11 Matrices

Syllabus: Example :
Defination of Matrix and Types of Matrices
Operations on Matrices. Transpose and A
LM1 0 1 OP is a matrix of order 2  3
properties of transpose of a matrix. N2 1 3Q
Introduction : Types of Matrices
In the previous chapter we studied about Row Matrix :
determinants which is an arrangement of number A matrix having only one row is called a row
in equal number of rows and columns. We know matrix.
that a determinant has a value associated with
Example :
it. In this chapter, we will study a general
arrangement of numbers which unlike [3], [4, 1], [–2 1 0] are row matrices of order
determinant does not necessarily contain equal 1  1, 1  2, 1  3 respectively..
number of rows and columns and which does Column Matrix :
not reduce to a value. A matrix having only one column is called a
Matrices are useful in expressing numerical column matrix.
information in a compact form. The concept of Example :
matrix has been extensively used in the

LM 2 OP LM23OP
programming languages and in the field of
computers. It has got immense applications in
5 , M 1 P, M P are column matric of order 1  1,
MN1PQ MM45PP
all branches of Since, Social Sciences and in all
practical problems of day-to-day life.
Determinantion of a Matrix NQ
A set of mn numbers (real or imaginary) arranged 3  1, 4  1 respectively..
in the form of a rectangular array of m rows
Square Matrix :
and n columns is called an m  n matrix (to be
read as ‘m and n’ matrix) A matrix in which the number of rows is equal
to the number of columns, say n, is called a
LM a 11 a 12 a 13 a ij a 1n OP square matrix of order n.

MM a 21 a 22 a 23 a2 j a2n PP Remark :

MMNaa i1 a i2
a m2
a i3
a m3
a ij
a mj
a in
a mn
PPQ Let A  a ij m n
be a square matrix of order n,
m1 then
i. The element a11, a22, aii, ..., amn are called the
The above matrix is represented by
diagonal elements of matrix A.
A  a ij or A  a ij ii. Elements aij, where i  j are called non diagonal
m n
elements of matrix A.
The numbers a11, a12, ... etc. are known as the
elements of the matrix A. The element a ij iii. Elements aij, where i < j, represent elements
belongs to ith row and jth column and is called above the diagonal.
the (i, j)th element of the matrix A = [aij]. Thus, iv. Elements aij, where i > j represent elements
in the element aij the first subscript i always below the diagonal.
denotes the numbers of rows and the second Example :
subscript j denotes the numbers of columns in
which the element occurs.
L 1 3O M
L2 3 4 OP
4,M
N 3 2PQ MMN4 PP
Matrices are generally denoted by capital letters , 3 4 5 are square matrices of
of alphabet viz. A, B, C .... and elements are
generally denoted by small letters of alphabet
5 6 Q
viz. a, b, c. order 1  1, 2  2, 3  3 respectively..
(1)
Diagonal Matrix : Upper Triangular Matrix :
A square matrix in which all its non-diagonal A square matrix A = [aij] is called an upper
elements are zero is called a diagonal matrix triangular matrix if every element below the
i.e., aij = 0 for all i  j. diagonal is zero i.e., aij = 0 for all i > j.
A diagonal matrix of order mn having d1, d2, ..., Example :
dn as diagonal elements is denoted by diag [d1,
d2, ... dn]
L1 1O M
L1 2 3 OP
AM
N0 1 PQ MMN0 PP
Example : , 0 1 3 are upper triangular
Q
LM1 0 OP, LM10 OP 0 2
0 0

N0 1Q MMN0 PP
2 0 are diagonal matrices and matrices of order 2  2, 3  3 respectively..
0 3 Q Lower Triangular Matrix :
is denoted by diag [1, 1], diag [1, 2, 3] A square matrix A = [aij] is called a lower
respectively. triangular matrix, if all the elements above the
diagonal is zero i.e. aij = 0 for all i < j.
Scalar Matrix :
Example :
A square matrix A  a ij is called a scalar

LM1 1OP, LM 53 OP
m n
matrix if all its non-diagonal elements re zero 0 0

N5 1 Q MMN7 P
and diagonal elements are same. 2 0 are lower triangular
i.e.,. aij = 0 for all i  j 0 1PQ
and aij = c for ai = j, where c is a real number. matrices of order 2  2, 3  3 respectively..
Example: Singular Matrix :

LM2 0OP, LM04 0 OP0 A square matrix A is called a singular matrix, if

N0 2Q MMN 0 PP are scalar matrices of

4 0 |A| = 0.
0 4Q Example :

order 2 and 3 respectively.

If A 
LM3 3OP, then
Unit Matrix : N1 1 Q
A square matrix A  a ij m n
is called an identify
|A|  M
L 3 3O
N1 1PQ
or unit matrix, if all its non-diagonal elements
are zero and diagonal elements are one.
i.e.,. aij = 0 for all i  j =3–3
and aij = 1 for ai = j. =0
The identify matrix of order n is denoted by In.  A is a singular matrix.
Example : Non-singular Matrix :

L1 0O
LM1 0 0 OP A square matrix A is called a non-singular matrix,

M
N1 0PQ MMN0
if |A|  0.
I2 ,I  0 1 0 P are identify
1PQ
j
0 Example :

matrices of order 2 and 3 respectively.

If A 
LM5 3OP, then
Null or Zero Matrix : N2 4Q
A matrix whose all elements are zero is called a
|A|  M
L5 3O
4 PQ
null matrix or a zero matrix.
Example : N2
LM0 0OP, LM0 0 0 OP are null matrices of order = 20 + 6
N0 0Q N0 0 0Q = 26  0
2  2 and 2  3 respectively..  A is a non-singular matrix.
(2)
 Transpose of a Matrix : Exercise 11.1
A matrix obtained from the matrix A by
1. Construct a matrix A  a ij whose
interchanging its rows and columns is called the 3 2

transpose of A, which is denoted by A’ or AT. element aij is given by

Example :
i. a ij 
bi  jg 2

LM1 1 OP 1 1 1 LM OP
2

MM
If A  1
PP
2 , then A T 
1 2 3 N Q
ii. aij = i – 2j.

N1 3 Q Solution :
A  a ij
Note : 3 2

i. If the order of A is m  n then the order of AT is

n  m.
LMa 11 a 12 OP
 A  Ma a 22 PP
MNa
21
ii. If AT is the transpose of the square matrix A,
then det A = det AT. i.e. |A| = |AT|. 31 a 32 Q
Symmetric Matrix :
i. Given a ij 
bi  jg 2

A square matrix A  a ij is called symmetric 2

m n
matrix if aij = aji for all i and j.
 a 11 
b1  1g 2

0 a 12 
b1  1g 2


1
,
Example : 2 2 2

If A 
LM2 3OP, then A  LM2 3OP
T b2  1g 2
1 b2  2 g 2

N 3 6Q N 3 6Q a 21 
2

2
, a 22 
2
 0,

 A = AT
 A is symmetric matrix. a 31 
b3  1g 2

 2, a 32 
b3  2 g 2


1
2 2 2
Skew-symmetric Matrix :
LM 0 1 OP
P0 P  1 LM01 OP
A square matrix A  a ij is called skew-
m n
symmetric matrix, if aij = –aij for all i and j.
AM
M1 2 1

Example :

MM 2 P1 P 2 MMN4 0
1
PP
Q
LM 0 6OP, then A  L0 6O MN 0 2 PQ
If A 
N  6 0Q MN6 0 PQ
T

ii. aij = i – 2j.

M
L 0 6OP  ai1 = 1 – 2(1) = –1, a12 = 1 – 2(2) = –3
N6 0Q a2i = 2 – 2(1) = 0,
a3i = 3 – 2(1) = 1,
a22 = 2 – 2(2) = –2
a32 = 3 – 2(2) = –1
= –A
 A = –AT LM1 3 OP
 A is a skew symmetric matrix.  AM0 2 P
Note : MN 1 1PQ
i. The diagonal elements of a skew-symmetric
matrix are always zero.
2. Classify the following matrices as a row, a
ii. The non-diagonal elements of a skew-symmetric column, a square, a diagonal, a scalar, a unit,
matrix are symmetric (in magnitude) about the an upper triangular, a lower triangular, a
diagonal but are opposite in signs. symmetric or a skew symmetric matrix :
iii. The non-diagonal elements of a symmetric
matrix are symmetric about the diagonal. LM3 2 4 OP LM 0 4 7 OP
iv. A null square matrix is always a skew symmetric MM0 0 5 P MM4 0 3 P
7 PQ
i. ii.
matrix. N0 0
N 7 3 0 PQ
(3)
 LM 7 OP LM 5 OP
MM3PP LM 5 OP iv. Let
N 2 4
2 Q
iii.
N4Q
iv.
N 2 4
2 Q As a given matrix A has only one column.
 A is a row matrix.
LM 3 0 0 OP LM8 0OP
LM8 0OP MM 5 2 0 P v. Let
N0 8Q
v.
N0 8Q vi.
N 7 0 1PQ
As a given matrix A has all its non-diagonal
elements zero and diagonal elements same.
LM3 0 0 OP LM 1  15 27 OP  A is a scalar matrix.
MM0 5 0 P viii. M
15 0 34 P LM 3 OP
1 / 2PQ MN 27 5 / 3 PQ
vii. 0 0
N0 0 34
vi. Let M 5 2 0 P
LM1 0 0 OP LM0 0 1 OP MN7 0 1PQ

MM0 1 0 P MM0 1 0 P As elevery element above the diagonal is zero

1PQ 0PQ
ix. x.
N0 0 N1 0
in the given matrix A.
 A is a lower triangular matrix.
Solution :
LM3 0 0 OP
LM3 2 4 OP Let M
0 5 0 P
i. Let A  M0 0 5 P
vii.
MN0 0 1 / 2PQ
MN0 0 7 PQ As a given matrix A has all its non-digonal
elements zero.
As every element below the diagonal is zero  A is a diagonal matrix.
in the given matrix A.
 A is a upper triangular matrix. LM 10 15 27 OP
viii. Let M 15 0 34 P
LM 0 4 7 OP MN 27 34 5 / 3 PQ
ii. Let A  M4 0 3 P
NM7 3 0 QP LM 10 15 27 OP
A  M 15
T
0 34 P
LM0  4 7 OP MN 27 34 5 / 3 PQ
 A
T
 M4 0 3 P  AT = A
MN7 3 0 PQ  A is a symmetric matrix.

LM 0 4 7 OP LM1 0 0 OP
ix. Let A  M0 1 0 P
  M4 P
 AT
MN7
0 3
3 0 PQ
MN0 0 1PQ

In Given matrix A all its non-diagonal elements

 AT = –A are zero and diagonal elements are one.
 A is a skew symmetric matrix.
LM0 0 1 OP
LM 7 OP x. Let A  M0 1 0 P
iii. Let M3P NM1 0 0QP
MN 4 PQ LM0 0 1O
As a given matrix A has only one column. A  M0 T
1 0PP
 A is a column matrix. MN1 0 0PQ

(4)
  AT = A
 A is a symmetric matrix.
LM5 0 5 OP
ii. Let A  M1 99 100P
As number of rows is equal to the number
columns is the given matrix A.
MN6 99 105PQ
 A is a square matrix. LM5 0 5 OP
|A|  M1 99 100P
3. Which of the following matrices are singular MN6 99 105PQ
or non-singular.
Applying C2  C2 + C1, we get
LM a b c OP LM5 5 5 OP
i. MM p q r P |A|  M1 P
N2a  p 2b  q 2c  r PQ
100 100
MN6 105 105PQ

LM5 0 5 OP =0 ....[ C2 and C33 are identical]

ii. MM1 99 100PP  A is a singular matrix.
N6 99 105Q LM 3 5 7 OP
Let A  M2 1 4 P
LM 3 5 7OP iii.
MN 3 2 5PQ
iii. MM2 1 4PP
N 3 2 5Q LM 3 5 7 OP
|A|  M2 1 4 P
LM 7 5OP NM 3 2 5QP
iv.
N  4 7Q = 3(5 – 8) – 5(–10 – 12) + 7(–4 –3)
Solution :
= –9 + 110 – 49
LM a b c OP = 52  0
i. AM p q r P  A is a non-singular matrix.
MN2a  p 2b  q 2c  r PQ LM 7 5OP
Let A 
LM a b c O
iv.
N 4 7 Q
| A|  M p q r PP L 7 5OP
|A|  M
MN2a  p 2b  q 2c  r PQ N 4 7 Q
= 7(7) – (–4)5
Applying R3  R3 + R2, we get
= 49 + 20
LM a b c OP = 69  0
|A|  M p q r P  A is a non-singular matrix.
MN2a 2b 2cPQ
5. Find K, if the following matrices are
Taking 2 column from R3, we get
singular.
LMa b c OP i.
LM 7 3 OP
|A|  2 M p q r P N 2 K Q
MNa cPQ
b
LM 4 3 1OP
= 2(0) ....[ R1 and R3 are identical]
ii. MM 7 K 1PP
 A is a singular matrix.
N10 9 1Q
(5)
 LMK  2 2 3OP If A 
LM5 1 4 OP find (A ) . T T

MM 3 1 2 P
5.
N3 2 0Q
4 PQ
iii.
N 1 2 Solution :
Solution :
A
LM5 1 4 OP
i. Let A 
LM 7 3 OP N3 2 0Q

N 2 K Q LM 5 3O
Since, A is a singular matrix AT M1
L5
2PP and dA i  M T T 1 4 OP
 |A| = 0 MN4 0PQ
N3 2 0 Q
LM 7 3 OP  0 (AT)T = A

N2 KQ
 7K = –6 LM 7 3 4 OP
6 6. If A  M 2 P
1 0 , find (AT)T.
 K
7 MN 5 3 6PQ

LM 4 3 1 OP Solution :
ii. AM7 K 1 P LM 7 3 4 OP
MN10 9 1PQ A  M 2 1 0 P
Since A is a singular matrix.
MN 5 3 6PQ
 |A| = 0
 4(K – 9) –3(7 – 10) + 1(63 – 10K) = 0
LM7 2 5 OP LM 7 3 4 OP
A T
 M3 1 3 , and A T PP d i  M 2
T
1 0 P
 4k – 36 + 9 + 63 – 10K = 0
 –6k + 36 = 0
MN4 3 6 Q MN 5 3 6PQ

