 ⁄2 51⁄2 3 3 ⁄4 4 1⁄ 2
in.
Layers of
Reinforce- Single Inner Outer Inner Outer Inner Outer Single Single Inner Outer Inner Outer Inner Outer Single Single Inner Outer Inner Outer Inner Outer Single Single
ment

Class

A-25 0.21 0.14 0.10 0.12 0.08 0.10 0.07 0.23 0.23 0.15 0.11 0.13 0.09 0.11 0.08 0.25 0.25 0.16 0.11 0.14 0.10 0.12 0.08 0.27 0.27
B-25 0.36 0.23 0.15 0.19 0.12 0.15 0.09 0.36 0.23 0.25 0.16 0.20 0.13 0.17 0.10 0.25 0.25 0.27 0.17 0.22 0.14 0.19 0.12 0.27 0.27

13
C-25 0.52 0.32 0.20 0.25 0.15 0.20 0.12 0.52 0.25 0.34 0.21 0.27 0.17 0.22 0.13 0.34 0.27 0.37 0.23 0.30 0.18 0.25 0.14 0.37 0.30
D-25 0.68 0.42 0.25 0.32 0.19 0.25 0.14 0.68 0.32 0.45 0.27 0.35 0.21 0.28 0.16 0.45 0.35 0.47 0.29 0.38 0.22 0.31 0.17 0.47 0.38

A-50 0.31 0.19 0.14 0.17 0.13 0.17 0.13 0.49 0.49 0.20 0.15 0.19 0.14 0.19 0.14 0.53 0.53 0.21 0.16 0.20 0.15 0.20 0.15 0.57 0.57
C361 − 16

B-50 0.42 0.27 0.19 0.23 0.16 0.19 0.13 0.49 0.49 0.29 0.20 0.25 0.17 0.21 0.14 0.53 0.53 0.31 0.22 0.27 0.18 0.23 0.16 0.57 0.57
C-50 0.58 0.36 0.24 0.29 0.19 0.24 0.15 0.58 0.49 0.39 0.26 0.31 0.21 0.26 0.17 0.53 0.53 0.41 0.27 0.34 0.22 0.29 0.19 0.57 0.57
D-50 0.73 0.46 0.29 0.36 0.23 0.29 0.18 0.73 0.49 0.49 0.31 0.39 0.25 0.32 0.20 0.53 0.53 0.51 0.33 0.42 0.27 0.35 0.22 0.57 0.57

A-75 0.49 0.27 0.22 0.27 0.22 0.27 0.22 0.29 0.24 0.29 0.24 0.29 0.24 0.32 0.25 0.31 0.25 0.31 0.25
B-75 0.49 0.32 0.23 0.28 0.21 0.28 0.21 0.34 0.25 0.30 0.22 0.30 0.22 0.36 0.26 0.33 0.24 0.33 0.24
C-75 0.64 0.40 0.28 0.33 0.23 0.29 0.20 0.43 0.30 0.35 0.25 0.31 0.22 0.45 0.32 0.38 0.27 0.34 0.23
D-75 0.79 0.50 0.33 0.39 0.26 0.32 0.21 0.53 0.35 0.43 0.29 0.35 0.24 0.56 0.37 0.46 0.31 0.39 0.26

A-100 0.69 0.38 0.32 0.38 0.32 0.38 0.32 0.41 0.34 0.41 0.34 0.41 0.34 0.44 0.37 0.44 0.37 0.44 0.37
B-100 0.69 0.39 0.30 0.39 0.30 0.39 0.30 0.42 0.33 0.42 0.33 0.42 0.33 0.46 0.35 0.46 0.35 0.46 0.35
C-100 0.70 0.44 0.32 0.40 0.29 0.40 0.29 0.47 0.34 0.43 0.32 0.43 0.32 0.50 0.36 0.47 0.34 0.47 0.34
D-100 0.85 0.53 0.37 0.43 0.30 0.41 0.28 0.57 0.39 0.47 0.33 0.44 0.31 0.60 0.42 0.50 0.35 0.48 0.33

A-125 0.93 0.50 0.43 0.50 0.43 0.50 0.43 0.54 0.46 0.54 0.47 0.54 0.47 0.58 0.50 0.58 0.50 0.58 0.50
B-125 0.93 0.52 0.41 0.51 0.41 0.51 0.41 0.56 0.44 0.56 0.45 0.56 0.45 0.60 0.48 0.60 0.48 0.60 0.48
C-125 0.93 0.53 0.40 0.53 0.40 0.53 0.40 0.57 0.43 0.57 0.43 0.57 0.43 0.62 0.46 0.62 0.47 0.61 0.47
D-125 0.93 0.57 0.41 0.54 0.39 0.54 0.39 0.61 0.44 0.58 0.42 0.58 0.42 0.64 0.46 0.63 0.45 0.63 0.45
 TABLE 2 Continued
Circumferential reinforcement, in.2/linear ft of pipe
Internal
Designated 45 48 51
Dia, in.
Type of
Reinforce- Circular Elliptical Circular Elliptical Circular Elliptical
ment
Wall
Thickness, 3 7⁄ 8 4 3⁄ 4 5 3 ⁄4 3 7 ⁄8 4 3⁄ 4 4 1⁄ 8 5 5 3⁄ 4 4 1⁄ 8 5 4 1⁄ 4 5 1⁄ 4 6 4 1 ⁄4 5 1⁄ 4
in.
Layers of
Reinforce- Inner Outer Inner Outer Inner Outer Single Single Inner Outer Inner Outer Inner Outer Single Single Inner Outer Inner Outer Inner Outer Single Single
ment

Class

A-25 0.18 0.12 0.15 0.10 0.13 0.09 0.29 0.29 0.19 0.13 0.17 0.11 0.15 0.10 0.31 0.31 0.21 0.14 0.18 0.12 0.16 0.11 0.33 0.33
B-25 0.29 0.19 0.24 0.15 0.20 0.13 0.29 0.29 0.32 0.20 0.26 0.17 0.23 0.14 0.32 0.31 0.35 0.22 0.28 0.18 0.25 0.15 0.35 0.33

14
C-25 0.40 0.25 0.32 0.20 0.27 0.16 0.40 0.32 0.44 0.27 0.35 0.21 0.31 0.18 0.44 0.35 0.47 0.30 0.37 0.23 0.33 0.20 0.47 0.37
D-25 0.52 0.32 0.41 0.24 0.33 0.19 0.52 0.41 0.56 0.34 0.44 0.26 0.38 0.22 0.56 0.44 0.61 0.37 0.47 0.28 0.41 0.24 0.61 0.47

A-50 0.23 0.17 0.22 0.17 0.22 0.17 0.61 0.61 0.25 0.19 0.23 0.18 0.23 0.18 0.65 0.65 0.27 0.20 0.25 0.19 0.25 0.19 0.70 0.70
C361 − 16

B-50 0.34 0.24 0.29 0.20 0.25 0.17 0.61 0.61 0.37 0.26 0.31 0.21 0.28 0.19 0.65 0.65 0.40 0.28 0.33 0.23 0.30 0.21 0.70 0.70
C-50 0.45 0.30 0.37 0.24 0.31 0.20 0.61 0.61 0.48 0.32 0.40 0.26 0.35 0.23 0.65 0.65 0.52 0.35 0.42 0.28 0.38 0.25 0.70 0.70
D-50 0.56 0.36 0.45 0.29 0.38 0.23 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.39 0.49 0.31 0.43 0.27 0.65 0.65 0.66 0.42 0.52 0.33 0.46 0.29 0.70 0.70

A-75 0.34 0.27 0.34 0.27 0.34 0.27 0.36 0.29 0.36 0.29 0.36 0.29 0.38 0.31 0.38 0.31 0.38 0.31
B-75 0.39 0.28 0.35 0.26 0.35 0.26 0.42 0.31 0.38 0.28 0.38 0.28 0.45 0.33 0.40 0.29 0.40 0.29
C-75 0.49 0.34 0.41 0.29 0.36 0.25 0.53 0.37 0.45 0.31 0.40 0.28 0.58 0.40 0.47 0.33 0.43 0.30
D-75 0.61 0.41 0.49 0.33 0.42 0.28 0.66 0.44 0.54 0.36 0.47 0.32 0.71 0.48 0.57 0.38 0.51 0.34

A-100 0.47 0.39 0.47 0.39 0.47 0.40 0.50 0.42 0.50 0.42 0.50 0.42 0.54 0.44 0.54 0.45 0.53 0.45
B-100 0.49 0.38 0.49 0.38 0.49 0.38 0.52 0.40 0.52 0.40 0.52 0.40 0.56 0.42 0.56 0.43 0.55 0.43
C-100 0.54 0.39 0.50 0.37 0.50 0.37 0.58 0.42 0.53 0.39 0.53 0.39 0.63 0.45 0.57 0.41 0.57 0.41
D-100 0.65 0.45 0.54 0.38 0.51 0.36 0.70 0.49 0.58 0.41 0.54 0.38 0.76 0.53 0.62 0.43 0.58 0.40

