LAB REPORT 2 : PHASE CHANGE
NAME ANITA FITRIYANI BINTI OTHMAN
CLASS DKM2A
MATRIX NO. 16DKM19F2001
LECTURER’S NAME MADAM ROZEAH BINTI RAMLEE
1.0 EXPERIMENT
OUTCOME
1.1 To study the phase change of a substance from liquid to
solid by plotting the cooling curve.
1.2 To determine the melting point of the given substance
and to find out the transition time.
2.0 THEORY
The term change of phase means the same thing as the term
change of state. The change of phase always occurs with a
change of heat. However the temperature does not change.
When we heat a solid, the energy supplied is used to increase
the kinetic energy of its molecules, and thereby its temperature
increases. Energy is required to melt a solid, because the
cohesive forces between molecules must be partially overcome
to allow the molecules to move about. Similarly, energy is
required to vaporize a liquid, because in so doing the molecules
are separated and molecular attractive forces are overcome.
But there is no temperature change until a phase change is
complete. i.e. during phase change, the energy supplied is used
only to separate the molecules ; no part of it is used to increase
the kinetic energy of the molecules. So its temperature will not
rise, since kinetic energy of molecules remains the same.
The quantity of heat absorbed or released when a substance
changes its physical phase at constant temperature (e g. From
solid to liquid at melting point or from liquid to gas at boiling
point) is termed as its latent heat. The quantity of heat
absorbed or released when unit mass of a substance changes
its physical phase at a given temperature is called specific
latent heat. The constant temperature at which melting or
boiling take place is known as the melting or boiling point.
The process, phase transition is governed by Newton's law of
cooling, which states that, “the rate of change of temperature
of an object is proportional to the difference between its own
temperature and the temperature of its surroundings."
By studying the phase change of a substance from solid to
liquid, one can determine the melting point, latent heat of
fusion etc of the substance.
In order to understand more about the theory of phase change,
consider a sample cooling curve for a substance with a melting
point of 45°C. The flat portion of the graph represents the
phase change from liquid to solid at the constant melting
temperature 45°C. The two curved portions represent cooling
of the liquid plus the tube (left) and cooling of the solid plus the
tube (right). These cool according to Newton’s law of cooling,
where T is the temperature of the sample, T0 is room
temperature, and k is a positive constant.
The heat loss rate of the liquid plus the boiling tube is likely to
be the same as the heat loss rate of the solid plus the tube for a
given temperature difference (T-T0)
3.0 Apparatus/Equipment
3.1 Boiler simulation software P7667
Cussons P7667 boiler simulation software allows students to
investigate the operation of a steam generation plant. Altering the
system properties allows the user to simulate a wide range of boiler
systems for periods up to 24 hours and adjustments to the operating
parameters may be made whilst the simulation is running to allow
the investigation of transients on the system.
Thermo
1KW Steam Plus Steam Benches
3.2Computer
4.0 Safety Precautions
4.1 Make sure the student follow the laboratory or workshop
safety regulators.
4.2 Experiment must be conduct by lecturers or experience
lab assistance
4.3 Computers and instrumentation should be labelled to
indicate whether gloves should be worn or not.
Inconsistent glove use around keyboards/keypads is a
source of potential contamination.
4.4 Never leave containers of chemicals open.
4.5 Use equipment only for its designated purpose.
4.6 Know locations of laboratory safety showers, eyewash
stations, and fire extinguishers. The safety equipment
may be located in the hallway near the laboratory
entrance.
4.7 Avoid distracting or startling persons working in the
laboratory.
5.0 Procedures
1. From the combo box, select Substance from the desired
sample. Choose Naphthalene / ice
2. The mass of the substance can be varied by using the
slider Mass of the substance (10 gram).
3. The temperature of the surrounding can be selected by
using the slider Surrounding Temperature (0°C, 32°C-assuming
room temperature & 90°C).
4. The experiment can be started by clicking on the ‘Start’
the Experiment button.
5. Then the sample in the boiling tube begins to melt.
6. The temperature of the sample can be noted from the
digital thermometer given in the simulator.
7. Also time can be noted from the stop-watch given in the
simulator.
8. The time-temperature observation is also plotted there.
9. There is an option Show Result. By clicking it, we can
obtain the melting point and the transition time of the sample.
6.0 Result / Data
During melting, energy goes exclusively to changing the phase
of a substance; it does not go into changing the temperature of
a substance. Hence melting is an isothermal process because a
substance stays at the same temperature. Only when all of a
substance is melted does any additional energy go to changing
its temperature.