 6K = 36 (AT)T = A
 K=6
LM 4 3 1 OP LM 0 5i x OP
MM 7 K 1 0 P 7. Find a, b, c, if is MM y 0 z P a
1PQ N3 / 2 0PQ
N10 9  2
symmetric matrix.
LMK  2 2 3 OP Solution :
iii. Let A 
MM 3 1 2 P LM 1 OP
N 1 4 PQ
3
2 a
Let A  M 4 PP
5
Since A is a singular matrix. MM4 5  7
0P
 |A| = 0
MN c
PQ
LMK  2 2 3 OP
MM 3 1 P
2 0 LM OP
N 1 4PQ
2
A M T
M 1
3
b
5
c
7P
P
 (K – 1) (4 + 4) – 2(12 – 2) + 3(–6 – 1) = 0 MM 5 P
0P
3
 8K – 8 – 20 – 21 = 0
 8K = 20 NM a 5 QP
49 Sicne, A isa symmetric matrix
 K
8  A = AT
(6)
 LM 1 3
a 1 b 4
OP LM OP LM 2 5 1 OP
MM b 5 3 PP MM PP ii. MM5 4 6 PP

MMN4
 5 7 
5
5 c
PPQ N1 6 3Q
c 0 a 7 0 N Q
LM 0 1  2i i2 OP
 by equality of matrices, we get
iii. MM1  2i 0 7 PP
3
a  4 , b  , c  7
5
N 2i 7 0 Q
Solution :

LM 0 5i zOP LM 1 2 5 OP
8. Find x, y, z, if MM y 0 PP
z is a skew i. Let A  M 2 3 4 P
N3 / 2  2 0 Q MN5 4 9 PQ
symmetric matrix.
LM 1 2 5O
4 PP
Solution :
A M2
LM 0 OP
T
3

Let A  M y
5i x
MN5 4 9 PQ

MN3 / 2
0 Pz
 2 0PQ  AT = A
 A is a symmetic matrix
LM 0 y 3/ 2O
 A  M 5i
T
0  2 PP LM 2 5 1 OP
MN x 0 PQ ii. Let A  M 5 4 6 P
z
Since, A is a skew-symmetric matrix.
MN1 6 3PQ
 A = –AT
LM2 5 1 OP
LM 0 xP
O LM0 3 OP T
 A  5 4 6
MM P
N1 6 3PQ
5i
MM y
5i
z P   My
M 2
 2P
P

MMN 23
0
PP Mx 0
0 P
 2 0
PQ MN z
PQ LM2 5 1 OP
 A  M 5 4 6 P
T

MN 1 6 3PQ
LM 0 O L
xP M 0
3 O
2 P
y
MM y
5i
M
z P  M5i  2P
P  A  AT and A  –AT

MMN 23
0
PP M  x 0
0 P
 A is neither symmetric non skew-symmetric
 2 0
PQ MN z
PQ matrix.

LM 0 1  2i i  2OP
 by equality matrices, we get iii.
MM
Let A  1  2i 0 7 P
x
3
2
, y  5i, z  2 . N 2  i 7 0 PQ
LM 0 1  2i i  2OP
9. For each of the following matrices, find its  A  M1  2i
T
0 7 P
transpose and state whether it is a
symmetric, a skew-symmetric or neither.
MN i  2 7 0 PQ
LM 1 2 5 OP LM 0 1  2i i  2OP
i. MM 2 3 4 P  A   M 1  2i
T
0 7 P
N5 4 9 PQ MN 2  i 7 0 PQ
(7)
  AT = –A
 A = –A L2 4 1 OP LM2 1 OP
ii. If A  M and B  M4 0 P
 A is a skew-symmetric matrix. N 1 0 0 Q 23 MN1 0 PQ

LM 2 4 1O
0PQ
10. Construct the matrix A  a ij where aij Here BT 
= i – j. State whether A is symmetric or
3 3
N 1 0
skew-symmetric. In a mtrices A and B, A  B but A = BT.
Solution : Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
A  a ij (Scalar Multiplication)
3 3
Let A = [aij] be an m  n matrix and k be any
LM a l1 a 12 a 13 OP number called a scalar. then the matrixd obtained
by multiplying every element of A by k is called
 A  Ma a 22 a 23 PP
MNa the scalar multiple of A by k and is denoted by
21

31 a 32 a 33 Q kA. Thus kA  ka ij .
m n
Given aij = i – j
Example :
 a11= 1–1 = 0, a12= 1–2 = –1, a13= 1–3 = –2,
a21= 2–1 = 1, a22= 2–2 = 0, a23= 2–3 = –1, LMa b c ka OP LM kb kc OP
a31= 3–1 = 2, a32= 3–2 = 1, a33= 3–3 = –0 k  Md e f  kd P MM ke kf P
MNg h i PQ Nkg kh ij PQ
LM0 1 2OP
A  M1 0 1P

Propertiesd of Scalar Multiplication :
MN2 1 0 PQ If A and B are two matrices of the same order,
O is a zero matrix of the same order as that of
A and B k and  are scalars, then
LM 0 1 2OP LM0 1 2 OP i. b
k A  B  kA  kB g
 A  M  1 0 1P   M 1
T
0 1 P
MN2 1 0PQ MN2 1 0 PQ ii. bk  gA  kA  A
iii. (k)A = k(A) = (kA)
 AT = –A
iv. (–k)A = –(kA) = k(–A)
 A = –AT
v. 1A = A
 A is a skew-symmetric matrix. vi. (–1)A = –A.
vii. O.A = O
Operations on matrices vii. k.O = O
Equality of Two Matrices : Addition of Two Matrices :
Two matrics A and B are said to be equal if. Two matrices can be added only if they are of
a. Order of A = order of B and the same order. The sum of two matrices of
same order is the matrix obtained by adding
b Corresponding elements of A and B are
corresponding elements of the given matrices.
same.
Example : If A  a ij and B  b ij are two
m n m n

A
LM15 14 OP , B
LM15 14OP matrices, then their sum denoted by
i.
N12 10Q 2 2 N10 12Q 3 2
and A  B  c ij
m n

L15
CM
14O
where cij+bij or A+B = [aij + bij]. for all i and j.

12PQ
Example :
N10 22
LMa 1 a2 a3 OP LM
a1 ' a 2 ' a 3 ' OP
Here A  B but B = C by definition of equality..
MMb b2 P MM
b 3  b1 ' b 2 ' b 3 ' P
c PQ c ' PQ
1

Nc 1 c2 3 Nc '1 c2 ' 3

(8)
 LM a  a '
1 1 a2  a2 ' a3  a3' OP LM 1 1OP
 Mb  b ' b2  b2 ' b3  b3 ' P  A  B  M 7 2P
MN c  c '  c ' PQ MN6 4 PQ
1 1 .....(i)
1 1 b2  c2 ' c3 3

Note :
The sum of two matrices is defined only when LM 1 2OP LM 2 3 OP
they are of the same order. B  A  M 2 2P  M 5 4 P
Properties of Matrix Addition : MN6 4PQ MN6 1 PQ
i. Matrix addition is commutative.
i.e., If A and B and B are two m  n matrices, LM1  2 2  3OP
then A + B = B + A.  M2  5 2  4P
ii. Matrix addition is associative.
i.e., If A, B, C are three matrices of teh same
MN0  6 3  1PQ
iii.
order, then (A + B) + C = A + (B + C).
Existence of Identify
LM 1 1OP
 BA  M 7 2 P
The null matrix is the identify element for matrix
addition, i.e. A + 0 = 0 + A = A. MN6 4 PQ .....(iii)

iv. Existence of Inverse

From (i) and (ii), we get
For every matrix A  a ij there exists a A+ B= B+A
m n

matrix A  a ij R|L 2 3 OP1 2LM OPU| LM 4 3 OP

bA  Bg  C  SMM 5
, denoted by –A, such that
PPV|  MM 1
m n

A + (–A) = 0 = (–A) + A.
ii.
|TMN6 PP
4  2 2 MM 4 PP
Subtraction of Two Matrixces : 1 Q
0 3 N Q W N 2 1 Q
If A and B are two matrices of teh same order,
then the subtraction of matrix B from matrix A LM 2  1 3  2 OP LM 4 3OP
is denoted by A – B and is defined as A – B = A  M 5  2 4  2 P  M  1 4 P
+ (–B), where –B is the negative of matrix B.
Example :
MN6  0 1  3 PQ MN2 1PQ
LMa b c OP LM j k l OP LM a  j bk cl OP LM 1 1OP LM 4 3OP
MMd e P MM
f  m n o  dm en P MM f o P  M 7 2 P  M 1 4 P
Ng h i PQ Np q r PQ Ng  p hq i  r PQ MN6 4 PQ MN2 1PQ
Exercise 11.2
LM 2 3 OP 1 2 LM
4 3 OP LM OP LM 1  4 1  3OP
 M 7  1 2  4 P
If A  M 5 P MM P MM P
1.
MN6
4 ,B  2 2 , C  1 4
1 PQ N0 3PQ N 2 1PQ
MN6  2 4  1 PQ
Show that LM 5 2OP
i. A+B=B+A  bA  BgC  M 6 2 P
ii. (A + B) + C = A + (B + C) MN8 5PQ .....(i)

Solution :
LM 2 3OP LM1 2OP LM 2 3OP R|LM1 2OP LM 4 OPU|
3
A  b B  Cg  M 5  4 P  S M 2 2 P  M  1 PPV|
A  B  M 5 4 P  M 2 2 P
ii. 4
i.
MN6 1 PQ MN 0 3PQ MN6 1 PQ |TMN 0 3PQ MN2 1 QW
LM 2  1 3  2OP LM 2 3OP LM1  4 2  3OP
 M 5  2 4  2 P  M 5 4P  M 2  1 2  4 P
MN6  0 1  3 PQ MN6 1 PQ MN 0  2 3  1PQ
(9)
 LM 2 3OP LM 3 5OP LM 1  2 2  3 3  1 OP
 M 5 4 P  M 1 6 P  M 3  3 1  1 2  2 P
MN6 1 PQ MN2 4PQ MN2  1 1 2 3  3 PQ

LM 2  3 3  5OP LM 3 5 2 OP
 M 5  1  4  6P  M 6
MN6  2 1  4 PQ
0 4 P
NM1 3 6 QP

LM 5 2OP LM3 5 2 OP
 M 6 2P
R  M6 P
MN8 5PQ 
MN 1
0 4
3 6PQ
From (i) and (ii), we get
(A + B) + C = A + (B + C)
LM 3 0 OP 1 0 LM5 7 OP LM OP
A  M 3 P MM P MM P
LM3 OP, B  LM1
2 4 OP, 4. If
MN 4
1 , B  2 1 and C  1 0
1PQ 2PQ 5PQ
2. If A 
N5 4Q N6 7Q N7 N2
then find the matrix A – 4B + 7I find the matrix X such that 2A–3B+4X=C.
where I is the unit matrix of order 2. Solution :
Solution : 2A – 3B + 4X = C

L3 2OP  4LM1
A  4 B  7I  M
4 OP  7LM1 0OP  4X = C + 3B – 2A

N5 4 Q N6 7 Q N0 1Q LM5 7 OP LM 1 0 OP LM 3 0 OP
 4 X  M1 0P  3M2 1 P  2 M 3 1 P
.....[ I is the unit matrix]
MN2 5PQ MN 7 2 PQ MN 4 1PQ

LM3 2OP  LM 4 16 OP  LM7 0OP
N5 4 Q N24 28Q N0 7Q LM5 7 OP 3 0 LM6 0 OP LM OP
 M1 P MM P MM P
L 3  4  7 2  16  0OP
M MN2
0  6 3   6 2
5PQ 6PQ 2PQ
N5  24  0 4  28  7 Q N 21 N8
M
L 6 18OP LM 5  3  6 700 OP
N19 39 Q  M 1 6  6 0 3 2 P
MN2  21  8 5  6  2 PQ

LM 1 2 3 OP
2 3 1 LM OP LM 2 7 OP
3. If PM3 P MM
1 2 , Q  3 1 2 , then P 4X  M 1 P
MN2 1 3 PQ N1 2 3PQ

MN15
1
9PQ
find the matrix R such that P + Q + R is a
zero matrix.
LM 1 7 OP
LM 7O
Solution :
P1P  MM 1 PP
2 2 4
P+Q+R=0 1 1
 X 1 MM M4 PP
9PQ M 15
 R = –(P + Q)

R|L 1
4
15 N 4
9
2 3 OP
2 3 1 LM OPU| MN 9 PQ
  SMM 3
4

|TMN2 PP
1 2 , Q  3 1 2 MM PPV|
1 3 Q
1 2 3 N QW
(10)
5. Solve the following equations for X and Y, 6. If matrices A and B, if

if 3X  Y 
LM 1 1OP and X  3Y  LM0 1OP . LM 6 6 0 OP
N 1 1 Q N0 1Q 2A  B 
N 4 2 1Q
Solution :

L 1 1OP and A  2B 
LM 3 2 8OP
3X  Y  M
N1 1 Q .....(i) N 2 1 7Q

Solution :
L0 1OP
and X  3Y  M .....(ii)
Given equations are
N0 1Q LM 6 6 0 OP
2A  B 
By (i)  3 – (ii), we get
N 4 2 1 Q .....(i)

LM 1 1OP  LM0 1OP

8X  3
N1 1 Q N0 1Q and A  2 B 
LM 3 2 8 OP
N 2 1 7 Q
.....(ii)
L 3 3OP  LM0 1OP
M
N3 3 Q N0 1Q By (i) – (ii)  2, we get