A-125 0.62 0.53 0.62 0.54 0.62 0.54 0.67 0.57 0.66 0.57 0.66 0.57 0.71 0.60 0.71 0.61 0.71 0.61
B-125 0.65 0.51 0.64 0.51 0.64 0.51 0.69 0.54 0.69 0.55 0.69 0.55 0.73 0.58 0.73 0.58 0.73 0.58
C-125 0.66 0.50 0.66 0.50 0.66 0.50 0.71 0.53 0.70 0.53 0.70 0.53 0.75 0.56 0.75 0.56 0.75 0.56
D-125 0.70 0.50 0.67 0.49 0.67 0.49 0.75 0.54 0.72 0.52 0.72 0.52 0.81 0.58 0.76 0.55 0.76 0.55
 TABLE 2 Continued
Circumferential reinforcement, in.2/linear ft of pipe
Internal
Designated 54 57 60
Dia, in.
Type of
Reinforce- Circular Elliptical Circular Elliptical Circular Elliptical
ment
Wall
Thickness, 4 1⁄ 2 5 1⁄ 2 6 1 ⁄4 4 1 ⁄2 5 1⁄ 2 4 3⁄ 4 5 3⁄4 6 1⁄ 2 4 3⁄ 4 5 3⁄ 4 5 6 63 ⁄ 4 5 6
in.
Layers of
Reinforce- Inner Outer Inner Outer Inner Outer Single Single Inner Outer Inner Outer Inner Outer Single Single Inner Outer Inner Outer Inner Outer Single Single
ment

Class

A-25 0.22 0.15 0.19 0.13 0.18 0.12 0.35 0.35 0.23 0.16 0.20 0.14 0.19 0.13 0.37 0.37 0.25 0.17 0.22 0.15 0.20 0.13 0.39 0.39
B-25 0.36 0.23 0.30 0.19 0.26 0.17 0.36 0.35 0.37 0.24 0.31 0.20 0.28 0.18 0.37 0.37 0.39 0.25 0.33 0.21 0.30 0.19 0.39 0.39

15
C-25 0.50 0.31 0.40 0.24 0.35 0.21 0.50 0.40 0.52 0.32 0.42 0.26 0.38 0.23 0.52 0.42 0.54 0.34 0.45 0.27 0.40 0.24 0.54 0.45
D-25 0.64 0.39 0.50 0.30 0.44 0.26 0.64 0.50 0.67 0.41 0.53 0.32 0.47 0.28 0.67 0.53 0.70 0.43 0.56 0.34 0.50 0.29 0.70 0.56

A-50 0.28 0.21 0.26 0.20 0.26 0.20 0.74 0.74 0.29 0.22 0.28 0.21 0.28 0.21 0.78 0.78 0.31 0.23 0.29 0.22 0.29 0.22 0.82 0.82
C361 − 16

B-50 0.42 0.29 0.35 0.24 0.32 0.22 0.74 0.74 0.43 0.30 0.37 0.25 0.34 0.23 0.78 0.78 0.45 0.31 0.39 0.27 0.35 0.24 0.82 0.82
C-50 0.55 0.36 0.45 0.30 0.40 0.26 0.74 0.74 0.57 0.38 0.48 0.31 0.43 0.28 0.78 0.78 0.60 0.40 0.50 0.33 0.46 0.30 0.82 0.82
D-50 0.69 0.44 0.55 0.35 0.49 0.31 0.74 0.74 0.72 0.46 0.59 0.37 0.52 0.33 0.78 0.78 0.75 0.48 0.62 0.39 0.55 0.35 0.82 0.82

A-75 0.41 0.32 0.41 0.33 0.41 0.33 0.43 0.34 0.43 0.34 0.43 0.34 0.45 0.36 0.45 0.36 0.45 0.36
B-75 0.47 0.34 0.42 0.31 0.42 0.31 0.49 0.36 0.45 0.33 0.45 0.33 0.51 0.37 0.47 0.34 0.47 0.34
C-75 0.60 0.42 0.50 0.35 0.46 0.32 0.63 0.44 0.53 0.37 0.48 0.34 0.66 0.46 0.56 0.39 0.51 0.36
D-75 0.74 0.50 0.60 0.40 0.54 0.36 0.77 0.52 0.64 0.43 0.58 0.38 0.81 0.54 0.67 0.45 0.61 0.41

A-100 0.57 0.47 0.57 0.47 0.57 0.47 0.60 0.50 0.60 0.50 0.60 0.50 0.63 0.52 0.63 0.52 0.63 0.52
B-100 0.59 0.45 0.59 0.45 0.59 0.45 0.62 0.47 0.62 0.48 0.62 0.48 0.66 0.50 0.65 0.50 0.65 0.50
C-100 0.66 0.47 0.60 0.44 0.60 0.44 0.69 0.49 0.64 0.46 0.64 0.46 0.72 0.52 0.67 0.48 0.67 0.49
D-100 0.79 0.55 0.66 0.46 0.61 0.43 0.83 0.57 0.69 0.48 0.65 0.45 0.86 0.60 0.73 0.51 0.68 0.47

A-125 0.75 0.64 0.75 0.64 0.75 0.64 0.79 0.67 0.79 0.68 0.79 0.68 0.84 0.71 0.83 0.71 0.83 0.71
B-125 0.78 0.61 0.77 0.61 0.77 0.62 0.82 0.65 0.82 0.65 0.82 0.65 0.86 0.68 0.86 0.68 0.86 0.68
C-125 0.80 0.59 0.79 0.60 0.79 0.60 0.84 0.63 0.84 0.63 0.84 0.63 0.88 0.66 0.88 0.66 0.88 0.66
D-125 0.84 0.60 0.81 0.58 0.81 0.58 0.88 0.63 0.85 0.61 0.85 0.61 0.92 0.66 0.90 0.65 0.90 0.65
 TABLE 2 Continued
Circumferential reinforcement, in.2/linear ft of pipe
Internal
Designated 63 66 69
Dia, in.
Type of
Reinforce- Circular Elliptical Circular Elliptical Circular Elliptical
ment
Wall
Thickness, 5 1⁄ 4 6 1⁄ 4 7 5 1 ⁄4 6 1⁄ 4 5 1⁄ 2 6 1⁄2 7 1⁄ 4 5 1⁄ 2 6 1⁄ 2 5 3⁄ 4 6 3⁄ 4 7 1⁄ 2 5 3 ⁄4 6 3⁄ 4
in.
Layers of
Reinforce- Inner Outer Inner Outer Inner Outer Single Single Inner Outer Inner Outer Inner Outer Single Single Inner Outer Inner Outer Inner Outer Single Single
ment

Class

A-25 0.26 0.18 0.23 0.16 0.22 0.14 0.41 0.41 0.28 0.19 0.25 0.17 0.23 0.15 0.43 0.43 0.29 0.20 0.26 0.17 0.24 0.16 0.44 0.44
B-25 0.41 0.26 0.35 0.22 0.32 0.20 0.41 0.41 0.43 0.27 0.37 0.23 0.33 0.21 0.43 0.43 0.44 0.29 0.38 0.24 0.35 0.22 0.44 0.44

16
C-25 0.58 0.36 0.48 0.29 0.43 0.26 0.58 0.48 0.60 0.37 0.51 0.31 0.46 0.28 0.60 0.51 0.63 0.39 0.53 0.33 0.48 0.29 0.63 0.53
D-25 0.74 0.45 0.60 0.36 0.54 0.32 0.74 0.60 0.77 0.47 0.63 0.38 0.57 0.33 0.77 0.63 0.80 0.49 0.67 0.40 0.60 0.35 0.80 0.67

A-50 0.33 0.24 0.31 0.23 0.31 0.23 0.86 0.86 0.34 0.26 0.32 0.24 0.32 0.24 0.90 0.90 0.36 0.27 0.34 0.25 0.34 0.25 0.94 0.94
C361 − 16

B-50 0.47 0.33 0.41 0.28 0.38 0.26 0.86 0.86 0.49 0.34 0.43 0.30 0.40 0.27 0.90 0.90 0.51 0.35 0.45 0.31 0.42 0.29 0.94 0.94
C-50 0.64 0.42 0.54 0.35 0.49 0.32 0.86 0.86 0.66 0.44 0.57 0.37 0.52 0.34 0.90 0.90 0.69 0.46 0.60 0.39 0.55 0.36 0.94 0.94
D-50 0.80 0.51 0.66 0.42 0.59 0.38 0.86 0.86 0.83 0.53 0.69 0.44 0.63 0.40 0.90 0.90 0.86 0.55 0.73 0.46 0.66 0.42 0.94 0.94

A-75 0.48 0.38 0.48 0.38 0.48 0.38 0.50 0.39 0.50 0.40 0.50 0.40 0.52 0.41 0.52 0.41 0.52 0.41
B-75 0.54 0.39 0.49 0.36 0.49 0.36 0.56 0.41 0.52 0.38 0.52 0.38 0.58 0.42 0.54 0.40 0.54 0.40
C-75 0.70 0.48 0.60 0.42 0.55 0.38 0.73 0.50 0.63 0.44 0.58 0.40 0.76 0.52 0.66 0.46 0.61 0.42
D-75 0.86 0.57 0.72 0.48 0.65 0.43 0.89 0.59 0.76 0.50 0.69 0.46 0.92 0.62 0.79 0.53 0.72 0.48