Table 1: Experiments Data
Beaker 1 using a Bunsen burner
Time, t Temperature , T
( minutes ) ( oC )
0m 2
5m 19 o C
10m 28 o C
12m 40 o C
30m 100 o C
PHASE CHANGE 40 o C
Beaker 2 surrounding areas
Times , t Temperature , T
( minutes ) (o C )
0 0oC
5 1oC
10 1oC
15 1oC
20 1oC
25 1oC
30 3oC
35 12 o C
40 18 o C
45 23 o C
50 26 o C
55 30 o C
60 34 o C
PHASE CHANGE 34 o C
Beaker 3 using the refrigerator
Times , t Temperature
( minutes ) ( oC )
0 0oC
5 0oC
10 -3 o C
15 -2 o C
20 -1 o C
25 -1 o C
30 -1 o C
35 1oC
40 1oC
45 1oC
50 1oC
55 0oC
60 0oC
PHASE CHANGE 28 o C
Beaker 4 uses room temperature
Times , t Temperature
( minutes ) ( oC )
0m -1 o C
5m 1 oC
10 m 1oC
15 m 3oC
20 m 6oC
25 m 6oC
30 m 8oC
35 m 9oC
40 m 10 o C
LIQUID-SOLID
7.0 Discussion
7.1 What is the melting point and the transition time of the
substance?
Substances can change phase often because of a temperature
change. At low temperatures, most substances are solid as the
temperature increases, they become liquid; at higher temperatures
still, they become gaseous.
The process of a solid becoming a liquid is called melting. (an older
term that you may see sometimes is fusion). The opposite process, a
liquid becoming a solid, is called solidification. For any pure
substance, the temperature at which melting occurs—known as the
melting point—is a characteristic of that substance. It requires
energy for a solid to melt into a liquid. Every pure substance has a
certain amount of energy it needs to change from a solid to a liquid.
During melting, energy goes exclusively to changing the phase of a
substance; it does not go into changing the temperature of a
substance. Hence melting is an isothermal process because a
substance stays at the same temperature. Only when all of a
substance is melted does any additional energy go to changing its
temperature.
7.2 Draw the cooling curve of the substance
7.3 Heat exchanges are generally governed by thermodynamic
laws. Explain all thermodynamics’ law that influence in phase
change.
Heat exchangers are thermal systems which are used extensively,
have a major role in energy conservation aspect and preventing
global warming. This paper is based on reviews of scientific work and
provides a state-of-the-art review of second law of thermodynamic
analysis of heat exchangers. Initially, the basics of heat exchangers
are briefly provided along with second law analysis which also
includes two-phase flow analysis and thermoeconomic analysis.
Following this, detail literature survey based on performance
parameters such as entropy generation, exergy analysis, production
and manufacturing irreversibilities (cumulative exergy destruction
associated with the production of material and manufacturing of
component or assembly of components) and two phase fluid loss of
heat exchangers is presented including constructal law applied to
analyze heat exchangers. Constructal theory along with second law
analysis can be used for the systematic design of heat exchangers.
This review highlights the importance of first and second law
investigations of heat exchangers leading to energy conservation.
7.4 What is the specific heat capacity of water.
The specific heat capacity (symbol cp) of a substance is the heat
capacity of a sample of the substance divided by the mass of the
sample. Informally, it is the amount of energy that must be added, in
the form of heat, to one unit of mass of the substance in order to
cause an increase of one unit in temperature. The SI unit of specific
heat is joule per kelvin and kilogram, J/(K kg).
For example, at a temperature of 25 °C (the specific heat capacity
can vary with the temperature), the heat required to raise the
temperature of 1 kg of water by 1 K (equivalent to 1 °C) is 4179.6
joules, meaning that the specific heat of water is 4179.6 J·kg −1·K−1. .
The specific heat of a substance, especially a gas, may be significantly
higher when it is allowed to expand as it is heated (specific heat at
constant pressure) than when is heated in a closed vessel that
prevents expansion (specific heat at constant volume.
In some contexts, however, the term specific heat capacity (or
specific heat) may refer to the ratio between the specific heats of a
substance at a given temperature and of a reference substance at a
reference temperature, such as water at 15 °C much in the fashion of
specific gravity.
8.0 Conclusion and Recommendation
Distinguish a conclusion from the result shown and from your
observation.
This paper focuses on the liquid-gas phase-change kinetics in
porous media when non-equilibrium conditions are encountered.
Using the chemical potential difference of water between
the liquid and the vapour state as the driving force leads to the
development of a phase-change relation that introduces a
phenomenological coefficient L. This modelling is characterized by
two domains: a domain described as linear in which the phase
change coefficient is constant, and a domain described as nonlinear
in which the phase-change coefficient depends linearly
on the partial vapour pressure.
The experimental measures carried out on two hygroscopic
soils allow the phase-change characteristics to be determined for
the whole range of water content. Their dependencies on the
water content shows the influence of the soil texture, and
demonstrate the competition between two microscopic features:
first, the liquid-solid binding energy resulting from adsorption
phenomena, and, secondly, the liquid-gas interfacial surface
available for evaporation. The first feature has a decreasing
influence when the water content increases, whereas the second
one becomes predominant for higher water content. Indeed,
the water activity in soil and the phase-change characteristics
9.0 Reference
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00449677/document
https://opentextbc.ca/introductorychemistry/chapter/phase-
transitions-melting-boiling-and-subliming-2/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_heat_capacity
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/thermodynami
cs/laws-of-thermodynamics/a/what-is-the-first-law-of-
thermodynamics
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264982041_Second
_law_thermodynamic_study_of_heat_exchangers_A_review