L 3  0 3  1OP LM 6 6 0OP  2LM 3 2 8 OP

3B 
M
N 3  0 3  1 Q N  4 2 1Q N  2 1  7 Q
L 3 2OP L 6 6 0OP  LM 6 4 16 OP
M
 8X  M N4 2 1Q N4 2 14Q
N 3 4 Q
1 L 3 2 O L 6  6 6  4 0  16OP
M
 X M
8 N 3 4 PQ N4  4 2  2 1  14 Q
LM 3 2 OP LM 3 1OP  3B  M
L0 10 16OP
 XM 8 N0 0 15 Q
3 4 P M 3 1 P
8  8 4
MN 8 8 PQ MN 8 2 PQ 1 L0 10 16O
 B M
By (i) – (ii)  3, we get 3 N0 0 15 PQ

LM 1 1OP  3LM0 1OP L0 10 16 OP

 B M
8Y 
N1 1 Q N0 1Q MN0 03 153 PQ
L 1 1OP  LM0 3OP
M
N1 1 Q N0 3Q By (i)  2– (ii), we get

L 1  0 1  3OP LM 6 6 0 OP  LM 3 2 8 OP
M
3A  2
N1  0 1  3 Q N 4 2 1Q N 2 1 7Q

L 1 2OP LM12 12 2 0O L 3 8O

 8Y  M 2PQ MN 2 7 PQ
 
N 1 4 Q N 8 4 1

L 1 2O L 1 1 OP L12  3 12  2 0  8OP

M
1 L 1 2O M 8 8 P M 8 N 8  2 4  1 2  7 Q
 Y M M PM PP
8 N1 4PQ M 1 4 P M 1
4
1
N 8 8Q N 8 2 Q  3A  M
L 9 14 8OP
N 6 3 9 Q
(11)
  A
LM
1 9 14 8 OP LM i  2i 2i  iOP

3 6 N
3 9 Q N 3  2 2  3 Q
LM 3 14 8 O L i i OP
M
3P N5 5Q
 A
MN2 3
1 3 PQ
 AB M
L i i OP  big5  b5gi  0
7. Simplyfy
N5 5Q
 A – B is also singular matrix.
cos
LM cos sin OP  sin LMsin OP
 cos
Nsin cos Q Ncos sin Q 9. Find x and y, if
Solution : LM2x  1 1 1 OP  LM1 6 4 OP  LM3 5 5 OP.
cos 
LM cos sin OP  sin LM sin   cos OP N 3 4y 4Q N 3 0 3Q N6 18 7 Q
N sin  cos Q Ncos sin  Q Solution :

LM cos 
2
cos  sin  OP  LM sin  2
 cos  sin  OP LM2 x  1 1 1OP  LM1 6 4OP  LM3 5 5OP

N cos sin  cos 2
Q Ncos sin  2
sin  Q N 3 4y 4Q N 3 0 3Q N6 18 7Q

LM cos   sin 
2 2
OP  M
L2x  1  1 1  6 1  4 OP  LM3 5 5O
7 PQ
cos  sin   cos  sin 
N 3  3 4Y  0 4  3Q N6

N cos sin   cos sin  cos2   sin 2  Q 18


LM1 0OP  I  M
L2x 5 5OP  LM3 5 5OP
N1 0Q 22
N 6 4y 7Q N6 18 7Q
 by equality of matrices, we get

8. If A 
LM i 2iOP and B  LM2i i OP , where 2x = 3 and 4y = 18

N 3 2 Q N2 3Q
 x
3
and y 
18 9

2 4 2
find A + B and A – B. Show that A + B is
singular. A – B is singular? Jusfify your
answer.
LM2a  b 3a  b OP  LM2 3 OP, find a, b, c and
Solution : 10 If
Nc  2d 2c  d Q N4 1Q

AB
LM i 2iOP  LM2i i OP d.
N 3 2 Q N 2 3 Q Solution :

L i  2i 2i  iOP
M
LM2a  b 3a  b OP  LM2 3 OP
N 3  2 2  3 Q Nc  2d 2c  d Q N4 1Q

L 3i 3i OP
M
 By equality of matrices,
2a + b = 2 .....(i)
N1 1Q 3a – b = 3 .....(ii)

 AB M
L 3i 3i OP c + 2d = 4 .....(iii)

N1 1Q 2c – d = 1
Adding (i) and (ii), we get
.....(iv)

= 3i(–1) – (–1) 3i
5a = 5
=0
 a=1
 A + B is a singular matrix.
Putting a = 1 in (i), we get

AB
LM i 2iOP  LM2i i OP 2(1) + b = 2
N3 2 Q N 2 3Q  b=0
(12)
 By (iii)  2 – (iv), we get For Ganesh
5d = 9 Increase in sales for Physics books
9 = 7000 – 6500 = Rs. 350
 d Increase in sales for Chemistry books
5
= 7500 – 7055 = Rs. 455
9
Putting d  in (iii), we get Increase in sales for Mathematics books
5
= 10200 – 8905 = Rs. 1295
FG 9 IJ  4 ii. If both book shops got 10% profit in the month
c2
H 5K of August 09.
For Suresh
18
 c4 640  10
5 Profit for Physics books 
100
2
 c = Rs. 665
5
7055  10
Profit for Chemistry books 
11. There are two book shop known by Suresh 100
and Ganesh book shops. Their sales (in 7055
Rupees) for books in three subjects - 
Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics for 10
two months, July and August 2009 are = Rs. 705
given by two matrices A and B.
8905  10
July Sales (In Rupees) Profit for Mathematics books 
100
Physics Chemistry Maths

A
LM5600 OP
6750 8500 Suresh 
8905

N6650 7055 8905Q Ganesh 10

= Rs. 8905
August Sales (In Rupees)
ForGanesh
Physics Chemistry Maths

A
LM6650 7055 OP
8905 Suresh Profit for Physics books 
7000  10

N7000 7500 10200Q Ganesh 100

then 7000

i. FInd the increase in sale sin rupees from 10
July toAugust 09. = Rs. 700
ii. If both book shops got 10% profit in the 7500  10
months of August 09, find the profit for each Profit for Chemistry books 
book seller in each subject in that month. 100
Solution: 7500

i. Increase in sales in rupees from July to Agusut 10
2009 = Rs. 750
For Suresh
10200  10
Increase in sales for Physics books Profit for Mathematics books 
100
= 6650 – 5600 = Rs. 1050
Increase in sales for Chemistry books 10200

= 7055 – 6750 = Rs. 305 10
Increase in sales for Mathematics books = Rs. 1020
= 8905 – 8500 = Rs. 405
(13)
 Multiplication of Two Matrices : i.e., i.A(B + C) = AB + AC
Two matrices A and B are conformable for the (left distributive law)
product AB if the number of columns in A(pre- ii. (A + B) C = AC + BC
multiplier) is same as the number of rows in (right distributive law)
B(post-multiplier). Thus, if A  a ij and iv. The product of two non zero matrices can
m n
be the null matrix. i.e. AB = 0 but A  0,
B  a ij are two matrices of order m  n and B  0.
n p

n  p respectively, then their product AB is of Example :

order m  p and is defined as
If A 
LM0 2OP and B  LM1 0OP,
= (ith row of A) (jth column of B) .....(i)
N0 0 Q N0 0Q
LM b 1j OP L0 0OP while A  0, B  0
MMb PP then AB  M
 a ija i 2 .... a in 2j
N 0 0Q
Nb nj Q v. In the case of matrix multiplicationif AB=0,
i = 1, 2, ....., m and j = 1, 2, .... p. then it does not necessarily imply that
Now we define the product of a row matrix and BA=0
a column matrix.
Let A 
LM0 1OP and B  LM1 0OP. Then AB = 0
Let A = [a1 a2 ... an] be a row matrix and
N0 0Q N0 0 Q
LM b OP1
L1 0OP LM0 1OP  LM0 1OP  0
B  M b P be a column matrix. But BA  M
MNb PQ
2

n
N0 0Q N0 0Q N0 0Q
Thus AB = 0 while BA  0.
Example : vi. Positive Integral Powers of a Square
LMa b c k l OP LM m OP Matrix:
Let A be a square matrix. Then we define
MMd e f  p q P MM r P
Ng i PQ Ns u PQ
a. A 1 = A and
h t
b. An + 1 = An. A, where n  N.
LMak  bp  cs al  bq  ct am  br  cu OP It is evident from this definition A2 = AA,
 M dk  ep  fs dl  eq  ft dm  er  fu P A3 = A2 A = (AA) A, etc.
MN gk  hp  is gl  hq  it gm  hr  iu PQ It can be easily seen that
a. Am . An = Am+n and
Note :
b. (Am)n = Amn for all m, n  N.
If A and B are two matrices such that vii. For a given square matrix A there exists a unit
i. If AB exists, BA may or may not exist. matrix I of the same order as that of A, such
ii. If BA exists, AB may or may not exist. that AI = IA = A. I is called identify matix for
matrix multiplication.
iii. If AB and BA both exist, but they may not be
equal. Example :
Properties of Matrix Multiplication :
A
LM1 2OP,1  LM1 0OP
i. Matrix multiplication is not commutative
in general.
N 0 3Q N0 1Q
ii. Matrix multiplication is associate
 AI  M
L1 2OP LM1 0OP
i.e. (AB)C = A(BC), whenever both sides are N 0 3Q N 0 1Q
defined.
iii. Matrix multiplicationis distributive over M
L1  0 0  2OP
matrix addition. N 0  0 0  3Q
(14)
  AI 
LM1 2OP AB 
LM4 1OP LM1 3OP
N 0 3Q N3 2Q N4 2Q
 AI = A
M
L4  4 12  2OP
viii. For any matrix A there exists a null matrix O
such that N3  8 9  4 Q
a. A.O = O and
M
L 8 14OP
b. O.A = O
Some results :
N11 13Q .....(i)

Using the distributive law, the following results

BA  M
L1 3OP LM4 1OP
are derived.
If A and B are square matrices of the same
N4 2 Q N 3 2 Q
order, then
M
L 4  9 1  6 OP
i. (A + B)2 = A2 + AB + B + B2
ABBA
N16  6 4  4Q
ii. (A – B)2 = A2 – AB – BA + B2
iii. (A–B) (A+B) = A2+AB – BA–B2
in general
M
L13 7OP
N22 8Q .....(ii)

Exercise 11.3 From (i) and (ii), we get

1. Evaluate : AB  BA
LM 2 OP
i. 3 4 1 M 1P LM2 1 4OP LM
1 1 1 OP
MN 3 PQ 3. If A  M 3 PP MM
0 2 and B  2 3 0 state
PP
LM3OP MN1 2 1 Q N
1 3 1 Q
ii. MM4PP  2  1 3 . whether AB = BA? Justify your answer.

N 1Q Solution :

Solution : LM2 1 4OP LM1 1 1OP

AB  M 3 0 2P M 2 3 0P
LM 2 OP MN1 2 1PQ MN 1 3 1PQ
i. 3 4 1 M1P  2b2g  4b 1g  1b3g
MN 3 PQ LM2  2  4 2  3  12 2  0  4OP
= [6 – 4 + 3]  M 3  0  2 3  0  6 3  0  2 P
NM 1  4  1 1  6  3 1  0  1 PQ
= [5]

LM3OP LM3b2g 3b1g 3b3gOP

ii. MM4PP  2  1 3  MM4b2g 4b1g 4b3gPP LM 4 7 6OP
N 1Q N1b2g 1b1g 1b3g Q  AB  M 1 3 5P
MN 4 4 2PQ .....(i)

LM6 3 9 OP
 M8 4 12P LM1 1 1OP LM2 1 4OP
MN2 1 3 PQ BA  M 2 3 0P M 3 0 2 P
NM 4 4 2QP NM1 2 1QP
LM4 1OP LM
1 3
and B  4 2
OP LM2  3  1 1  0  2 4  2  1OP
2. If A 
N 3 2Q N Q show that
 M490 200 860 P
AB  BA.
Solution :
NM 2  9  1 1  0  2 4  6  1 QP
(15)
 LM 2 1 1 OP LM cos cos   sin  sin  sin  cos   cos sin OP
Nbsin  cos  cos sin g cos cos   sin  sin Q

BA  M 13 2 14 P
MN6 3 1PQ
.....(ii)
L cosb  g sinb  g OP
 AB  M
From (i) and (ii), we get
N sinb  g cosb  gQ .....(i)
AB  BA
BA  M
Lcos   sin OP LM cos  sin  OP
4. SHow that AB = BA, where N sin  cos  Q N sin  cos Q
LM1 3 OP
1 LM
 2 3 1 OP M
Lcos cos   sin  sin  sin  cos   cos  sin OP
i. A  M2 2 PP MM
1 and B  1 2 1
PP Nsin  cos  sin  cos  sin  sin   cos cos Q
MN3 0 1 Q 6 9 4N Q L cos cos   sin  sin  sin  cos   cos sin OP
M
A M
L cos sin OP and B  Lcos sin OP Nbsin  cos  cos cos g cos cos   sin  sin Q
ii.
Nsin cos Q MNsin cos Q L cosb  g sinb  g OP
 BA  M
Solution : N sinb  g cosb  gQ .....(ii)
LM1 3 1OP LM2 3 1OP From (i) and (ii), we get
i. AB  M2 2 1P M 1 2 1P AB = BA
MN3 0 1PQ MN6 9 4PQ
LM 2  3  6 3  6  9 1  3  4 OP If A 
LM 1 3 OP LM 6 6 OP
 M 4  2  6 6  4  9  2  2  4 P
5.
N  1  3Q and B 
N 2 2Q
verify

MN 6  0  6 9  0  9 3  0  4 PQ that AB = 0 but BA  0
Solution :
LM1 0 0OP AB 
LM 1 3 OP LM 6 6OP
 AB  0 1 0
MM PP .....(i) N1 3Q N2 2 Q
N0 0 1Q L 6  6 6  6OP  LM0 0OP
M
LM2 3 1OP LM1 3 1OP N  6  6 6  6 Q N0 0Q
BA  M 1 2 1P M2 2 1P  AB = 0
MN6 9 4PQ MN3 0 1PQ BA 
LM 6 6OP LM 1 3 OP
LM 2  6  3 6  6  0 2  3  1OP N2 2 Q N1 3Q
 M 1  4  3 3  4  0 1  2  1 P L 6  6 18  18OP
M
MN6  18  12 18  18  0 6  9  4PQ N 2  2 6  6 Q
LM1 0 0OP L12 36 OP
M
 BA  M0 1 0P N2 12Q
MN0 0 1PQ .....(ii)
 BA  0