A-100 0.67 0.55 0.66 0.55 0.66 0.55 0.70 0.57 0.70 0.57 0.70 0.57 0.73 0.60 0.73 0.60 0.73 0.60
B-100 0.69 0.52 0.69 0.53 0.69 0.53 0.72 0.55 0.72 0.55 0.72 0.55 0.75 0.57 0.75 0.58 0.75 0.58
C-100 0.76 0.55 0.70 0.51 0.70 0.51 0.79 0.57 0.74 0.53 0.74 0.53 0.82 0.59 0.77 0.56 0.77 0.56
D-100 0.91 0.63 0.78 0.54 0.72 0.50 0.95 0.66 0.82 0.57 0.75 0.52 0.99 0.68 0.85 0.59 0.79 0.55

A-125 0.88 0.74 0.88 0.74 0.88 0.74 0.92 0.78 0.92 0.78 0.92 0.78 0.96 0.81 0.96 0.81 0.96 0.81
B-125 0.91 0.71 0.90 0.72 0.90 0.72 0.95 0.75 0.95 0.75 0.95 0.75 0.99 0.78 0.99 0.78 0.99 0.78
C-125 0.93 0.69 0.93 0.69 0.93 0.69 0.97 0.72 0.97 0.73 0.97 0.73 1.02 0.76 1.02 0.76 1.02 0.76
D-125 0.97 0.70 0.94 0.68 0.94 0.68 1.01 0.72 0.99 0.71 0.99 0.71 1.05 0.75 1.03 0.74 1.03 0.74
 TABLE 2 Continued
Circumferential reinforcement, in.2/linear ft of pipe
Internal
Designated 72 78 84
Dia, in.
Type of
Reinforce- Circular Elliptical Circular Circular
ment
Wall
Thickness, 6 7 7 3⁄ 4 6 7 61⁄2 7 1⁄ 2 8 1 ⁄4 7 8 8 3⁄ 4
in.
Layers of
Reinforce- Inner Outer Inner Outer Inner Outer Single Single Inner Outer Inner Outer Inner Outer Inner Outer Inner Outer Inner Outer
ment

Class

A-25 0.32 0.22 0.29 0.19 0.27 0.18 0.46 0.46 0.35 0.24 0.32 0.21 0.30 0.20 0.38 0.26 0.35 0.23 0.33 0.22
B-25 0.49 0.31 0.42 0.27 0.39 0.24 0.49 0.46 0.52 0.34 0.46 0.29 0.42 0.27 0.56 0.36 0.50 0.31 0.46 0.29

17
C-25 0.70 0.43 0.59 0.36 0.53 0.32 0.70 0.59 0.75 0.46 0.64 0.39 0.58 0.35 0.79 0.49 0.68 0.42 0.63 0.38
D-25 0.89 0.54 0.74 0.44 0.66 0.39 0.89 0.74 0.95 0.58 0.80 0.48 0.73 0.43 0.99 0.61 0.87 0.52 0.79 0.47

A-50 0.40 0.29 0.36 0.27 0.35 0.26 0.98 0.98 0.43 0.32 0.39 0.29 0.38 0.28 0.46 0.34 0.43 0.31 0.41 0.30
C361 − 16

B-50 0.56 0.39 0.49 0.34 0.46 0.31 0.98 0.98 0.60 0.41 0.53 0.37 0.50 0.34 0.64 0.44 0.58 0.40 0.54 0.37
C-50 0.77 0.50 0.66 0.43 0.60 0.39 0.98 0.98 0.82 0.54 0.71 0.47 0.65 0.43 0.87 0.57 0.76 0.50 0.70 0.46
D-50 0.96 0.61 0.80 0.51 0.73 0.46 0.98 0.98 1.02 0.65 0.87 0.56 0.80 0.50 1.07 0.69 0.95 0.60 0.87 0.55

A-75 0.55 0.43 0.55 0.43 0.55 0.43 0.59 0.46 0.59 0.46 0.59 0.46 0.64 0.50 0.64 0.50 0.64 0.50
B-75 0.64 0.46 0.57 0.41 0.56 0.41 0.68 0.49 0.61 0.45 0.61 0.45 0.72 0.53 0.66 0.48 0.66 0.48
C-75 0.84 0.58 0.73 0.50 0.67 0.46 0.89 0.62 0.79 0.54 0.73 0.50 0.94 0.65 0.84 0.58 0.78 0.54
D-75 1.02 0.68 0.87 0.58 0.79 0.53 1.23 0.73 0.95 0.63 0.87 0.58 1.15 0.77 1.02 0.68 0.94 0.63

A-100 0.76 0.62 0.76 0.62 0.76 0.62 0.83 0.67 0.83 0.67 0.83 0.67 0.89 0.72 0.89 0.72 0.89 0.72
B-100 0.79 0.60 0.79 0.60 0.79 0.60 0.85 0.65 0.85 0.65 0.85 0.65 0.92 0.70 0.92 0.70 0.92 0.70
C-100 0.91 0.65 0.81 0.58 0.81 0.58 0.97 0.69 0.87 0.63 0.87 0.63 1.02 0.73 0.94 0.68 0.94 0.68
D-100 1.20 0.75 0.94 0.65 0.86 0.60 1.46 0.80 1.02 0.70 0.94 0.65 1.24 0.85 1.10 0.76 1.02 0.71

A-125 1.01 0.85 1.01 0.85 1.00 0.85 1.09 0.91 1.09 0.92 1.09 0.92 1.18 0.98 1.18 0.98 1.18 0.98
B-125 1.04 0.81 1.04 0.82 1.03 0.82 1.13 0.88 1.12 0.88 1.12 0.88 1.21 0.95 1.21 0.95 1.21 0.95
C-125 1.07 0.78 1.06 0.79 1.06 0.79 1.16 0.84 1.15 0.86 1.15 0.86 1.26 0.90 1.24 0.92 1.24 0.92
D-125 1.40 0.83 1.08 0.77 1.08 0.77 1.70 0.88 1.17 0.84 1.17 0.84 1.36 0.93 1.27 0.89 1.26 0.90
 TABLE 2 Continued
Circumferential reinforcement, in.2/linear ft of pipe
Internal
Designated 90 96 102 108 120 132 144
Dia, in.
Type of
Reinforce- Circular Circular Circular Circular Circular Circular Circular
ment
Wall
Thickness, 7 1⁄ 2 8 8 8 1⁄ 2 8 1⁄ 2 9 9 91 ⁄2 10 11 12
in.
Layers of
Reinforce- Inner Outer Inner Outer Inner Outer Inner Outer Inner Outer Inner Outer Inner Outer Inner Outer Inner Outer Inner Outer Inner Outer
ment

Class

A-25 0.41 0.28 0.39 0.26 0.44 0.30 0.43 0.28 0.48 0.32 0.46 0.31 0.52 0.34 0.50 0.33 0.59 0.39 0.67 0.44 0.76 0.50
B-25 0.60 0.38 0.56 0.36 0.64 0.41 0.60 0.38 0.68 0.43 0.65 0.41 0.72 0.46 0.69 0.44 0.81 0.52 0.91 0.58 1.01 0.64

18
C-25 0.83 0.51 0.78 0.48 0.88 0.54 0.82 0.51 0.92 0.57 0.87 0.54 0.97 0.60 0.92 0.57 1.08 0.67 1.19 0.74 1.31 0.81
D-25 1.06 0.65 1.00 0.61 1.13 0.69 1.07 0.65 1.20 0.73 1.12 0.68 1.25 0.76 1.18 0.72 S S S S S S

A-50 0.50 0.37 0.48 0.35 0.54 0.39 0.52 0.38 0.58 0.42 0.56 0.40 0.62 0.45 0.60 0.43 0.70 0.50 0.80 0.56 0.89 0.63
B-50 0.68 0.47 0.65 0.45 0.73 0.50 0.70 0.48 0.77 0.53 0.74 0.51 0.82 0.56 0.79 0.54 0.92 0.63 1.03 0.70 1.14 0.77
C361 − 16

C-50 0.91 0.60 0.86 0.56 0.96 0.63 0.91 0.60 1.01 0.67 0.96 0.63 1.07 0.70 1.02 0.67 1.18 0.78 1.30 0.85 1.43 0.93
D-50 1.14 0.73 1.10 0.69 1.21 0.78 1.32 0.74 1.28 0.82 1.21 0.77 1.35 0.86 1.28 0.81 S S S S S S

A-75 0.69 0.53 0.69 0.53 0.74 0.57 0.74 0.57 0.78 0.60 0.78 0.60 0.83 0.63 0.83 0.63 0.93 0.70 1.02 0.77 1.12 0.83
B-75 0.77 0.56 0.74 0.53 0.82 0.59 0.79 0.57 0.87 0.63 0.84 0.61 0.92 0.66 0.89 0.64 1.03 0.74 1.15 0.82 1.27 0.90
C-75 1.00 0.69 0.94 0.65 1.05 0.72 1.00 0.69 1.11 0.76 1.06 0.73 1.17 0.80 1.12 0.77 1.29 0.89 1.42 0.97 1.57 1.06
D-75 1.22 0.82 1.37 0.77 1.30 0.87 1.64 0.82 1.43 0.92 1.31 0.87 1.54 0.96 1.37 0.91 S S S S S S

A-100 0.96 0.77 0.96 0.77 1.03 0.82 1.03 0.82 1.09 0.87 1.09 0.87 1.16 0.92 1.16 0.92 1.29 1.02 1.43 1.11 1.56 1.21
B-100 0.99 0.75 0.99 0.75 1.05 0.79 1.05 0.79 1.12 0.84 1.12 0.84 1.19 0.89 1.19 0.89 1.32 0.99 1.46 1.08 1.60 1.17
C-100 1.08 0.77 1.03 0.74 1.15 0.82 1.09 0.78 1.22 0.86 1.15 0.82 1.30 0.90 1.21 0.87 1.45 1.00 1.61 1.09 1.78 1.19
D-100 1.33 0.90 1.63 0.86 1.47 0.96 1.95 0.91 1.70 1.01 1.41 0.96 1.84 1.06 1.50 1.01 S S S S S S

A-125 1.27 1.05 1.26 1.05 1.35 1.12 1.35 1.12 1.44 1.18 1.44 1.18 1.53 1.25 1.53 1.25 1.70 1.38 1.88 1.52 2.07 1.64
B-125 1.30 1.01 1.30 1.02 1.39 1.08 1.39 1.08 1.48 1.15 1.48 1.15 1.57 1.20 1.56 1.21 1.77 1.32 1.96 1.43 2.16 1.54
C-125 1.35 0.96 1.34 0.98 1.45 1.02 1.43 1.04 1.55 1.08 1.53 1.09 1.64 1.13 1.63 1.15 1.84 1.25 2.03 1.36 2.23 1.48
D-125 1.46 0.99 1.90 0.94 1.70 1.05 2.27 1.00 1.97 1.11 1.61 1.06 2.13 1.16 1.74 1.12 S S S S S S
 C361 − 16
6.9 Rubber Gaskets: 7.3 Laying Lengths—The maximum laying lengths of pipe
6.9.1 Composition and Properties—All rubber gaskets shall units that will be acceptable are as follows and are subject to
comply with Specification C1619 in terms of material and the provisions of 11.4:
manufacture. The gaskets shall be of a solid circular cross Internal Diameter of Pipe, in. Maximum Laying Length of Pipe, ft
section and shall be extruded or molded to the specified size 12 to 15 12
18 14
within a diametrical tolerance of 61⁄64 in. or 61.5 % of the 21 to 24 16
diameter, whichever is larger. 27 to 30 18
33 to 36 20
6.9.1.1 Standard Gasket Requirements—All rubber gaskets 39 and larger 24
shall meet the dimensions, tolerances, and physical require-
ments of Specification C1619, Class A. 7.4 Placement of Reinforcement—The circumferential rein-
6.9.1.2 Oil Resistant Gasket Requirements—All rubber gas- forcement shall be a single-cage circular, double-cage circular,
kets shall meet the dimensions, tolerances, and physical or elliptical cage as shown in Table 1. Elliptical reinforcement
requirements of Specification C1619, Class B. will be permitted for 25 and 50-ft head classes only and only
in pipe 18 to 72 in. in diameter, inclusive. All pipe with a wall
6.9.1.3 Durometer Hardness—The shore durometer hard-
thickness of less than 31⁄4 in. shall be reinforced with either a
ness shall be in the range of from 35 to 50 for concrete spigots
circular cage or a single elliptical cage of steel as provided in
and 35 to 65 for steel spigots where the range includes the
Table 1. All pipe with wall thickness of 31⁄4 in. and greater shall
allowable variation 65 from the manufacturer’s specified
be reinforced with either two separate cages or a single
hardness provided the actual hardness is within the limits of 35
elliptical cage of steel as provided in Table 1, except that for
to 65.
pipe sizes 36 in. and less with wall thicknesses equal to or
6.10 Gasket Lubricants: greater than 31⁄4 in., a single circular cage is not prohibited if
6.10.1 Where the joint design utilizing a rubber gasket the steel area is equal to or greater than the least area shown for
dictates the use of a lubricant to facilitate assembly, the a single circular cage for that particular class of pipe. The areas
lubricant composition shall have no detrimental effect on the of circumferential reinforcement shown in Table 1 are the
performance of the gasket and joint due to prolonged exposure. design requirements for each of the wall thicknesses shown in
6.10.2 Storage—The lubricant shall be stored in accordance the table. Where single-cage circular reinforcement is used, the
with the lubricant manufacturer’s recommended temperature center-line of the reinforcement shall be placed from 40 to
range. 50 % of the wall thickness from the inner surface of the pipe,
6.10.3 Certification—When requested by the owner, the provided that the minimum concrete cover specified below
manufacturer shall furnish written certification that the joint shall be maintained. Where two separated circular cages of
lubricant conforms to all requirements of this specification for reinforcement are used, the inner and outer cages shall be
the specific gaskets supplied. placed so that the concrete cover, measured radially, over the
circumferential reinforcement will be as follows:
6.10.4 Marking—The following information shall be clearly
Pipe Diameter, in. Minimum Cover, in. Maximum Cover, in.
marked on each container of lubricant. 45 and less 3⁄ 4 1
6.10.4.1 Name of lubricant manufacturer. 48 through 60 3⁄ 4 1 1 ⁄8
63 through 69 3⁄ 4 1 1 ⁄4
6.10.4.2 Usable temperature range for application and stor- 72 through 108 1 11⁄2
age.
7.4.1 These limits on minimum and maximum cover are
6.10.4.3 Shelf life.
applicable to elliptical steel at the horizontal and vertical axes
6.10.4.4 Lot or batch number. of the pipe. The circumferential reinforcement at each end of
6.11 Mixing Water—Water used in the production of con- the pipe unit shall consist of one complete coil or ring in which
crete shall be potable or non-potable water that meets the the end is lapped or welded as prescribed in 7.6. The clear
requirements of Specification C1602/C1602M. distance of the end coil or ring shall not be less than 1⁄2 in. or
more than 1 in. from the end of the pipe unit, except this
7. Design requirement does not apply to the inner layer of circumferential
reinforcement in joints utilizing steel bell and spigot rings,
7.1 Design Tables—The diameter, wall thickness, compres- provided that the clear distance restrictions will not apply for a
sive strength of the concrete, and the area of circumferential distance of 20 bar diameters measured circumferentially from
reinforcement shall be as prescribed for the classes of com- the end of the lap or weld.
bined hydrostatic head and external loading given in Table 1
7.4.2 The steel areas in Tables 1 and 2 for inner and outer
subject to the provisions of 7.2, 7.4, 7.5, 10.3, 11.1, 11.2, and
reinforcement are based on a single layer of reinforcement for
11.5.
that steel area. A line of reinforcement may be composed of
7.2 Modified and Special Design—Manufacturers shall sub- more than one layer. However, this requires a special design in
mit to the owner, for approval prior to manufacture, detailed accordance with section 7.2 and Appendix X2 of this standard.
designs for loading or installation conditions other than those If more than one layer of reinforcement is used, the layers shall
shown in Table 1. Such pipe must meet all of the tests and be fastened together to form a single rigid cage. Where inner
performance requirements specified by the owner in accor- and outer cages are used, the minimum clear spacing between
dance with Section 5. the two cage systems shall be 0.25 times the wall thickness. All