From (i) and (ii), we get

AB = BA LM 1  2 OP LM  2 1 OP
AM P B  M P
ii. AB 
LM cos sin OP LMcos  sin OP 6. If
MN
2 1
 PQ
and 2

MN 1
1 
 PQ
2

N sin  cos Q N sin  cos Q

2
1 

where  is a comple xcube root of unity,

L cos cos   sin  sin 
M
 cos  sin   sin  cos OP then prove that AB and BA both are null
N sin  cos   cos sin  sin  sin   cos  cos  Q matrices.
(16)
Solution : A2 = A . A
 w2 = 1

LM 4 8 OP LM 4 8 OP
 3 – 1 = 0
 ( – 1) (2 +  + 1) =0
N 2  4 Q N  2 4 Q
  = 1 or 2 +  + 1 = 0
M
L16  16 32  32 OP
But w is a complex number N 8  8 16  16Q
 2 +  + 1 = 0 .....(i)

LM 1 2OP LM  2 OP M
L0 0OP
AB  M 
 1
N0 0Q
MN
2 1 PP MM2
1  P
2
1 QN1   PQ2

8. Verify that A(BC) = (AB)C in each of the

LM     3 2
2    3 1  2  4 OP following cases :

 M   1
2 4
3  2     3  2 PP L2 OP
2 2 LM OP
MN    
3 2 4 2 2
 Q3 AM
4 3
,B 3 3 MM PP
  1   i.
N 1 3 2 Q
1 1 N Q
LM  1   2
2    1 1 2   OP
 M    1
2
1 2     1 2 P LM3 1OP
MN1     2
  1 2 2    1PQ
and C 
N1 3Q
.....[3 = 1 4 = ] LM1 0 1OP LM 2 2 OP
LM0 0 0 OP ii. A  M 2 3 0 P, B  M1
MN0 4 5PQ MN 0
1 P
 M0 0 0P 3 PQ
MN0 0 0PQ
....[from (i)]
L3 2 1OP
and C  M
LM  2 1OP LM 1  2 OP N 2 0  2Q
BA  M 2
1  PP MM  2 1 P Solution :
MN 1  Q N  PQ
OP LM 23 OP
2 2
 1
L2
AB  M
4 3
2

LM     OP Q MMN1 P
i. 3
3 2
2  4  1 3  2   N 1 3 2
1 PQ
 M    
2 3
3  2   4  1  2 PP
MN 1     2 4
  3  2 2  Q3
LM 4  12  3 4  12  3OP

LM  1   2
2    1 1 2   OP N 2  9  2 2  9  2 Q
 M    1
2
1 2     1 2 P  AB  M
L13 11OP
MN1     2
  1 2 2    1PQ N 5 13Q
LM0 0 0OP bABgC  LMN135 1311OPQLMN13 13OPQ  LMN1539  1311 135 3933OPQ
 M0 0 0P
MN0 0 0PQ ....[from (i)]
L50 46OP
 bABgC  M
 AB and BA both are null matrices. N28 44Q .....(i)

LM 4 8 OP, prove that A LM 2 2OP L3 1O

If A  BC  M 3 3 P M P
N 2 4 Q
2
7. = 0.
MN1 1 PQ N1 3Q
Solution :
(17)
 LM 6  2 26 OP4 LM 4OP LM1 0 1OP LM 2 4 2 OP
M93 P
3  9  12 MM 12 P  Ab BCg  M2 3 0P M 1 2 1P
MN3  1 1  3PQ N 2 2 PQ MN0 4 5PQ MN 6 0 6PQ
LM 6  2 26O L 4 4 OP LM 2  0  6 4  0  0 2  0  6 OP
 Ab BCg  M 9  3 3  9 PP  MM12 12 P  M 4  3 0 8 6 0 4  3 0 P
MN3  1 1  3PQ MN2 2 PQ MN0  4  30 0  8  0 0  4  30PQ
M
L 8  48  6 8  48  6 OP LM 8 4 4 OP
N3  36  4 4  36  4 Q
 Ab BCg  M 1 2 1 P

 Ab BCg  M
L50 46OP MN26 8 34PQ .....(ii)
N28 44Q .....(ii)
From (i) and (ii), we get
From (i) and (ii), we get A(BC) = (AB)C
A(BC) = (AB)C
LM1 0 1OP LM 2 2OP 9. Verify that A(B + C) = AB + A in the
following matrices :
ii. AB  M2 3 0P M 1 1 P
MN0 4 5PQ MN 0 3 PQ L1 1  3 OP LM1 1 OP
AM ,B MM 2 2 P
LM2  0  0 2  0  3OP LM 2 1 OP
i.
N2 0 2 Q N4 4 PQ
 M3  4  0 4  3  0P  M 1 1P
NM0  4  0 0  4  14 PQ MN4 19PQ 0 LM 2 OP
LM 2 1 OP L3 2 1O and C  3
MM 0 P
N3 -3PQ
 bABgC  M 1 1P M P
MN4 19PQ N2 0 2Q LM 4 3OP , B  LM2 2 OP and C  L1 1O
ii. A
N 3 4 Q N5 5 Q MN 3 3PQ
LM 6  2 4  0 2  2OP
 M 3 2 2  0 1  2 P Solution :
MN12  38 8  0 4  38PQ i. AB + AC

LM 8 3 4 OP L1
M
1  3 OP LM21 OP L
1
1  1 3 OP LM03 2 OP
 bABgC  M 1 2 N2 Q MMN 4 PP MN
2 
Q MMN3
0 P
MN26 8 34PPQ .....(i) -3PQ
1 0 2 2 0 2
4 Q
LM 2 2OP L3 2 1O 
LM1  2  12 1  2  12 OP  LM0  3  9 209 OP
BC  M1 1 P M P N 2  0  8 2  0  8 Q N0  0  6 4  0  6Q

MN 0 3 PQ N2 0 2Q 
LM15 9OP  LM12 OP
11

LM 6  4 4  0 2  4OP N 6 10 Q N 6 2Q

 M3  2 2  0 1  2 P
M
L27 2OP
MN 0  6 0  0 0  6 PQ N 12 8Q .....(i)

LM 2 4 2 OP L1 OPR|SLM21 1 0 2OP LM OPU|

A b B  Cg  M PPV|
1 3
 M 1 2 1P
MN 6 0 6PQ N2 0 2 Q|TMMN 4 2  3 0
4 3 3
PP
Q
MM
N QW
(18)
 L 1 1 3O M
L1 3 OP LM5 5OP

M
N2 0 2 PQ MMN 7 1 PPQ
5 2 N0 0Q .....(i)

AC  BC  M
L3 4OP LM1 1OP  LM2 3OP LM1 1OP
L 1  5  21 3  2  3OP
M
N5 1Q N4 4Q N1 2Q N4 4Q
N2  0  14 6  0  2Q M
L3  16 3  16OP  LM2  12 2  12OP
L27 2OP N 5  4 5  4 Q N 1 8 1 8 Q
M
N 12 8Q .....(ii)
M
L19 19OP  LM14 14OP
From (i) and (ii), we ge t N9 9Q N9 9Q
A(B + C) = AB + AC
M
L19  14 19  14OP  LM5 5OP
ii. AB + AC
N 9  9 9  9 Q N 0 0Q

LM 4 3OP LM2 2OP  LM 4 3OP LM1 1OP From (i) and (ii), we get
N3 4Q N5 5Q N3 4Q N 3 3Q (A – B)C = AC + BC

M
L 8  15 8  15OP  LM4  9 4  9OP
N6  20 6  20 Q N 3  12 3  12 Q 11. If A 
LM1 5OP , B  LM2 3 OP, find AB – 21
M
L23 23OP  LM 5 13OP N6 7Q N4 8 Q
N14 14Q N15 9 Q where I is unit matrix of order 2.
Solution :
M
L28 36OP LM1 5OP LM2
OP  2LM1 0OP
N29 23Q .....(ii)
AB  2I 
N6 7 Q N4
8Q
3
N0 1Q
L 4 3OPRSLM2 2OP  LM1 1OPUV
A b B  Cg  M L 2  20 3  40 OP  LM2 0OP
N3 4QTN5 5Q N 3 3QW M
N12  28 18  56Q N0 2Q
M
L 4 3OPLM1 3OP L18 43OP  LM2 0OP
N3 4QN3 3Q M
N 40 38 Q N0 2Q
M
L 4  24 12  24OP L18  2 43  0OP  LM20 43OP
N3  32 9  32 Q M
N 40  0 38  2 Q N 40 36 Q
M
L28 36OP
N29 23Q .....(ii)
LM 1 2 OP
0
From (i) and (ii), we get 12. If A  I  M 5 4 P
2 , find the product
A(B + C) = AB + AC MN 0 7 3PQ

(A + I) (A – I).
10.
L3 4OP B  LM2 3OP and C  LM1 1OP,
If A  M Solution :
N 5 1 Q N 1 2Q N4 4 Q A – I = (A + I) – 2I
then verify that (A – B) C = AC – BC. LM 1 2 0 OP LM
1 0 0 OP
Solution :  M 5 4 P M
2 2 0 1 0 P
bA  BgC  RSLMN53 4OP  LM2 3OPUVLM1 1OP
1Q N1 2Q W N4 4 Q
NM 0 7 3QP MN0 0 1QP
T LM 1 2 0 O L2 0 0O
M
L1 1 OP LM1 1O L 1  4 1  4 O  M 5 2 PP, 2 MM0 0PP
4PQ MN4  4 4  4PQ
4 2
N4 1Q N4 
MN 0 7 3PQ MN0 0 2 PQ
(19)
 LM1 2 0OP 14. If A 
LM 3 1OP, prove that A – 5A + 7I = 0, 2

 A  I  M 5 2 2 P N  1 2Q
MN 0 7 5PQ where I is 2  2 unit matrix.
Solution :
LM1 2 OP LM1
0 2 0 OP A2 – 5A + 7I = A.A –5A + 7I
bA  IgbA  Ig  M5 4 PP MM5
2 2 2 P LM 3 1OP LM 3 1OP  5LM 3 1OP  7LM1 0OP
MN 0 7 3Q N 0 7 5PQ 
N1 2Q N1 2Q N1 2Q N0 1Q
LM1  10  0 240 040 OP L 9  1 3  2 OP  LM15 5 OP  LM7 0OP
 M 5  20  ) M
MN 0  35  0
10  8  14 0  8  10 P N3  2 1  4Q N5 10Q N0 7Q
0  14  21 0  14  15PQ

M
L 8 5OP  LM15 5 OP  LM7 0OP
LM11 6 4 OP N5 3Q N5 10Q N0 7Q
 M 15 12 2 P
MN35 7 29 PQ M
L8  15  7 5  5  0OP
N5  5  0 3  10  7 Q
LM1 OP M
L0 0OP  0
If A  M 3
3 3
N0 0Q
19.
MN3 PP
1 3 , prove that A2 – 5A is a
3 1 Q
scalar matrix.
L4 6 3
2 3
OP LM OP
AM , B  1 4 , show that MM PP
N2 Q
Solution : 15. If
1 5
LM1 3 3 OP LM1 3 3 OP
1 3 3 LM OP 0 2 N Q
AB is non-singular, but BA is singular.
 M3 1 3 PP MM3 P
1 3 5 3 1 3 MM P
MN3 3 1Q N3 3 1PQ N3 3 1PQ
Solution :

LM1  9  9 OP LM 5 OP L4
AB  M
6 3
2 3
OP LM OP
Q MMN PP
3 3 9 3 9  3 15 15 1 4
 M3  3  9 9  1 9 9  3  3P  M15 5 15P N2 1 5
Q
MN3  9  3 9  3 3 9  9  1PQ MN15 15 5 PQ
0 2

LM19 OP LM OP LM8  6  0 12  24  6OP  LM2 6OP


 M15
15 15 5 15 15
N4  1  0 6  4  10 Q N5 20Q
MN15
19 15  15 5 15P MM P
15 19PQ N15 15 5 PQ L2 6OP = 2(20)=–5(–6)=40+30= 70  0
AB  M
N5 20Q
LM 19  5 15  15 15  15 OP  AB is non-singular matrix.
 M15  15 19  5 15  15 P
MN15  15 15  15 19  5 PQ LM2 3 OP L
4 6 3 OP
BA  M1
MN0
4 PP MN Q
LM14 0 0 OP 2
2 1 5
Q
M0 14 0 P which is a scalar matrix.
NM 0 0 14QP LM8  6 12  3 6  15 OP
14 9 21 LM OP
 M4  8 6  4 3  20  12 2 23P MM P
MN0  4 02 0  10PQ N4 2 10PQ

(20)
 14 9 21

LM0 1OP  LM 0 1OP
 BA  12 2 23 N1 0Q N 1 0Q
4 2 10
L0
M
0O
 |BA|= 14(–20–46) + 9(120–92) + 21(24 + 8) N0 0PQ
= 14(–66) + 9(28) + 21(32)
=0
= –924 + 252 + 672 = 0
 BA is a singular matrix.
If A 
LM 2 1OP LM 3 4OP show that
16. If A 
LM3 1OP, B  LM 0 3OP,
18.
N  1 2Q and B 
N  4 3Q
N 2 4 Q N 1 5 Q (A + B) (A – B) + A2 + B2
Show that |AB| = |A|.|B|. Solution :
Solution : We have to prove that (A + B)2 (A – B) A2 + B2

AB 
LM3 1OP LM 0 3OP i.e., to prove that A2 + AB + BA – B2 = A2 – B2

N2 4Q N1 5Q i.e. to prove that AB + BA

L 0  1 9  5 OP AB 
LM 2 1OP LM 3 4OP
M
N0  4 6  20Q N1 2Q N4 3Q
L 1 14OP M
L 6  4 8  3 OP
M N3  8 4  6Q
N4 26Q
 AB  M
L 1 14OP  26  56  30 .....(i) M
L 2 11OP
N4 26Q N11 2 Q .....(i)

|A| = M
L3 1OP = 12 – 2 = 10 BA  M
L 3 4OPLM 2 1OP
N2 4 Q N  4 3Q N  1 2 Q
|B| = M
L 0 3OP = 0 + 3 = 3 M
L 6  4 3  8 OP
N1 5Q N8  3 4  6Q
 |A|.|B| = (10) (3) = 30
From (i) and (ii), we get
.....(ii)
M
L 2 11OP
|AB| = |A|.|B| N11 2 Q
From (i) and (ii), we get