19
 C361 − 16
other specification requirements such as laps, welds, concrete 8.2 Joints utilizing collars instead of bells cast as an integral
cover, and tolerances of placement in the wall of the pipe, etc., part with the pipe barrel shall comply with the requirements for
shall apply to this method for fabrication of a cage of bell-and-spigot joints given in 8.4.1 through 8.4.8. The collar
reinforcement. shall be flared at each end to facilitate entrance of the gasket
when closing the joint. The straight section between the flares
7.5 Longitudinal Reinforcement—Each layer of circumfer-
at either end shall be a true cylinder of such length that at the
ential reinforcement shall be assembled into a rigid cage
position of normal joint closure, the parallel surfaces upon
supported by longitudinal bars that extend the full length of the
which the gasket bears during closure will extend not less than
pipe. The minimum concrete cover for longitudinal steel shall 3⁄4 in. away from the edges of the gasket. Each end of the pipe
be 1⁄2 in. except that the longitudinal bars or rods are not
shall have a groove formed on its outer surface of suitable
prohibited from extending to either or both ends of the pipe
dimensions to contain a circular rubber gasket.
unit to form supports for holding the circumferential cage in
proper position. Not less than four longitudinal bars at approxi- 8.3 Joints utilizing steel bell-and-spigot rings shall comply
mately equal spacing shall be provided for each cage, and with the requirements for bell-and-spigot joints given in 8.4.1,
additional bars shall be provided as necessary so that the 8.4.3, and 8.4.5. The bell ring shall have a minimum thickness
circumferential spacing between longitudinal bars used in the of 3⁄16 in. and width sufficient to provide for adequate embed-
barrel of the pipe shall not exceed 42 in. in any cage. Where the ment in the pipe. It shall be flared at one end and is not
pipe joint construction requires the use of a bell, the minimum prohibited from being tapered at the other end. The remainder
number of longitudinal bars shall be provided in the bell and of the bell ring shall be a true cylinder of such length that at the
shall be continuous bars or spliced to the main longitudinal position of normal joint closure, the parallel surface upon
bars. The circumferential bars of each cage shall be spaced and which the gasket bears during the closure will extend not less
supported by welding or tying each hoop to the longitudinal than 1 in. away from the edge of the gasket. The spigot ring
bars. Spacer bars, chairs, or other methods shall be provided to shall be formed from a specially shaped section of steel with a
maintain the reinforcement cage or cages in proper position groove of suitable dimensions to contain a circular rubber
within the forms during the placement and consolidation of the gasket. The difference in circumference of the inside of the bell
concrete. The spacer bars or chairs are not prohibited from ring and the outside of the spigot ring shall not exceed 3⁄16 in.
extending to the finished concrete surfaces of the pipe. for gaskets of 21⁄32-in. diameter or less, and 1⁄4 in. for gaskets
greater than 21⁄32-in. diameter.
7.6 Laps, Welds, and Spacing—If the splices are not welded,
the reinforcement shall be lapped not less than 20 diameters for 8.4 In pipe utilizing bell-and-spigot joints, the joint shall be
deformed bars and deformed cold-worked wire, and 40 diam- designed and manufactured so that the spigot and gasket will
eters for plain bars and cold-drawn wire. In addition, where readily enter the bell of the pipe. In all-concrete joints the
lapped cages of welded wire reinforcement are used without manufacturer shall provide sufficient reinforcement in the bell
welding, the lap shall contain a longitudinal wire. Lapped or to resist the hydrostatic, hydrodynamic, and gasket pressures.
butt welded splices shall develop a tensile strength of not less The shape and dimensions of the joint shall be such as to
than the specified yield strength of the bars or wires spliced provide the minimum requirements given in 8.4.1 through
based on the nominal cross-sectional area of the bar or wire. 8.4.8.
Lapped welds shall have a minimum lap of 2 in. The spacing 8.4.1 For design pressures greater than 25 feet-head, the
center-to-center of adjacent rings of circumferential reinforce- rubber gaskets shall be solid gaskets of circular cross section.
ment in a cage shall not exceed 4 in. The continuity of the For design pressures less than or equal to 25 feet-head, the
circumferential reinforcing steel shall not be destroyed during gaskets shall be solid gaskets of circular or non-circular
the manufacture of the pipe. cross-section. All gaskets shall be confined in an annular space
formed by shoulders on the bell and spigot or in a groove in the
8. Joints spigot of the pipe so that movement of the pipe or hydrostatic
8.1 Joints shall utilize steel joint rings, steel bells and and hydrodynamic pressure cannot displace the gasket. When
concrete spigots, or be formed entirely of concrete. Joint the joint is assembled, the gasket shall be compressed to form
assemblies shall be so formed and accurately manufactured a watertight seal.
that when the pipes are drawn together the pipe shall form a 8.4.2 In joints that utilize spigot grooves, the volume of the
continuous watertight conduit with a smooth and uniform annular space provided for the gasket, with the engaged joint at
interior surface and shall provide for slight movements of any normal joint closure in concentric position, and neglecting
pipe unit in the pipeline due to expansion, contraction, ellipticity of the bell and spigot, shall be not less than the
settlement, or lateral displacement. The rubber gasket shall be design volume of the gasket furnished. The cross-sectional area
the sole element of the joint depended upon to provide of the annular space shall be calculated for minimum bell
watertightness. The joint shall be so designed that the gaskets diameter, maximum spigot diameter, minimum width of
will not be required to support the weight of the pipe, but will groove at surface of spigot, and minimum depth of groove. The
keep the joint tight under all normal conditions of service. The volume of the annular space shall be calculated considering the
ends of the pipe shall be in planes at right angles to the centroid of the cross-sectional area to be at the midpoint
longitudinal centerline of the pipe, except where bevel-end between the inside bell surface and the surface of the groove on
pipe for deflections up to 5° is specified or indicated for bends. which the gasket is seated at the centerline of the groove.

20
 C361 − 16
8.4.3 In joints that utilize spigot grooves, if the average diameter and larger. The allowable percentage tolerance shall
volume of the gasket furnished is less than 75 % of the volume vary linearly between 63 % and 61 % for gasket diameters
of the annular space in which the gasket is to be contained with between 1⁄2 and 1 in.
the engaged joint at normal joint closure in concentric position, 8.4.6 The tolerances permitted in the construction of the
the gasket shall not be stretched more than 20 % of its joint shall be those stated in the pipe manufacturer’s design as
unstretched length when seated on the spigot or not more than approved.
30 % if the design volume of the gasket is 75 % or more of the 8.4.7 The taper on all surfaces of the bells and spigots, on
volume of the annular space. For determining the volume of which the rubber gasket bears during closure of the joint and at
the annular space, the cross-sectional area of the annular space any degree of partial closure, except within the gasket groove,
shall be calculated for average bell diameter, average spigot shall form an angle of not more than 2° with the longitudinal
diameter, average width of groove at surface of spigot, and axis of the pipe. The joint shall be so designed and manufac-
average depth of groove. The volume of the annular space shall tured that at the position of normal joint closure, the parallel
be calculated considering the centroid of the cross-sectional surfaces upon which the gasket bears during closure will
area to be at the midpoint between the inside bell surface and extend not less than 3⁄4 in. away from the edges of the gasket.
the surface of the groove on which the gasket is seated at the 8.4.8 The surfaces of the bell and spigot in contact with the
centerline of the groove. It is further specified that when the gasket, and adjacent surfaces that come in contact with the
design volume of the gasket is less than 75 % of the volume of gasket within a joint movement range, shall be free from
the annular space, as calculated above, the gasket shall be of airholes, chipped or spalled concrete, laitance, or other defects.
such diameter that when the outer surface of the spigot and the The inside surface of the bell adjacent to the bell face shall be
inner surface of the bell come into contact at some point in flared to facilitate joining the pipe sections without damaging
their periphery, the deformation in the gasket shall not exceed or displacing the gasket.
50 % at the point of contact nor be less than 15 % at any point. 8.5 Alternative Joint Designs—It is not prohibited for the
If the design volume of the gasket is 75 % or more of the manufacturer to submit to the owner, detailed designs for joints
volume of the annular space, the deformation of the gasket, as and gaskets other than those described in Section 8. Design
prescribed above, shall not exceed 50 % nor be less than 15 %. submissions shall include joint geometry, tolerances, gasket
When determining the maximum percent deformation of the characteristics, proposed plant tests, gasket splice bend tests,
gasket, the maximum groove width, the minimum depth of and such other information as required by the owner to
groove, and the stretched gasket diameter shall be used and evaluate the joint design for field performance. Joints and
calculations made at the centerline of the groove. When gaskets of alternate joint designs shall meet all test require-
determining the minimum percent deformation of the gasket, ments of this specification and shall maintain at least 15 %
the minimum groove width, the maximum bell diameter, the deformation of the rubber gasket when out-of-roundness and
minimum spigot diameter, the maximum depth of groove, and off-center position of the joint is considered. Alternative joint
the stretched gasket diameter shall be used and calculations designs shall be acceptable provided the designs are approved
made at the centerline of the groove. For gasket deformation by the owner prior to manufacture and provided the test pipe
calculations, stretched gasket diameter shall be determined as comply with the specified tests.
being the design diameter of the gasket divided by the square
root of (1 + x) where x equals the design percent of gasket 9. Materials and Manufacture
stretch divided by 100. 9.1 Concrete Mixture—The aggregates shall be graded,
8.4.4 In joints that utilize shoulders on the bell and spigot to proportioned, and thoroughly mixed in a batch mixer with the
confine the gasket, the gasket shall not be stretched more than proportions of cementitious materials and water that will
20 % of its unstretched length when seated on the spigot. It is produce a workable, uniform, homogeneous concrete mixture
further specified that the gasket shall be of such diameter that of such quality that the pipe will conform to the test and design
when the outer surface of the spigot and the inner surface of the requirements of this specification. Batching shall be accom-
bell come into contact at some point in their periphery, the plished by weighing. If the concrete materials are weighed
deformation in the gasket shall not exceed 50 % at the point of accumulatively, the cementitious materials shall be weighed
contact nor be less than 15 % at any point. When determining before the other ingredients. Cementitious materials shall be as
the maximum percent deformation of the gasket, the minimum specified in 6.2 and shall be added to the mix in a proportion
depth of shoulders and the stretched gasket diameter shall be not less than 564 lb/yd3.
used. When determining the minimum percent deformation of 9.1.1 Placement of Concrete—The transporting and place-
the gasket, the maximum depth of shoulders, the maximum bell ment of concrete shall be by methods that will prevent
diameter, the minimum spigot diameter, and the stretched separation of the concrete materials and the displacement of the
gasket diameter shall be used. For gasket deformation reinforcement steel from its proper position in the form.
calculations, the stretched diameter shall be determined as 9.2 Curing of Pipe—The method and extent of curing shall
described for joints that utilize spigot grooves. be established by testing not less than five cylinders cured in
8.4.5 Each gasket shall be manufactured to provide the the same manner as the pipe until they have attained an average
volume of rubber required by the pipe manufacturer’s joint strength of 3600 psi. After a satisfactory curing method and
design with a tolerance of 63 % for gaskets up to and period have been established, they shall not be changed
including 1⁄2 in. in diameter and 61 % for gaskets of 1-in. without approval of the owner. If required by the owner, each

21
 C361 − 16
day’s run of pipe shall be cured until a companionate test in a calendar week. The test period will include any shutdown
cylinder cured in the same manner as the pipe has attained a of the plant that does not exceed a 24-h period due to failure of
strength of 3600 psi. Pipe shall be protected from temperatures the plant or equipment. The length of the test period shall be
below 40°F from the time the concrete is placed until the reduced, at the discretion of the owner if there is a significant
curing period is completed. Curing shall be by any method or change in the materials used in the pipe, in the mix proportions,
combination of methods described below or by any other or in the production procedures or by numerous shutdowns of
method approved by the owner. the plant due to failures of the plant or equipment. The length
9.2.1 Steam Curing—After the pipe has been cast, it shall be of the test period shall be increased at the discretion of the
placed in an enclosure of such nature as to protect the pipe owner when results of tests for successive periods indicate that
from outside drafts and to allow full circulation of saturated the manufacturer’s operations are productive of uniformly
vapor around the inside and outside of the pipe. The rise in the acceptable pipe.
ambient temperature shall not exceed 40°F in any 1 h; nor shall
the ambient temperature exceed 100°F during the 2 h imme- 10.3 Concrete Strength:
diately following concrete placement. At no time shall the 10.3.1 Compressive Strength—Compression tests for satis-
ambient temperature exceed 150°F. Following the periods of fying the design concrete strength shall be made on cured
steam curing, the pipe shall be protected from rapid drops in concrete cylinders. The concrete shall have a minimum com-
temperature which are capable of injuring the pipe. pressive strength as specified in 10.3.3. Compression tests of
9.2.2 Water Curing—Concrete in pipe shall be water-cured such cylinders shall be made in accordance with Test Method
by any method that will keep the pipe moist during the curing C39/C39M.
period. 10.3.2 Number of Compression Tests—At least five standard
9.2.3 Membrane Curing—The sealing compound used for test cylinders shall be prepared from each day’s production of
membrane curing shall conform to the requirements of Speci- concrete. Test cylinders shall be prepared in conformance with
fication C309. The pipe surfaces shall be kept moist prior to Practice C31/C31M, except it is not prohibited that cylinders
application of the compound, and at the time of application the be prepared by methods comparable to those used to consoli-
surfaces shall be moist and the temperature of the concrete date and cure concrete in the actual pipe manufactured, or for
shall be within 10°F of the atmospheric temperature. If the concrete of a consistency too stiff for compaction by rodding or
membrane is damaged, it shall be repaired immediately with internal vibration, the alternative method described in the
additional compound. cylinder strength test method section of Test Methods C497M
shall be used.
10. Physical Properties 10.3.3 Compression Test Requirements—The average 28-
10.1 Test Specimens—The specified number of pipe re- day compressive strength of all cylinders tested shall be equal
quired for the tests shall be furnished without charge by the to or greater than the design strength of the concrete. Not more
manufacturer and shall be selected at random by the owner, and than 10 % of the cylinders tested shall fall below the design
shall be pipe that would not otherwise be rejected under this strength. In no case shall any cylinder tested fall below 80 % of
specification. The selection shall be made at the point or points the specified design strength. These compressive strength
designated by the owner when placing the order. Pipe units that requirements refer to standard 6 by 12-in. concrete test
satisfactorily pass the required tests shall be acceptable for use. cylinders. Where the strength of 6 by 12-in. concrete test
cylinders exceeds the capacity of the normal field testing
10.2 Number and Type of Test Required for Various Delivery machine (200 000 lbf), 3 by 6-in. test cylinders will be
Schedules: permitted with correction for size of cylinder.
10.2.1 Preliminary Tests for Extended Delivery
Schedules—An owner of pipe, whose needs require shipments 10.4 Hydrostatic Tests:
at intervals over extended periods of time, shall be entitled to 10.4.1 Hydrostatic Testing of Pipe—Hydrostatic tests on
such tests, preliminary to delivery of pipe, as are required in pipe shall be made in accordance with the provisions of Test
Section 5, of not more than three sections of pipe covering each Methods C497M. Before the test pressure is applied, the pipe
size in which he is interested. The strength of concrete shall be shall be allowed, at the option of the manufacturer, to stand
determined from test cylinders made from the concrete used in under reduced pressure, but not for more than 48 h. Acceptance
making the pipe as provided in 10.3. hydrostatic tests shall be made to 120 % of the specified
10.2.2 Additional Tests for Extended Delivery Schedules— internal working pressure for which the pipe is designed. The
After the preliminary tests described in 10.2.1 an owner shall pipe shall withstand the percentage of working pressure
be entitled to additional tests in such numbers and at such times prescribed above for at least 20 min without cracking and with
as he may deem necessary, provided that the total number of no leakage appearing on the exterior surface. Moisture appear-
pipe shall not exceed 1 % of each size and class of pipe ing on the surface of the pipe in the form of patches or beads
manufactured in each test period, except that at least one adhering to the surface will not be considered as leakage.
hydrostatic and joint leakage test shall be made for each size Slow-forming beads of water that result in minor dripping
and class. which can be proven to seal and dry up upon retesting under
10.2.3 Length of Test Period—For the purpose of testing the the prescribed test pressure will be considered acceptable. To
pipe units, the length of the test period will be set at the number minimize the stress in the pipe wall due to the weights of pipe
of days the plant of the pipe manufacturer is normally operated and water during the hydrostatic test, it is not prohibited to

22
 C361 − 16
support the pipe in two longitudinal line bearings in planes 11.5 Area of Reinforcements—The area of steel reinforce-
each separated from the vertical centerline of the pipe section ment shall be not less than 97 % of the design steel area of each
by 15 degrees. cage ring. Steel areas greater than those required in the design
10.4.2 Hydrostatic Testing of Rubber Gasket Joints— shall not be cause for rejection.
Hydrostatic pressure tests on joints shall be made on joints 11.6 The average diameter of any bell or spigot shall be
assembled of two sections of pipe, properly connected in within the minimum and maximum limits used in Section 8
accordance with the joint design. Suitable bulkheads shall be (except 8.3 for design of the joint). The average diameter of a
provided with the pipe adjacent to and on either side of the bell will be determined by taking the average of four equally
joint, or the manufacturer shall bulkhead the outer ends of spaced diametric measurements. The average spigot diameter
joined pipe sections and conduct hydrostatic tests on both the will be determined by dividing the measured circumference by
pipe and pipe joint concurrently. No mortar or concrete 3.1416.
coatings, fillings, or packings shall be placed prior to water- 11.6.1 An additional tolerance referred to as “inspection”
tightness tests. After the pipe sections are fitted together with tolerance is allowed during inspection of completed pipe units.
the rubber gasket or gaskets in place, the watertightness of the This tolerance quantitatively is two times the minimum design
joints shall be tested under hydrostatic heads of 120 % of the joint clearance. The minimum design joint clearance is one half
pressure for which the pipe is designed, and there shall be no of the difference between the maximum design spigot diameter
water leakage through the rubber gasket joint. On completion and the minimum design bell diameter. This “inspection”
of the above straight alignment tests, the assembly shall be tolerance shall be apportioned to the bell and to the spigot in a
loaded to cause maximum joint annular space to occur. The ratio elected by the manufacturer. This tolerance, when
load shall be applied such that a minimum differential load applied, defines the minimum acceptable bell diameter on any
across the non-bulkheaded joint of 150 lb per inch of diameter pipe unit, measured diametrically, to be the minimum design
is obtained or concrete to concrete contact occurs. The assem- bell diameter minus that part of the “inspection” tolerance
bly shall then be retested as set forth in 10.4.1 and 10.4.2. apportioned to the bell. Similarly, the maximum acceptable
10.4.3 Retests of Pipe or Pipe Joints Not Meeting the spigot diameter on any pipe unit, measured diametrically, is
Hydrostatic Test Requirements—In the event that a pipe or pipe defined to be the maximum design spigot diameter plus that
joint fails the required tests, the manufacturer shall have the part of the “inspection” tolerance apportioned to the spigot.
right to test two other sections of the pipe selected by the owner
from the same period’s run from which the original was 12. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearence
selected. If these two pipe successfully pass the test, the 12.1 Pipe shall be substantially free of fractures, excessive
remainder of the pipe in that period’s run will be accepted. If surface crazing, pits, air holes, laitance, excessive brush marks,
either of these pipe fails, the remainder in that period’s run will and interior surface roughness.
not be accepted until each pipe has satisfactorily passed this
test.
13. Repairs
10.5 Test Equipment—Every manufacturer furnishing pipe 13.1 Pipe shall be repaired if made necessary because of
under the specifications shall furnish all facilities and personnel imperfections in manufacture or damage during handling, and
necessary to carry out the tests described in this specification. will be considered acceptable if, in the opinion of the owner,
the defects do not subject the pipe unit to rejection as specified
11. Permissible Variations in Section 15, and the repairs are sound and properly finished
11.1 Internal Diameter—Variations of the internal diameter and cured. Air holes in the gasket-bearing area shall be
of the pipe shall not exceed 61.5 % for pipe having internal repaired. Such fillings shall be kept moist under wet burlap for
diameters 12 to 24 in., inclusive, and 60.75 % or 3⁄8 in., at least 48 h. Hydrostatic testing of repaired pipe shall be
whichever is larger, for pipe having internal diameters over 24 required if deemed necessary by the owner, and such testing
to 108 in., inclusive. In order to obtain continuity of the interior shall be at no additional cost to the owner.
surfaces of the pipeline, the maximum offset at the joints shall
not exceed 0.75 % of the internal diameter of the pipe. 14. Inspection
11.2 Wall Thickness—The wall thickness shall be not less 14.1 The quality of all materials, the process of
than that intended in the design by more than 5 % at any point. manufacture, and the finished pipe shall be subject to inspec-
tion and approval by the owner.
11.3 Length of Two Opposite Sides—Variations in laying
lengths (see L in Figs. 1 and Figs. 2 of Test Methods C497M) 15. Rejection
of two opposite sides of pipe shall not be more than 1⁄8 in. ⁄ft of
15.1 It is not prohibited for pipe to be subject to rejection on
diameter, with a maximum of 5 ⁄8 in. in any length of pipe,
account of failure to conform to any of the specification
except where beveled-end pipe for laying on curves is specified
requirements or on account of any of the following:
by the owner.
15.1.1 Defects that indicate any imperfect mixing and
11.4 Length of Pipe—The underrun or overrun in length of molding not in compliance with 9.1,
a section of pipe shall not be more than 1⁄8 in./ft with a 15.1.2 Surface defects indicating honeycombed or open
maximum of 1⁄2 in. in any length of pipe. texture, and