If A 
LM0 1OP and B  LM1 0 OP show that AB = BA
17.
N1 0 Q N0 1Q
(A + B)2 + A2 + B2 19. If A 
LM 1 2 OP , B  LM 2 a OP and if
Solution : N1 2Q N1 bQ
We have to prove that (A + B)2 = A2 + B2 (A + B)2=A2 + B2, find the values of a and b.
i.e., to prove that A2 + AB + BA + B2 = A2 + B2 Solution :
i.e. to prove that AB + BA = 0 Given (A + B)2 = A2 + B2

AB  BA 
LM0 1OP LM1 0 OP  LM1 0 OP LM0 1OP  A2 + AB + BA + B2 = A2 + B2

N1 0Q N0 1Q N0 1Q N1 0Q  AB + BA = 0
 AB = –BA
L0  0 0  1OP  LM0  0 1  0 OP
M LM 1 2 OP LM 2 a OP   LM 2 a OP LM 1 2 OP
N 1  0 0  0Q N 0  1 0  0Q 
N  1  2 Q N  1 b Q N  1 b Q N 1 2 Q
(21)
 
LM 2  2 a  2b OP   LM2  a 4  2a OP 
LM3 2OP LM3 2OP  2LM1 0OP  k LM3 2OP
N 2  2  a  2 b Q N 1  b 2  2 b Q N4 2Q N4 2Q N0 1Q N4 2Q

LM0 a  2b OP   LM2  a 4  2a OP LM 9  8 6  4OP  LM2 0OP  LM3k 2kOP
N0 a  2bQ N 1  b 2  2b Q 
N12  8 8  4Q N0 2Q N4k 2kQ

LM0 a  2b OP  LM2  a 4  2a OP LM1 2OP  LM2 0OP  LM3k 2k OP
N0  a  b Q N 1  b 2  2 b Q 
N4  4 Q N 0 2 Q N4 k  2 k Q
 By equality of matrices, we get
–2 + a = 0 and 1 + b = 0 
LM3 2OP  LM3k 2kOP
 a = 2 and b = –1 N4  2 Q N4 k  2 k Q
A2 = kA – 2I
20. Find matrix X such that AX = B,  A.A + 2I = kA

where A 
LM 1 OP and B  LM3OP
2 By equality of matrices, we get
N 2 1Q N1Q 3k = 3
 k=1
Solution :
LMa OP
Let X 
NbQ If A 
LM7 14 OP , show that A = A. 3

But, AX = B
22.
N4 8 Q


LM 1 2OP LMa OP  LM3OP Solution :

N2 1 Q NbQ N1Q A2 = A.A

LM a  2b OP  LM3OP 
LM7 14OP  LM7 14OP

N2a  bQ N1Q N4 8 Q N4 8 Q
 By equality of matrices, we get
M
L49  56 98  112OP  LM7 14 OP
a – 2b = –3 .....(i) N28  32 56  64 Q N4 8 Q
–2a + b = –1 .....(ii)
By (i)  2 + (ii) we get  A  M2 L7 14OP
7 N4  8 Q
b  A2 = –A
3
Multiplying throughout by A, we get
7
Putting b  in (i), we get A.A2 = A.(–A)
3
 A3 = – A2
FG 7 IJ  3
a2
H 3K  A3 = –(–A)
 A3 = A. ....[From (i)]
14 5
 a  3  
3 3
LM1 2 3 1 OP LM OP

L5 / 3OP
XM 23. Find x, if 1 x 1 M4 5 6 2  0. PM P
N7 / 3Q MN3 2 5PQ MN 3 PQ

Solution :

21. Find k, if A 
LM3 2 OP and A = kA – 21.
2 LM1 2 3 1 OP LM OP
N4 2 Q 1 x 1 M4 PM P
5 6 2  0
Solution : MN3 2 5PQ MN 3 PQ

(22)
 LM 1 + 4 + 9 OP R| L1 0 OP 1 2 LM OPU|L2O LMx  1OP
 1 x 1 M4  10  18P  0 S|5MM0 PP
1  3 2 3 MM PPV|MN1PQ  MMy  1PP
MN 3 - 4 + 15 PQ T MN1 1 Q3 1 N QW N 2 z Q
LM 6 OP R|L5 OP
0 3 6 LM OPU|L2O LMx  1OP
 1 x 1 M12 P  0
MN14PQ
 S|MM0 PP
5  6 9 MM PPV|MN1PQ  MMy  1PP
TMN5 5 Q 9 3 N QW N 2z Q
 [6 + 12x + 14] = 0
 by equality of matrices, we get LM 2 6OP L2O LMx  1OP
12x + 20 = 0  MM 6 4PP MN1PQ  MMy  1PP
 12x = –20 N3 2 Q N 2z Q
 x
5
3
LM 4  6 OP LMx  1OP
 MM12  4 PP  MMy  1PP
24. Find x and y, N8 + 2Q N 2z Q
R| L 6 3 OP LM4 1 OPU| LM2OP LMx  1OP
if 2 0 3 S3MM1 2P  2M 1 0 P V  x, y .  MM 8 PP  MMy  1PP
|T MN 5 4PQ MN 3 4 PQ |W N6Q N 2z Q
Solution :  by equality of matrices, we get

R| L 6 3OP 4 1 LM OPU|
x + 1 = –2, y – 1 = 8, 2z = –6

3 S3MM1
 x = –3, y = 9, z = –3
2 0
|T MN 5 PP
2 2 1 0 MM PPV|  x, y
4 Q  3 4 N QW LM i 0OP and B  LM0 i OP,
If A 
R| L18 9 OP
8  2 LM OPU|
26.
N0 i Q N i 0Q
2 0 3 S3MM3 6 2 2 PP0 MM PPV|  x, y whree i   i , show that A2 = B2.
|T MN15 12 Q
6 8 N QW Solution :

LM10 7 OP A 2 L i 0OP LM i 0OP  LMi 0 OP  LM1 0 OP

 A. A  M
2

 2 0 3 M 1 P
6  x, y N0 i Q N0 i Q N 0 i Q N 0 1Q 2

MN 9 4PQ .....[ i2 = –1]

 [20 – 0 + 27 14 + 0 + 12] = [x y]
B2  B. B 
LM i 0OP LM i 0OP  LMi 0 OP  LM1 0 OP
2

 [47 26] = [x y] N0 i Q N0 i Q N 0 i Q N 0 1Q 2

 by equality of matrices, we get

.....[ i2 = –1]
x = 47 and y = 26
 A2 = B2

25. Find x, y, z
LM cos sin OP , show that
R| L1 0 OP1 2 LM OPU|L2O LMx  1OP 27. If A 
Nsin cos Q
if S5 M0
|T MMN1 PP
1  3 2 3 MM PPV|MN1PQ  MMy  1PP LM cos2 sin2 O
1 Q
3 1 N QW N 2z Q A2 
Nsin2 cos2 PQ
.
Solution :
Solution :
(23)
 A 2 L cos
 A. A  M
sin  OP LM cos sin OP 29. Ramesh and Govind are two friends of a
class. Ramesh wants to buy 5 pens and 7
N sin  cos  Q N  sin  cos  Q notebook, Govind wants to buy 3 pens and


LM cos   sin 
2 2
cos  sin   cos  sin  OP 10 notebooks. Both of them went to a shop.
The price of one pen and one note book
N cos sin   cos sin  2
 sin   cos 2
Q which they have selected was Rs. 5 and Rs.


LM cos   sin  2 sin  cos OP
2 2 12. Using matrix multiplication, find the
amount required for each one of them.
N2 sin   cos cos   sin Q 2 2
Solution :
L cos 2 sin 2 OP
M
Let A be the matrix of pens and notebooks and
N sin 2 cos 2Q B be the matrix of price of onepen and one
note book.
LM5 7 OP and B  LM 5 OP
28. If A 
LM1 2OP, B  LM0 4 OP,  A
N3 10Q N12Q
N3 5Q N2 1Q The total amount required for each oneof them
show that AB  BA, but |AB| = |A|.|B| is obtained by matrix AB.
Solution : LM5 7 OP LM 5 OP  LM 5b5g  7b12g OP
N3 10Q N12Q N3b5g  10b12gQ
 AB 
AB 
LM1 2OP LM0 4 OP
N3 5Q N2 1Q L 25  84 OP  LM109OP
M
M
L 0  4 4  2 OP N15  120Q N135Q
N0  10 12  5Q  Ramesh needs Rs.190 and Govind needs R. 135.

M
L 4 2OP Transpose and properteis of transpose of a matrix
N10 7Q If A= =[aij] is a m  n matrix, then as earlier

BA  M
L0 4 OP LM1 2OP defined the transpose of the matrix A is the

N2 1Q N3 5Q matrix obtained by interchanging the rows and

columns of A. It is denoted by AT.

M
L0  12 0  20OP  A T  a ji
N 23 45 Q Example :
n m

M
L12 20OP  AB LM2 OP
N1 1Q L2
If A  M
1 OP, then A
3
M1
4

N4 4Q
T

MN 3
2 P
4PQ
2
Now, | AB| 
4
10 7
2
bg b g
 4 7  2 10
Properties of transpose ofa matrix
= 20 – 20 = 8 i. For any matrix, A (AT)T = A.
ii. If A is a matrix andk is a constant, then (kA)T =
|A| 
1 2
3 5
bg bg
15 2 3 kAT.
iii. If A and b are two matrices of same order, then
= 5 – 6 = –1 (A + B)T = AT + BT.
iv. IF A and B are two matrices confirmable for
| B| 
0
2 1
4
bg b g
0 1 4 2 the product AB, then (AB)T = BT.AT.
v. If A is a symmetric matrix, then AT = A.
= 0 – 8 = –8 vi. If A is a skew-symmetric matrix, then AT = –A.
 |A|.|B| = (–1) (–8) = 8 |AB| vii. If A is a square matrix, then
 AB  BA, but |AB| = |A|.|B| a. A + AT is a symmetric matrix
b. A – AT is a skew symmetric matrix.
(24)
 Note : A square matrix A can be expressed as
the sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric LM 5 3 OP
matrix as 3. If A  M 4 PP
3 , prove that (AT)T = A.
MN2 1 Q
A
1
2
d 1
i d
A  AT  A  A2 .
2
i Solution :

Exercise 11.4 LM 5 3OP

1. Find AT, if A  M 4 3P

LM 1 3OP LM2 4 OP
1
MN2 1 PQ
A
i.
N 4 5 Q ii. A
N3 1 2Q
 A M T L 5 4 2OP
Solution :
N 3  3 1 Q
LM 1 3OP LM1 4OP
i. A
N4 5Q
 AT 
N3 5 Q LM 5 3OP
 dA i  M 4 3P  A
T T

LM 2 3 OP MN2 1 PQ
AM
L2 4 1OP  AT  M 4 1P
ii.
N 3 1 2 Q NM1 2 PQ  (AT)T = A

2. If a ij , where aij = 2(i – j), find A and AT.

LM 1 2 5 OP
3 3 4. If, A  M 2 P
3 4 , prove that AT = A.
State whether A and AT both are symmetric
or skew-symmetric matrices?
MN5 4 9 PQ
Solution : Solution :

LMa 11 a 12 a 13 OP LM 1 2 5OP
 Ma A  M 2 3 4 P
A  a ij
MNa
21 a 22 a 23 PP MN5 4 9 PQ
Q
3 3
31 a 32 a 33
Given a = 2(i – j)
 a11 = 2(1 – 1) = 0 a12 = 2(1 – 2) = –2
LM 1 2 5OP
 A  M 2 3 4 P  A
T
a13 = 2(1 – 3) = 0
a22 = 2(2 – 2) = 0
a21 = 2(2 – 1) = 2
a23 = 2(2 – 3) = –2
MN5 4 9 PQ
a31 = 2(3 – 1) = 0 a32 = 2(3 – 2) = 2  AT = A
a33 = 2(3 – 3) = 0
LM0 2 4OP LM 0 1  2i i  2 OP
 A  M2 0  2 P
MN4 2 0 PQ
5.
MM
If A  1  2i 0 7 PP
N 2i 7 0 Q
LM 0 2 4OP where prove AT = –A
 A  M 2 0
T
2P Solution :
MN4 2 0 PQ LM 0 1  2i i  2OP
A  M  1  2i 0 7 P
LM0 2 4OP MN 2  i 7 0 PQ
  M2 0 2 P
NM4 2 0 QP LM 0 1  2i 2  iOP
 A  M1  2i
T
0 7 P
 AT = –A and A = –AT
 A and AT both are skew-symmetric matrices.
MN i  2 7 0 PQ
(25)
 LM 0 1  2i i  2 OP 
LM 1 6 4 OP
  M 1  2i 0 7 PP N 5 8 2 Q
.....(ii)

MN 2  i 7 0 Q From (i) and (ii), we get

 AT = –A (A + C)T = AT – CT

LM 2 3OP LM 2 1 OP LM 5 4OP and B  LM1 3 OP, then find

6. If A  M 5 4P, B  M 4 1 P and
7. If A 
N  2 3Q N 4 1Q
MN6 1 PQ MN3 3 PQ CT such that
3A – 2B + C = I, whre I is the unit matrix of
LM 1 2OP order 2.
Solution :
C  M 1 4 P, then show that
MN2 3PQ 3A – 2B + C = I
 C = I + 2B – 3A
i. (A + B)T = AT + BT
ii. (A – C)T + AT – CT. C
LM1 0OP  2LM1 3 OP  3LM 5 4OP
Solution : N0 1Q N 4 1Q N2 3Q
LM 2 OP 3 2 LM 1 OP4 LM 2 OP M
L1 0OP  LM2 6 OP  LM15 12OP
AB M 5 P 4  4 MM P
1  9 MM 5 P N 0 1Q N 8  2 Q N  6 9 Q
i.
MN6 1 PQ N 3 3 PQ N 9 4 PQ
L1  2  15 0  6  12OP
M
bA  Bg  LMN42 9 9 O N 0  8  6 1 2  9 Q
4 PQ
T
 .....(i)
5
 CM
L16 6 OP
Now, A T 
LM 2 5 6OP and B  LM2 T 4 3 OP N 14 10Q
N3 4 1Q N1 1 3 Q L16 14 OP
 C M T

 AB M
L 2 5 6OP  LM2
T
4 OP
3 N 6 10Q
N 3  4 1 Q N 1 1 3Q

L 4 9 9OP
M 8. If A 
LM7 3 0 OP and B 
LM0 2 3 OP,
N 2  5 4 Q .....(ii)
N0 4 2Q N2 1 4 Q
From (i) and (ii), we get then find
(A + B)T = AT + BT i. AT + 4BT
ii. 5AT + 5BT.
LM 2 OP 3 1 2 LM1 OP LM 5 OP Solution :
AC M 5 P MM
4  1 4  6 P MM 8 P
ii.
MN6 1 PQ N2 3PQ N 4 2 PQ
LM7 3 OP and B  L0 2 3 O
0
A
N04 2 Q MN2 1 4PQ
 bA  Cg  LMN15
T 6
8
4 O
2 PQ
.....(i) LM7 0 OP LM 0 2 OP
 A  M 3 4 P and B  M 2 1 P
T T

Now, A T 
LM 2 5 OP and C  LM1
6 T 1 2 OP MN0 2PQ MN 3 4PQ
N 3 4 1Q N2 4 3 Q
LM 2 5 6 OP  LM1 1 2 OP LM7 0 OP LM 0 2 OP
 A T  CT  A  4 B  M 3 4 P  4 M 2 1 P
T T

N3 4 1 Q N2 4 3Q
i.
MN0 2PQ MN 3 4PQ
(26)
 LM7 0 OP LM 0 8 OP LM1 3 OP LM 2 3 OP 0 1 LM OP
 M 3 4 P  M8 4 P MM
Now, A T  0 1 , BT  1
P MM P T
5 , C  2 1 MM P
MN0 2PQ MN12 16PQ N1 2PQ N 4 2PQ N3 0 PQ

LM 7  0 0  8 OP  AT + 2BT + 3CT

 M 38 44 P LM1 3OP LM 2 3OP LM0 1OP

MN0  12 2  16PQ  M0 1P  2 M 1 5P  3M2 1P
MN1 2PQ MN4 2PQ MN3 0 PQ
LM 7 8 OP
 M 5 8 P LM1 3OP LM 4 6 OP LM0 3OP
MN12 18PQ  M0 1P  M 2 10 P  M6 3P
MN1 2PQ MN8 4PQ MN9 0 PQ
LM7 0 OP LM 0 2 OP
ii. 5A T  5B  5M 3 4 P  5M2 1 P
T LM1  4  0 3  6  3 OP
MN0 2PQ MN 3 4PQ  M0  2  6 1  10  3P
MN1  8  9 2  4  0 PQ
LM35 0 OP LM 0 10 OP
 M15 20 P  M 10 5 P LM5 6 OP
NM 0 10QP NM 15 20QP  A  2 B  3C  M8 8 P
 T T

NM2 2QP
.....(ii)

LM 35  0 0  10 OP LM35 10 OP From (i) and (ii), we get

 M15  10 20  5 P  M 5 25 P
MN 0  15 10  20PQ MN15 30PQ
[A + 2B + 3C]T = AT + 3BT + 3CT

L1 0 OP, B  LM2 1 4OP and L 1 2 1 OP

2 1 LM OP
If A  M
1
If A  M andB  3 2 , MM PP
9.
N3 1 2Q N 3 5  2Q
10.
N 3 2 3 Q
1 3 N Q
CM
L0 2 3O
0 PQ
verify that prove that (A + BT)T = AT + BT.
N 1 1 Solution :
[A + 2B + 3C]T = AT + 2BT + 3CT.
L 1 2 1 OP 2 1 LM OP
AM
Solution :
N 3 2 3
and B  3 2
Q MM PP
A + 2B + 3C
LM1 0 1OP  2 LM2 1 4OP  3LM 0 2 3OP
1 3 N Q

N 3 1 2 Q N 3 5  2 Q N  1  1 0Q LM1 3OP L2 3 1OP
 A  M 2 2 P and B  M
T T

L1 0 1OP  LM 4 2 8OP  3LM 0 6 9OP

M MN 1 3PQ N1 2 3Q
N3 1 2Q N10 10 4Q N3 3 0Q
L1  4  0 0  2  6 1  8  9 OP  A B M
T T L1 2 1 OP  LM2 3 1OP
M N3 2 3Q N1 2 3Q
N3  6  3 1  10  3 2  4  0Q
L5 8 2 OP M
L1  2 2  3 1  1 OP  LM 1 1 0OP
 A  2 B  3C  M N 3  1 2  2 3  3Q N2 4 0Q
N6 8  2 Q
LM5 6 OP LM1 2OP
 d A  B i  M1 4 P
T T
 A  2 B  3C  M8 8 P
MN2 2PQ .....(i) MN0 0 PQ .....(i)

(27)
 LM1 3OP LM 2 1 OP LM2 5 2 OP
Now, A T
 B  M 2 2 P  M 3 2 P  dA  A i  M5 T T
4 P
2  A  A T
MN 1 3PQ MN1 3PQ MN2 2 4 PQ
 A + AT is a symmetric matrix.
LM1  2 3  1OP LM 1 2 4OP LM1 3 2OP
 M 23 22 P
A  A  M 3 2 1 P  M 2 2  3P
MN 1  1 3  3PQ T

MN2 3 2PQ MN4 1 2 PQ

LM 1 2OP LM 1  1 2  3 4  2OP
 M1 4 P
 M 3  2 2  2 1  3P
MN 0 0 PQ .....(ii)
MN2  4 3  1 2  2PQ
From (i) and (ii), we get
(A + BT)T = AT + BT LM 0 1 6OP
 AA  M 1 T
0 4P
11. Prove that A + AT is symmetric and A – AT NM6 4 0QP
is skew symmetric matreix, whre
LM 0 1 6OP LM 0 1 6 OP
LM 1 2 4OP  dA  A i  M  1 0 4 P   M 1
T T
0 4 P
i. A  M 3 2 1P MN 6 4 0 PQ MN6 4 0PQ
MN2 3 2PQ  (A – AT)T = – (A – AT)
 A – AT is a skew symmetric matrix.
LM5 2 4OP LM5 2 4 OP
A  M 3 7 2 P
A  M3 P
ii.
MN4 5 3PQ ii.
MN4
7 2
5 3PQ
Solution :

LM 1 2 4 OP LM 5 4 4 OP
AM3 P
 A T
MM 2 7 5 P
3PQ
i.
MN2 3
2 1
2PQ
N 4 2

LM 5 4 4 OP LM 5 3 4 OP
LM1 3 2 OP  A  A  M 2 7 5P  M 2 7 5P
T

 AT  M2 2 3 P MN4 2 3PQ MN4 2 3PQ

MN4 1 2 PQ
LM 5  5 2  3 4  4OP
LM 1 2 4OP LM1 3 2 OP  M 3  2 7  7 2  5 P
 A  A  M 3 2 1 P  M2 2
T
3 P MN4  4 5  2 3  3PQ
MN2 3 2PQ MN4 1 2 PQ
LM10 5 0 OP
LM 1  1 2  3 4  2OP  A  A  M 5 14 3P
T

 M 3  2 2  2 1 3P MN 0 3 6PQ
MN2  4 3  1 2  2PQ
LM10 5 0 OP
LM2 5 2 OP  dA  A i  M 5 14 3P  A  A
T T T

 A  A  M5 4 2 P
T MN 0 3 6PQ
MN2 2 4 PQ  A + AT is a symmetric matrix.
(28)
 LM5 2 4 5OP LM 3 4 OP LM 0 
OP 5
 M3 P MM P and Q  dA  A i  M
1
P
T
AA 7 2  2 7  5 T 2
MN4 5 3PQ N 4 2 3PQ 2 MN 25 0 P
Q
LM 5  5 2  3 44 O
2  5 PP
 P is a symmetric matrix .....[ aij = aij]
 M 3  2 7  7 and Q is a skew-symmetric matrix.
MN4  4 5  2 3  3PQ .....[ aij = aij]
Since P + Q = symmetric matrix
LM0 1 8OP + skew symmetric matrix
 M1 0 7 P  A=P+Q
MN8 7 0 PQ
L4 OP LM OP
5
LM 0 1 8 OP LM
0 1 8 OP  AM
1/ 2

0
MM 2
P
d A  A i  M 1 0
T T
P MM P N1 / 2 5 5 Q 0P
MN 8 7
7   1 0 7
0 PQ N8 7 0 PQ
2 N Q
 (A – AT)T = –(A – A)T LM 3 3 1 OP
 A – AT is a skew symmetric matrix. ii.
MM
Let A  2 2 1 P
N4 5 2 PQ
12. Express the following matrices as the sum
of a symmetric and a skew-symmetric LM 3 2 4 O
matrix. A M3
T
2 5PP
LM 3 3 1 OP MN1 1 2 PQ
LM4 2 OP MM2 2 1 P
i.
N3 5 Q
ii.
N4 5 2 PQ LM 3 3 1OP LM 3  2 4 OP
 A  A  M  2 2 1 P  M 3
T
2 5 P
Solution : MN4 5 2 PQ MN1 1 2 PQ
A square matrix A can be expressed as the sum
of a symmetric and a skew-symmetric matrix
as
LM 6 1 5 OP
 M 1 4  4 P
A
1
2
d i d i
1
A  AT  A  AT
2
MN5 4 4 PQ
i.
L4 2OP
Let A  M
LM 3 3 1 OP
3 2 4 LM OP
N 3  5Q Also, A  A T
 M 2 PP
2 1  3  2  5 MM PP
L 4 3 OP MN4 5 2 Q
1 1 2 N Q
 A MT

N2 5Q LM 0 5 3 OP
 AA  M
L4 2OPLM 4 3 OP  LM8 1 OP  M5 0 6 P
T

N3 5QN2 5Q N1 10Q MN3 6 0PQ

Also, A  A  M
L4 2OPLM 4 3 OP  LM0 5OP
T
Let P 
1
dA  AT i
N3 5QN2 5Q N5 0 Q 2

LM 4 1OP LM 3 1 / 2 5 / 2 OP
Let P  dA  A i  M  M 1/ 2 PP
1
2 MN 21
T 2
5P
P MN5 / 2
2
2
2
2 Q
Q
(29)
 and Q 
1
d
A  AT i LM2 4 2 OP
2  bABg  M 7 11 11 P .....(i)
T

LM 0 5/ 2 3/ 2 OP MN9 14 15PQ

 M 5 / 2 0 3 P
MN3 / 2 3 0 PQ LM 0 2 OP L 2 3 4O
 B A  M 3 1P M
T T
P
 P is a symmetric matrix .....[ aij = aij]
and Q is a skew symmetric matrix
MN4 1 PQ N1 2 1Q
.....[ aij = aij]
Since P + Q = symmetric matrix
LM 0  2 0  4 0  2 OP
 M 6 1 92 12  1 P
 A+P=Q
+ skew symmetric matrix
MN8  1 12  2 16  1PQ
LM 3 1 5 OP LM 0 5 3 OP LM2 4 2 OP
AM
M1 2 2
P M 5
2 P  M
2 2
3P
P M7 11 11 P

MM 25 2
PP MM 23 0
PP MN9 14 15PQ .....(ii)
MN 2 2 2
PQ MN 2 3 0
PQ From (i) and (ii), we get
(AB)T = BTAT

LM2 1 OP LM OP L0
BA  M
3 4 OP LM23 1 OP
Q MMN4 P
2
13. If A  M 3 PP
2 and B 
0 3 4
N
verify
Q
ii.
N2 1 1
1 PQ
MN4 1 Q
2 1 1
From (i) and (ii), we get
that
(BA)T = ATBT
i. (AB)T = BTAT
ii. (BA)T = ATBT.
Solution :
14. If, A 
LM cos sin OP , show that A A = I, T

LM2 OP Nsin cos Q

A  M3
1
0 3 4 LM OP
MN4 PP
2 and B 
2  1 1 N Q
where I is the unit matrix of order 2.
1 Q Solution :

LM cos sin  OP
LM 2 3 4 OP LM 0 2 OP A
N sin  cosQ
 AT  and BT M 3 1 P
N 1 2 1 Q MN4 1 PQ Lcos  sin OP
 A M
T

LM2 1OP L0 3 4O N sin  cos Q

i. AB  M 3 2P M P A AM
Lcos   sin OP LM cos sin OP
MN4 1 PQ N2 1 1Q
T

N sin  cos Q N sin  cos  Q

LM0  2 6  1 8  1 OP 
LM cos   sin 
2 2
cos  sin   sin  cos  OP
 M0  4 9  2 12  2 P Nsin  cos  cos sin  sin 2  cos2  Q
MN0  2 12  1 16  1PQ LM1 0OP