23
 C361 − 16
15.1.3 Damaged ends where such damage would prevent 16.1.2 Date of manufacture,
making a satisfactory joint. 16.1.3 Name or trademark of the manufacturer, and
16.1.4 One end of each section of pipe with elliptical
16. Product Marking reinforcement shall be clearly marked, during the process of
16.1 The following shall be legibly marked on the interior manufacturing or immediately thereafter, on the inside and the
surface of the pipe: outside of opposite walls along the minor axes of the elliptical
16.1.1 Specification designation, class, and size as indicated reinforcing. Markings shall be indented on the pipe section or
in Table 1, painted thereon with waterproof paint.

APPENDIXES

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. FIELD INSTALLATION PROCEDURES

X1.1 The class of pipe given in Table 1 for combined backfill. An additional depth of 6 in. or more shall be removed
external load and hydrostatic head is based on a field installa- if the native material in the trench is soft, low density, or
tion procedure at least comparable to that described below. unsuitable for a pipeline foundation. The additional 6 in. or
Where the designer does not expect to attain such an more shall be compacted to the requirements of the design
installation, a detailed design analysis of the pipe should be engineer.
made taking into consideration the anticipated external X1.2.1 Cohesive Soil or Granular Soil Containing More
loading, hydrostatic head, and installation procedure. Failure to Than 5 % Fines—If the haunch support backfill material is a
comply with the requirements herein may result in a bedding cohesive soil or is a granular soil containing more than 5 %
angle of less than 90° as defined in Appendix X2 and may material passing the number 200 sieve, the material shall be
result in excessive pipe cracking. placed in layers not exceeding 6 in. in thickness and compacted
X1.2 The trench shall be excavated of sufficient width to by appropriate surface methods such as tamping, rolling,
achieve the specified haunch backfill compaction, and to a vibration, or a combination thereof. The material shall be
depth of either 4 or 6 in. below the bottom of the pipe, to placed from the bottom of the pipe to a height of 0.37 times the
provide for granular cushion material as shown in Fig. X1.1. outside diameter of the pipe, shall be placed and compacted in
The trench shall be backfilled to the bottom of the pipe with such a manner as to completely fill the space under the
uncompacted granular cushion material meeting the physical haunches of the pipe, and shall be compacted throughout to a
requirements of X1.2.2. After the pipe is placed in the trench to minimum of 95 % of laboratory maximum density as deter-
the correct grade and alignment, additional haunch support mined in accordance with Test Method D698.
backfill material shall be compacted in accordance with X1.2.1 X1.2.2 Granular Soil Containing 5 % Fines or Less—If the
or X1.2.2, depending on the type of soil used as pipe material haunch support backfill material is a cohesionless, free-
draining soil (containing no more than 5 % material passing the
number 200 sieve) it shall be placed a minimum depth of 0.37
times the outside diameter of the pipe and shall be compacted
by saturation and internal vibrations in such manner as to
completely fill the spaces under the haunches of the pipe and
shall be compacted throughout to a minimum of 70 % relative
density as determined in accordance with Test Methods D4253
and D4254.
NOTE X1.1—In order to achieve specified density, it may be necessary
to provide means for draining the water utilized during vibration whenever
the trenchsides and subgrade are incapable of readily absorbing the
excess.
X1.2.3 The pipe backfill material in X1.2.1 and X1.2.2 shall
have a maximum particle size not exceeding 3⁄4 in. and shall be
graded to preclude migration of soil particles. The backfill
material placed above the 0.37 outside diameter level shall be
compacted or uncompacted to the requirements of the design
FIG. X1.1 Pipe Bedding engineer.

24
 C361 − 16

X2. DESIGN CRITERIA FOR TABLES 1 AND 2

X2.1 The designs for reinforced concrete low-head pressure Φf = strength reduction factor for flexure = 0.95
pipe presented in Tables 1 and 2 are based on specific loadings, Φv = strength reduction factor for shear and radial tension = 0.9
bedding, and design requirements summarized in this appendix NOTE X2.1—Tables 1 and 2 were developed using a concrete strength
as information for the designer in considering the suitability of of 5000 lb/in2, and steel reinforcing yield strengths of 40 000 and 60 000
the designs. lb/in2, respectively.
NOTE X2.2—Boldfaced areas in the tables are based on concrete
X2.2 Loads—This pipe is designed for dead load of the pipe strength of 6000 lb/in2 when required by shear analysis.
NOTE X2.3—Pipe fabricated with reinforcement areas shown in Tables
itself, the earth load, the water load, and the internal pressure 1 and 2 must be specified with respective material requirements of
due to hydrostatic head calculated from the inside top of the minimum concrete and reinforcement strengths shown.
pipe to the design gradient. The hydrostatic head defined in X2.4.1 For Load Cond. 1, the minimum steel area is
Tables 1 and 2 is measured to the horizontal centerline of the calculated for hydrostatic head only. The minimum area of
pipe. circular reinforcement is:
X2.2.1 The earth load is based on a one-foot length of the 6 ~ 0.433H w ! D
prism of earth directly over the outside diameter of the pipe. As 5 , in. 2 /linear ft (X2.3)
fs
The effective unit weight of earth, we, in pounds per cubic foot
is: where:
w e 5 120124~ H e /OD! (X2.1) Hw = hydrostatic head, ft,
D = internal designated diameter, in., and
where: fs = 17 000 – 35 Hw, allowable tensile stress in the
He = earth cover over top of pipe, ft, reinforcement, psi centerline.
OD = outside diameter of pipe, ft, and X2.4.1.1 For elliptical reinforcement, the minimum area of
Maximum we = 168 lb/ft3. reinforcement is 1.6 times that required for circular reinforce-
The earth load on the pipe is: ment for hydrostatic head alone.
W 5 w e H e ~ OD! , lb/linear ft (X2.2) X2.4.2 Circumferential reinforcement to resist cracking of
X2.2.2 The prescribed amounts of reinforcement do not the concrete shall be determined by the following methods.
provide any allowance for pressure surges (water hammer) in When calculating the value for Ascr below, the average
pipelines. maximum crack width is expected to be 0.01 inch.
When resultant thrust is compressive:
X2.3 Bedding —The bedding described in Appendix X1 is
assumed to result in bearing over a 90° central angle for earth,
water and live loads and 45º for pipe dead load. Pressure
distributions and the analysis of stresses in the pipe wall are
Ascr 5
B1
F cr·30 000φ f ·d
· F S
M s 1N s · d 2
i·j
t
2 D 2 C 1 ·b·t 2 · =f' c G
(X2.4)
based on theory.5
When resultant thrust is tensile:
X2.4 Design Requirements—Reinforced low head concrete
B1
pressure pipe is designed for flexure, crack width control, Ascr 5
F cr·30 000φ f ·d
~
· 1.1M s 2 0.6N s ·d 2 C 1 ·b·t 2 · =f' c !
diagonal tension (shear) and radial tension using methods
based on ASCE 15-93. The pipe is analyzed for three load (X2.5)
conditions, and the reinforcing steel requirement is established where:
based on the steel area needed to satisfy all three of these
Fcr = the crack control factor set at 1.0; for Fcr < 1, the
conditions.
probability of an 0.01-inch crack width is reduced,
Load Cond. I—Internal pressure only and for Fcr > 1, the probability of an 0.01-inch crack
Load Cond. II—Earth load, pipe weight and water weight with no width is increased,
internal pressure Ms = service load bending moment (in-lb/ft, always
positive),
Load Cond. III—External and Internal Loads acting concurrently
Ns = service load axial thrust (lb/ft, negative is tensile),
Load factors used for design are: d = distance from compression face to centroid of tension
Flexure, for internal Pressure—1.5 reinforcement, in.,
Flexure, for Dead and Earth Loads—1.6 except 1.0 for Ascr = tensile reinforcement area required for crack control
compressive thrust
Shear, for all loads—1.3 on width b, in.2/ft,
b = width of section, in.,
Capacity reduction factors used for design are: t = pipe wall thickness, in., and
f'c = concrete compressive strength, lb/in2.
5
Olander, H.C., Stress Analysis of Concrete Pipe, Engineering Monograph No. e
j 5 0.7410.1 , j max 5 0.9 (X2.6)
6, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, October 1950. d