LM2 7 9 OP N0 1Q
 M 4 11 14P  ATA = I, whee is the unit matrix of order 2
MN 2 11 15PQ
(30)
 Miscellaneous Exercise - 11 3A – 2B + 3I + X = 0
 X = 2B – 3A – 3I
LM 2 2 OP 6 2 LM OP LM2 1OP  3LM4 2OP  3LM1 0OP
A  M 3 P MM P  X2
1. If
MN 4
1 , B  1 3 find matrix C
0 PQ N0 4PQ
N 3 2Q N1 3Q N0 1Q
such that A + B + C = 0, where O is the L4 2OP  LM12 6OP  LM3 0OP
M
zero matrix. N 6 4Q N 3 9Q N0 3Q
Solution :
L4  12  3 2  6  0OP
M
A+B+C=0
 C = –(A + B)
N 6  3  9 4  9  3Q
R|L 2 LM OPU|
2 OP
6 2  XM
L19 4OP
 C   SMM3 MM PPV|PP
1  1 3 N 3  8Q
|TMN 4 N QW
0 Q
0 4
4. If A = diag |2, –3, –5|, B = diag |4, –6, –3|
LM 2  6 2  2OP LM 8 4 OP and C = diag |–3, 4, 1|, then find
  M 3  1 1  3 P   M  2 4 P i. B+C–A
MN 4  0 0  4PQ MN 4 4PQ ii. 2A + B – 5C
Solution :
LM8 4OP A = diag |2, –3, –5|
 c  M 2 4P LM2 0 0 OP
MN4 4QP  A  M0 3 0 P
MN0 0 5PQ
2. Find the matrix X, if 2A + B + X = 0, where B = diag |4, –6, –3|

A
LM1 2 3 OP, B  LM2 1 1 OP. LM4 0 0 OP
N4 2 0Q N3 3 4 Q  B  M0 6 0 P
Solution : MN0 0 3PQ
2A + B + X = 0 C = diag |–3, 4, 1|
 X = –(2A + B)
LM3 0 0 OP
R L1 2 3O  L2 1 1OUV
  S2 M CM0 P
T N4 2 0PQ MN 3 3 4PQW
 4 0
MN 0 0 1PQ

RL2 4 6O  L2 1 1OUV

  SM
i. B+C–A

TN8 4 0PQ MN 3 3 4PQW LM4 0 0 OP LM3 0 0OP LM2 0 0 OP

 M0 6 0 P  M 0 4 0P  M0 3 P
 M
L0 3 7OP MN0 0 3PQ MN 0 0 1PQ MN0 0
0
5PQ
N5 7 4 Q
 XM
L 0 3 7OP LM4  3  2 0 0 OP
N  5 7  4 Q M 0
MN 0
6  4  3 0 P
0 3  1  5PQ

3. Find matrix X such that 3A–2B + 3I + X=0,

LM1 0 0OP
LM4 2OP, B  LM2 1OP.  M 0 1 0P
where A 
N 1 3Q N 3 2Q MN 0 0 3PQ
Solution : = diag [–1, 1, 3]
(31)
ii. 2A + B – 5C
LM2 cos 0 0 OP
LM2 0 0 OP LM4 0 0 OP LM3 0 OP0 M 0 2 cos  0 P
 2 M0 3 0 P  M0 6 0 P  5M0 4 P0 MN 0 0 2 PQ
MN0 0 5PQ MN0 0 3PQ MN0 0 1PQ

LM4 0 0 OP LM4 0 0 OP LM15 0 0O 6. Find matrices A and B, whre

 M0 6 0 P  M0 6 0 P  M 0 20 0PP
MN0 0 10PQ MN0 0 3PQ MN 0 0 5PQ i. 2A  B 
LM1 1OP and A  3B  LM 0 1OP
N0 1 Q N 1 0 Q
LM4  5  15 0 0 OP LM1 2 1 OP LM
0 0 1 OP
M 0 6  6  20 0 P ii. 3A  B 
N1 0 5
and A  3B 
Q N
1 0 0 Q
MN 0 0 10  3  5PQ
Solution :

LM23 0 0 OP i. Given equations are

 M 0 32 0 P LM1 1OP

MN 0 0 18PQ 2A  B 
N0 1 Q .....(i)

= diag [23, –32, –18]

L 0 1OP
and A  3B  M .....(ii)
LMcos  sin 0 OP N  1 0Q
By (i)  3 + (ii), we get
5. If f() = M sin cos 0 , PP
MN 0 0 1 Q 7A  3
LM1 1OP  LM 0 1OP  LM3 3OP  LM 0 1OP
Find
N 0 1 Q N  1 0 Q N 0 3 Q N  1 0Q
i. f(–)
 7A  M
L 3 2OP
ii. f(–) + f() N 1 3 Q
Solution :
LMcos sin 0OP  7A  M
L 3 2OP
f(a)  M sin cos 0P
N 1 3 Q
i.
MN 0 0 1PQ By (i) – (ii)  2, we get
LM1 1OP  2LM 0 1OP
LMcosbg sinbg 0 OP 7 B 
N 0 1 Q N  1 0Q
 f(  )  M sinb  g cosb  g 0 PP
MN 0 0 1 Q M
L1 1OP  LM 0 2OP
N 0 1 Q N  2 0Q
LMcos sin 0OP L1 3OP
 f(  )  M sin cos 0P   7B  M
NM 0 0 1PQ N2 1 Q
1 L1 3O
 B M
7 N2 1 PQ
ii. f(–) + f()
LM cos sin  0 OP LM
cos   sin  0 OP
 M sin  cos  P MM
0  sin  cos  0 P 1 L 1 3 O
 B M
MN 0 0 1PQ N 0 0 1PQ 7 N 2 1PQ

LM cos  cos sin   sin  0 OP ii. Given equations

 M sin   sin  cos   cos  0 P LM1 2 1 OP

MN 0  0 00 1  1PQ
3A  B 
N1 0 5Q
.....(i)

(32)
 and A  5B 
LM 0 0 1 OP LM 2 3OP LM6 4 OP
N1 0 0Q
.....(ii)
 M 3 2 P  M 8  2 P
By (i)  5 + (ii), we get MN1 4 PQ MN 2 6PQ
LM1 2 1OP  LM 0 0 1OP
16A  5 LM4 1 OP
N 1 0 5Q N1 0 0Q  A  2 B  M 11 4P
T

M
L5 10 5 OP  LM 0 0 3OP MN 1 2PQ
N 5 0 25Q N3 0 0Q
 16A  M
L5 10 6 OP  dA  2B i  LMN14 114 12OPQ .....(i)
T T

N 4 0 25Q
1 L 5 10 6 O AT  2B  M
L 2 3 1OP  2LM3 4 1 OP
 16  M
16 N 4 0 25PQ
N3 2 4 Q N 2 1 3Q
By (i)–(ii)  3, we get
M
L 2 3 1OP  LM6 8 2 OP
16B 
LM1 2 1 OP  3LM 0 0 1OP N3 2 4 Q N 4 2 6Q
N1 0 5Q N1 0 0Q
M
L4 11 1 OP .....(ii)
L 1
M
2 1O L 0 0 3O N 1  4 2 Q
5PQ MN 3 0 0PQ

N1 0 From (i) and (ii), we get

LM1 2 2O
(A + 2BT)T = AT + 2B

0 5 PQ LM 2 3OP LM3 2 OP
  16B 
N4
3A  5B  3M 3 2P  5M 4 1P
T

1 L 1 2 2 O
ii.
 16  M
16 N 4 0 5 PQ
MN1 4 PQ MN 1 3PQ
1 L1
 16  M
2 2 O LM 6 9 OP LM15 10 OP
16 N 4 0 5PQ  M 9 6P  M 20 5 P
MN3 12 PQ MN 5 15PQ
LM 2 3OP LM
3 4 1 OP LM 21 19OP
7.
MM
If verify A  3
PP
2 , B 
N
2 2  3
,
Q  3A  5B  M 11 1 P
T

N 1 4 Q MN 8 27 PQ
i. (A + 2BT)T = AT + 2B
ii. (3A – 5BT)T = 3AT – 5B
 d3A  5B i  M T T L 21 11 8OP .....(i)
Solution : N19 1 27Q
LM 2 3 OP LM OP L 2 3 1OP  5LM3 4 1 OP
3A  5B  3M
3 4 1
AM3 PP
T
i.
MN1
2 and B 
4 Q
2 2 3 N Q N3 2 4 Q N 2 1 3Q
M
L 6 9 3OP  LM15 20 5 OP
L2 3 1 OP 3 2 LM OP N9 6 12 Q N 10 5 15Q
 A T
M T
and B  4 1 MM PP
N 3 2 4 Q 1 3 N Q M
L 21 11 8OP
N19 1 27 Q .....(ii)
LM 2 3 OP LM
3 2 OP From (i) and (ii), we get
T
 A  2B T
M3 P MM
2  2 4  1 P (3A – 5BT)T = 3AT – 5B.
MN1 4 PQ N1 3PQ
(33)
8. If A 
LMcos  sin OP and A + AT = I, wheree LM 9 1 4 OP
Nsin cos Q  AB  M11 7 0 P
I is unit matrix 2  2, then find the value of MN1 3 2PQ
.
= 9(–14 + 10 + 0) –1(–22 + 0) –4(–33 + 7)
Solution :
= – 126 + 22 + 104
A
LMcos  sin OP =0
N sin  cos Q  AB is a singular matrix.

 AT M
L cos  sin  OP LM1 OP LM OP
N sin  cosQ A  M2
2 3 1 1 1
10. If
MN1 P MM
4 6 , B  3 2 1 , show P
3PQ N 2 0 PQ
A + AT = I
2 1


LMcos   sin OP  LM cos sin  OP  LM1 0OP that AB and BA are both singular matrices.
Solution :
N sin  cos  Q N sin  cosQ N0 1Q
LM1 2 3OP LM 1 1 1 OP
LM2 cos 0 OP  LM1 0OP AB  M2 4 6P M 3 2 1P

N 0 2 cos Q N0 1Q MN1 2 3PQ MN2 1 0 PQ
 by equality of matrices, we get
2cos = 1 LM 1  6  6 1  4  3 1  2  0 OP
 M2  12  12 2  8  6 2  4  0P
 cos 
1
2
MN 1  6  6 1  4  3 1  2  0 PQ
 cos   cos
 LM 11 6 1OP
3  M22 12 2P


MN 11 6 1PQ
  or 600
3 LM 11 6 1OP
 |AB|  M22 12 2 P
LM 1 OP
2
1 3 2LM OP NM 11 6 1QP
AM3 PP
2 and B 
N Q
9. If show =0 ...[ R1 and R3 are identical]
MN1 0 Q
4 1 3
 AB is a singular matrix
that AB is singular. LM 1 1 1 OP LM1 3 2OP
Solution : BA  M 3 2 1P M2 4 6P
LM 1 2OP L1 3 2 O MN2 1 0 PQ MN1 2 3PQ
AB  M 3 2 P M P
MN1 0PQ N4 1 3Q LM 1  2  1 2  4  2 3  6  3 OP
 M 3  4  1 6  8  2 9  12  3P

LM 1  8 3  2 2  6 OP MN2  2  0 4  4  0 6  6  0 PQ
 M 38 9  2 6 6 P LM0 0 0OP
MN1  0 3  0 2  0PQ  M0 0 0P
MN0 0 0PQ
LM 9 1 4OP
 M11 7 0P  |BA| = 0
MN1 3 2PQ  BA is a singular matrix
(34)
 LM1 1 0 OP 2 LM 2 4 OP A 
LM cos  sin  OP
11. If A  M2 P
3 4 and B  4 MM 2 4 ,P N sin  cos Q
MN0 1 2PQ N2 1 5 PQ
L cos sin  OP
A M
show that BA = 6I.
Solution :
N sin  cosQ


LM 2 2 4OP LM1 1 0OP A A M

L cos  sin  OPLM cos sin OP
BA  M4 2 4 P M2 3 4P

N sin  cos QN sin 

cos Q
MN 2 1 5 PQ MN0 1 2PQ 
LM cos  cos  sin  sin  cos  sin   sin  cos  OP
N sin  cos  cos sin  Q
LM 2  4  0 2  6  4 0  8  8 OP
 sin  cos   cos  cos 

 M 4  4  0 4  6  4 0  8  8 P L cos cos  sin  sin 

M
cos  sin   sin  cos  O
N sin  cos  cos sin   cos  sin   sin  cosPQ
MN 2  2  0 2  3  5 0  4  10PQ
LM6 0 0OP LM1 0 0OP LM cosb  g b g OP
sin   
N sinb  g cosb  gQ

 M0 6 0P  6M0 1 0P
NM0 0 6QP NM0 0 1QP  A B = A( + )

 BA = 6I

14. If A 
LM 1 OP and B  LM 2
1 OP
, where 
LM2 1OP, B  LM1 2 OP, verify that |AB| N 1
1Q N1  Q
12. If A 
N0 3 Q N 3  2Q is a complex cube root of unity, then show
that AB + BA + A – 2B is a null matrix.
= |A|.|B|.
Solution :
Solution :
 is the complex cube root of unity
AB 
LM2 1OP LM1 2 OP  3 = 1
N0 3Q N3 2Q  3 – 1 = 0

L2  3 4  2OP  LM5
M
2 OP  ( – 1) (2 +  + 1) = 0

N0  9 0  6 Q N9  6Q
  = 1 or 2 + + 1 = 0
But  is a complex number
5 2  1 +  + 2 = 0 .....(i)
 | AB| 
9 6 AB + BA + A – 2B
 |AB| = 5(–6) – 9(2) = –30 – 18 = –48 LM 1 OP LM 1 OP  LM 1 OP LM 1 OP

1 1

|A| =
2 1
= 2(3) – 0(1) = 6 – 0 = 6
N 1 Q N 1 Q N 1 Q N 1 Q
2 2

0 3
M
L 1 OP  2 LM 1 OP 1

|B| =
1 2
= 1(–2) –2(3) = –2 –6 = –8 N 1 Q N 1 Q 2

3 2
 |A|.|B| = 6(–8) = –48 = |AB| M
L   1   OP  LM     1OP
2 2 2 2 3

 AB = |A|.|B| N   1   Q N 1      Q
4 2 3

L cos OP , M
L 1 OP  LM2 1 OP 1

13. If A  M
Nsin
sin
cos Q
N 1 Q N 1 Q 2

show that A.B = A( + ). L    2  1  2 1      1    2OP

M
2 2 2 2 3

Solution : N  1  1      2     2  1  2 Q
4 3 2 2

(35)
 LM 2
   1 2    1 OP 17. If A 
LM 3 OP, show that A – 5A – 14I = 0.
5 2

N 2
   1 2    1 Q N 4 2Q

.....[ 3 = 1  4 = ] Solution :


LM0 0OP A2 – 5A – 14I
= A.A – 5I – 14I
N0 0Q .....[from (i)]

which is a null matrix. 