25
 C361 − 16
1 37
i5 (X2.7) θv 5 , degrees (X2.15)
jd Fd
12
e 0,ε xu,0.002 (X2.16)
Ms t
e5 1d 2 , in. e/d,1.15 (X2.8) where:
Ns 2
Muv = factored moment at section of maximum shear due to
B1 5 Π3 t bs 1
2n
, in. (X2.9)
all loads, in-lb/ft, always positive,
Vuv = factored shear force at section of maximum shear due
to all loads, lb/ft, always positive,
where: Nuve = factored thrust force at section of maximum shear
tb = clear cover over reinforcement, in., due to all loads except internal pressure, lb/ft, com-
s1 = spacing of circumferential reinforcement, in. (assumed pression is positive, tension is negative,
to be 4 inches), Nup = factored thrust force due to internal pressure, lb/ft,
n = 1, single layer of tension reinforcement, and negative,
C1 = crack control coefficient for type of reinforcement. r = radius to centerline of pipe wall, in.,
Type of Reinforcement C1 Es = 29 × 106, modulus of elasticity of steel, and
1. Smooth wire plain bars 1.0 Asi = area of inner cage reinforcement per length of pipe b,
2. Welded smooth wire fabric, 8 in. (200 mm) maximum 1.5
spacing of longitudinals, in2/ft.
Welded deformed wire fabric
Deformed wire
X2.4.4 Maximum Flexural Reinforcement:
Note: 8 in. (200 mm) maximum spacing applied to welded X2.4.4.1 Maximum Flexural Reinforcement without Stir-
smooth wire fabric only rups (Limited by Radial Tension)—Radial tension stirrups are
3. Deformed bars 1.9
Any reinforcement with stirrups anchored thereto
required when the inner circumferential flexural reinforcement
area computed for Load Case II exceeds Asmax given as
X2.4.3 Shear stirrups are required where Vu > Vc. follows:

S DS D
where:
Vu = factored shear force at section of maximum shear in A smax 5
b
16r s F rp=f' c S D
φv
φf
F rt
(X2.17)
length b, lb/ft, and 12 fy
Vc = shear strength provided by concrete without stirrups at where:
section of maximum shear in length b, lb/ft.
F rt 5 110.00833~ 72 2 S i ! For 12 in. # S i # 72 in. (X2.18)
v c 5 2·Φ v ·b·d·F vp· =f' c · ~ F d ·F εx /F c ! (X2.10) ~ 144 2 S i ! 2
F rt 5 10.80 For 72 in. # S i # 144in. (X2.19)
where: 26 000

d = distance from compression face to centroid of tension Frt = 0.8 for Si > 144 in.,
reinforcement, in., dmax = 16 in., Frp = process and material factor for radial tension strength =
b = width of section, in., 1.0, unless a higher value substantiated by test data
Fvp = process and material factor for shear strength = 1.0, obtained in accordance with Specification C655 is
unless a higher value substantiated by test data ob- approved by the Engineer,
tained in accordance with Specification C655 is ap- b = width of section, inches,
proved by the Engineer, and rs = radius to the inside reinforcement, inches,
f'c = concrete compressive strength, lb/in2. Si = internal diameter of pipe, inches, and
fy = reinforcement yield strength, lb/in2.
1.6
F d 5 0.81 (X2.11) X2.4.4.2 Maximum Flexural Reinforcement (Limited by
d
Concrete Compression):
where:
Maximum Fd = 1.3 for pipe with two cages or a single
elliptical cage, and
Maximum Fd = 1.4 for pipe through 36 in. I.D. with a single
A smax 5 SF 5.5 3 104 g'φ f d
~ 87 0001f y !
fy
G
2 0.75 N u
D (X2.20)

cage. where:

F c 5 16
d
2r
(X2.12) F
g' 5 bf ' c 0.85 2 0.05
~ f' c 2 4000!
1000 G (X2.21)

+ for tension on inside of pipe 0.65 bf' c # g' # 0.85 bf' c

– for tension on outside of pipe Nu = factored axial thrust at location of maximum moment,
F εx 5 2.2~ 1 2 2.75ε xu0.25! (X2.13) lb/ft, + = compressive.

ε xu 5
S D
M uv
0.9d
10.5V uvcotθ v 2 0.4N uve 2 0.5N up
(X2.14)
X2.4.5 Stirrup Reinforcement:
X2.4.5.1 Computing Stirrup Reinforcement required for Ra-
E s A si dial Tension:

26
 C361 − 16
1.1·s v · ~ M ure 2 0.45N ure·φ f ·d ! πθ
A vr 5
f v ·r s ·φ v ·d
(X2.22) lθ 5 @ D 12t b # 1h
180 i
(X2.25)

where: where:
Avr = area of stirrup reinforcement required to resist radial θ = orientation angle, degrees,
tension forces, in.2/ft in each line of stirrups at Di = inside diameter of pipe, in.,
circumferential spacing sv, in., tb = clear cover over reinforcement, in., and
sv = circumferential spacing of stirrups, in., h = pipe wall thickness, in.
fv = maximum developable strength of stirrup material,
X2.4.6 The design concrete cover is the average of the
lbs/in.2 fvmax = fy or anchorage strength, whichever is
less, dimensions given in 7.4 of the specification for a particular
rs = radius to the inside reinforcement, in., range of pipe diameters. The design effective depth, d, used to
Mure = factored moment from Load Cond. II at section of calculate the circumferential reinforcement in Tables 1 and 2
maximum moment, in.-lb/ft, and for elliptical and inner and outer face circular reinforcement is
Nure = factored compressive thrust from Load Cond. II at based on the pipe wall thickness, t, as follows:
section of maximum moment load (+ as d= t – tb – (assumed bar diameter/2)
compression), lbs/ft. For Di # 45 in., d = t – 0.875 – 0.3
For 48 < Di # 60 in., d = t – 0.9375 – 0.3
X2.4.5.2 Stirrup Reinforcement required for Diagonal Ten- For 63 < Di # 69 in., d = t – 1.0 – 0.3
sion (Shear): For 72 < Di # 144 in., d = t – 1.25 – 0.4

1.1s v X2.4.6.1 For a single line of reinforcement, d = t/2.

A vs 5 @ V F 2 V c # 1A vr
f vφ vd u c
(X2.23)
X2.4.6.2 For special designs of pipe with two or more layers
where: of reinforcement in a face, d shall be calculated as the distance
from the centroid of the tensile reinforcement to the extreme
Avs = area of stirrup reinforcement required to resist shear,
in.2/ft in each line of stirrups at circumferential spacing fiber of the compressive face, less 1⁄4 in.
sv, X2.4.7 The minimum wall thickness (tw) of the pipe is:
Vu = factored shear force at location of highest shear acting
D
on length b, lbs/ft, and t w min 5 , in. (X2.26)
Vc = shear strength provided by concrete without stirrups in 12
length b, lbs/ft. where:
d D = internal designated diameter, in.
F c 5 16 (X2.24)
2r
X2.4.7.1 The tensile stress (fct) in the concrete of the pipe
+ for tension on inside of pipe wall is:
– for tension on outside of pipe
0.433H w D
where: f ct 5 , psi (X2.27)
2t w
d = distance from compression face to centroid of tension
where:
reinforcement, in.
tw = design pipe wall thickness, assumed unreinforced, in.,
X2.4.5.3 Stirrups shall be spaced at sv measured along the and
inner reinforcement and extend to where Vc > Vu and/or where fct = ≤ 4.5 √f'c
radial tension stirrups are no longer required as defined in
X2.4.4 on each side of the vertical centerline of the pipe plus
0.5 lθ where:

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27