LM 3 5OP LM 3 5OP  5LM 3 5OP  14LM1 0OP
N  4 2 Q N  4 2 Q N  4 2 Q N0 1Q
LM 2 2 4 OP L 9  20 15  10OP  LM 15 25OP  LM14 0 OP
M
15.
MM
If A  1
P
3 4 , show that A2 = A. N12  8 20  4 Q N20 10 Q N 0 14Q
N1 2 3PQ L 29 25OP  LM 15 25OP  LM14 0 OP
M
Solution : N20 24 Q N20 10 Q N 0 14Q
LM 2 2 4OP LM 2 2 4OP M
L 29  15  14 25  25  0OP
A  A.A  M 1 3 4 P M 1 3 4 P N20  20  0 24  10  14 Q
MN 1 2 3PQ MN 1 2 3PQ L0 0OP
M
LM 4  2  4 4  6  8 8  8  12OP N0 0Q
 M 2  3  4 2  9  8 4  12  12 P =0
MN 2  2  3 2  6  6 4  8  9 PQ
LM 2 2 4OP 18. If A 
LM 2 1OP, show that A – 4A + 3I = 0.
2

 M 1 3 4 P
N 1 2 Q
MN 1 2 3PQ Solution :
A – 4A + 3I
 A2 = A = A.A – 4A + 3I

LM 2 1OP LM 2 1OP  4LM 2 1OP  3LM1 0OP

LM4 1 4 OP 
N1 2 Q N1 2 Q N1 2 Q N0 1Q
16. If A  M 3 PP
0 4 , show that A2 = I.
MN3  1 3 Q L 4  1 2  2OP  LM 8 4OP  LM3 0OP
M
Solution :
N2  2 1  4 Q N4 8 Q N0 3Q
LM4 1 4OP LM4 1  4 OP L 5 4OP  LM 8 4OP  LM3 0OP
M
A = A.A  M 3 0 4P M 3
2
0 4 P N4 5 Q N4 8 Q N0 3Q
MN3 1 3PQ MN3 1 3PQ L 5  8  3 4  4  0OP
M
LM16  4  12 4  0  4 16  4  12 OP N 4  4  0 5  8  3 Q
 M12  0  12 3  0  4 12  0  12 P M
L0 0OP
MN 12  3  9 3  0  3 12  4  9 PQ N0 0Q
=0
LM1 0 0OP
 M0 1 0P  I
MN0 0 1PQ If A 
LM3 2 OP, B  LM1 xOP and
19.
N2 4Q Ny 0Q
(36)
 (A + B) (A – B) = A2 – B2, find x and y.
AB 
LM0 OP LM
1 0 1

OP LM
01 0 0

1 0 OP LM OP
Solution :
(A + B) (A – B) = A2 – B2
N1 QN
0 1 0 Q N
0  0 1  0 0 1 Q N Q
BA  M
L0 1O L0 1O L 0  1 0  0O L  1 0O
0 PQ MN1 0PQ MN0  0 1  0 PQ MN 0 1PQ
 A2 – AB + BA – B2 = A2 – B2
 
 –AB + BA = 0 N1
 AB = BA  AB  BA


LM3 2 OP LM1 xOP  LM1 xOP LM3 2 OP
N 2  4 Q N y 0 Q N y 0 Q N 2 4 Q LM2 1OP, find A .
LM3 + 2y 3x  0OP  LM3 + 2y 2  4xOP
3
22. If A 

N3 2 Q
N 2  4y 2x  0 Q N3y + 0 2y  0Q Solution :
 by equality of matrices, we get LM2 1OP LM2 1OP
A 2 = A.A 
2 – 4x = –3x  x = 2 N3 2 Q N3 2 Q
and 2y = 2x  y = x
 y=2 L4  3 2  2OP
M
 x = 2, y = 2 N6  6 3  4 Q
 A =M
L1 0OP
2

20. If
LM x yOP LM1OP  LM3OP, find x and y.. N0 1Q
N3y xQ N2Q N5Q  A2 = I
Solution : Multiplying throughout by A, we get

LM x yOP LM1OP  LM3OP A3 = A.I

 A3 = A
N3y xQ N2Q N5Q
 M
L x + 2y OP  LM3OP 23. Find x and y, if
N3y + 2xQ N5Q R| L4 5 OP
4 3 LM OPU|
 by equality of matrices, we get i. 0 1 4 S2MM3 PP
6 3 1 4 MM PPV|  x y
x + 2y = 3 .....(i) |T MN2 1 Q
0 1 N QW
2x + 3y = 5 .....(ii)

OPUVLM50OP  LMxOP
2
by (i) – (ii), we get
RS1L1 2 1 OP LM
2 3 7
T MN2
y=2
QWMMN1PPQ NyQ
3
Putting y = 1 in (i), we get
ii.
0 3 Q N
1 1 3
x + 2(1) = 3
 x=1 Solution :
 x = 1, y = 1 R| L4 5 OP 4 LM OPU|
3
i. 0 1 4 S2 MM 3 P
6 3 1 MM 4PPV|  x y
LM0 1OP andB  LM0 1OP |T MN2 1QP N0 1Q W
21. If A 
N1 0Q N1 0Q
R|L8 10 OP LM
12 9 OU
|
4 SMM6 12 PP V  x y
show that (A + B).(A – B)  A2 – B2.
0 1
|TMN4 PP MM
12  3
3PQ |W
Solution :
We have to prove that (A+B).(A–B)  A2–B2
2 Q N
0

i.e. to prove that A(A – B) + B(A – B)  A2–B2 LM20 19 O

i.e. to prove that A2 – AB + BA – B2  A2 – B2 0 1 4 M9 24 PP  x y
i.e. to prove that AB  BA MN 4 5PQ
(37)
  0  9  16 0  24  20  x y LM12  2OP LMx  1OP
 7 44  x y  MM 8  6 PP  MMy  1PP
 by equality of matrices, we get N 4  4 Q N 2z Q
x = 7, y = –44
LM10OP LMx  1OP
RS1L1 2 1 2 3 7OP LM OPUVLM50OP  LMxOP  MM 2 PP  MMy  1PP
T MN2 QWMMN1PPQ NyQ N 0 Q N 2z Q
3
ii.
0 3 1 1 3 Q N
 by equality of matrices, we get

OPUVLM50OP  LMxOP
x – 1 = –10x = –9
RL 1
 SM
2  1 6 9 21 OP LM
QWMMN1PPQ NyQ
 y + 1 = –2y = –3
TN 2 0 3 3 3 9 Q N 2z = 0z = 0

L5O R|L1 2 3 OP
3 0 2 LM OPU|LM1OP LMxOP
L
 M
5 11 20O M P L xO ii. S|MM2 0 1 2 1 4 5PP MM PPV|MM2PP  MMyPP
N1 3 6 PQMMN1PPQ MNyPQ TMN3 Q N QWN3Q NzQ
0 
1 2 2 1 0

L25  0  20OP  LMxOP R|L1 2 3O L6 0 4 OU|L1O LxO

 M
N 5  0  6 Q NyQ  S|MM2 0 1PP  MM2 8 10PPV|MM2PP  MMyPP
L 5 O LxO TMN3 1 2PQ MN4 2 0 PQWMN3PQ MN zPQ
 M PM P
N1Q NyQ LM7 2 7 OPLM1OP LMxOP
 by equality of matrices, we get  MM4 8 11PPMM2PP  MMyPP
x = 5, y = –1 N 7 3 2 Q N 3Q N z Q
24. Find x, y, z, if LM 7  4  21 OP LMxOP
R| L0 1OP 2 1 LM OPU|L2O LMx  1OP  MM4  16  33PP  MMyPP
i. S|5MM1 PP
0  3 3 2 MM PPV|MN1PQ  MMy  1PP N 7  6  6 Q N zQ
T MN1 1 Q 1 3 N QW N 2z Q LM32OP LMxOP
R|L1 OP LM 0 2O U L 1 O L x O
 MM53PP  MMyPP
S|MM2
2 3 3
|
4 5 PP VMM 2PP  MMy PP
N19Q N zQ
0 1 2 1 PP MM
1 0 PQ |WMN 3PQ MN z PQ
ii.
TMN3 1 2 2 Q N  by equality of matrices, we get
x = 32, y = 53, z = 19
Solution :

R| L0 1 OP 2 1 LM OPU|L2O LMx  1OP LM2 OP and B  LM1 OP,

S|5MM1
1 3 0 2
i.
P
0  3 3 2 MM PPV|MN1PQ  MMy  1PP 25. If A 
N0 6Q N3 4Q
T MN1 1PQ
2 1
N1 3 Q W N 2 z Q find ABT and ATB.
R|L0 5O L 6 3 U
P0P  MM9 6OPP|VLM2OP  LMMy  1OPP
x 1 Solution :
 S|MM5 LM2 OP and B  LM1 0 2OP
5PQ MN 3 9 PQ |WN Q MN 2 z PQ
1 3
TMN5
1 A
N0 2 6Q N3 1 4 Q
LM6 2O
P L Lx  1OP
2O M
LM 2 0OP LM 1 3 OP
 MM4 6 P M P  M y  1P  AT  M 1 2P and B  M 0 1P
T

N2 4PQ
N1Q MN 2z PQ MN3 6PQ MN2 4 PQ
(38)
 L 2 1 3O M
L 1 3 OP LM 1 2OPL 2 3 0O
 AB  M
N0 2 6 PQ MMN2 4 PPQ
T
0 1  B A T T
 M1 1 P M P
MN 2 0 PQN4 2 1Q
M
L 2  0  6 6  1  12 OP LM 2  8 3  4 0  2OP
N0  0  12 0  2  24Q  M  2  4  3  2 0  1P

L 8 7OP MN 4  0 6  0 0  0PQ
M
N12 22 Q LM10 7 2OP
LM 2 0OP L1 0 2O  BT A T  M  6 5 1 P
and A B  M 1 2P M
T
P MN 4 6 0 PQ ....(i)
MN3 6PQ N3 1 4 Q From (i) and (ii), we get

LM 2  0 0  0 4  0OP (AB)T = BTAT

 M 1  6 0  2  2  8P
MN3  18 0  6 6  24 PQ If A 
LM3 OP, prove that
4
27.
N1
 1Q
LM 2 0 4OP L1  2n 4n OP, for all n N.
 M 7 2 6 P An M
NM15 6 30QP N n 1  2nQ
Solution :

LM2 OP L 1 LM3 4OP

If A  M 3
4
2 P , B  M
1 2 OP, A
N1 1Q
N 2 0Q
26.
MN0 1 PQ
1
LM1  2n 4 nOP
Let P(n)  A n 
Show that (AB)T = BTAT.
Solution :
N n 1  2nQ
Put n = 1
LM2 4OP L 1 1 2O LM1  2(1) 4(1) OP
AB  M 3 2P M P R. H.S. 
MN0 1 PQ N2 1 0Q N 1 1  2(1) Q

L3 4OP
M
LM2  8 2  4 4  0OP N1 1Q
 M 3  7 3  2 6  0 P
MN0  2 0  1 0  0PQ =A
= L.H.S.

LM10 6 4OP  P(n) is true for n = 1

Let P(n) be true for n = k
 M 7 5 6P
MN2 1 0PQ  Ak 
LM1  2 k 4 kOP
N k 1  2kQ
.....(i)
LM10 7 2OP Put n = k + 1
 bABg  M 6 5 1 P
T

MN 4 6 0 PQ .....(i)
LM1  2kbk  1g 4bk  1g OP
N k  1 1  2bk  1gQ
R. H.S.

L2 OP 1 2 LM OP
Now, A T
M
3 0 T
and B  1 1 MM PP L1  2 k  2 4 k  4 OP
M
N 4 2 1 Q 2 0 N Q N k  1 1  2 k  2Q
(39)
 
LM3  2 k 4 k  4 OP 
LM cos k sin k OP LM cos sin  OP ....from(i)
N k 1 2k  1 Q N sin k cos k Q N  sin  cos  Q
L.H.S. = Ak+1
= Ak.A 
LM cos k cos  sin k sin  cos k sin   sin k cos  OP
LM1  2k 4k OP LM3 4OP ....[from (i)] N sin k cos  cos k sin   sin k sin   cos k cos  Q

N k 1  2k Q N1 1Q L cos k cos  sin k sin 
M
cos k sin   sin k cos  O
Nbsin k cos  cos k sin g  sin k sin   cos k cos PQ
M
L3  6k  4k 4  k  4k OP
N 3k  1  2k 4k  1  2kQ LM cosbk  g b g OP
sin k  
N sinbk  g cosb k  gQ

M
L3  2 k  k  4 OP
N k  1 2k  1Q L cosbk  1g sinb k  1g O
M P
= R.H.S.
 P(n) is true for n = k + 1
N sinbk  1g cosb k  1gQ

= R.H.S.
 it is true for all n  N

 A
n L1  2n
M
 4n OP, for all n N.  P(n) is true for n = k + 1

N n 1  2n Q  it is true for all n  N

 An 
LM cos n sin nOP, for all n N.
28. If A  LM cos sin OP , prove that N sin n cos nQ
Nsin cos Q

LM cosn sinn O 29. Two farmers Ramrao and Shamrao cultivate

cosn PQ
An  for all n N.
Nsinn three crops rice, wheat and groundnut. The
sale (in Rupees) of these crops by both the
Soloution : farmers for the mouth of April and May

A
LM cos sin OP 2008 is given below.

N sin  cos Q
April sale (in Rs.)

Let P(n)  A n
M
L cosn sinn OP Rice Wheat Groundnut

Nsinn cosn Q
Ramrao
Shamrao 18000
15000 13000 12000
15000 8000
Put n = 1
May sale (in Rs.)

L cos
R. H.S.  M
sinOP
Nsin cosQ
Ramrao
Rice
18000
Wheat Groundnut
15000 12000
=A
Shamrao 21000 16500 16000
= L.H.S.
 P(n) is true for n = 1 Find
Let P(n) be true for n = k i. the total sale in rupees for two months of

 Ak 
LM cos k sin kOP each farmer for each crop.

N sin k cos kQ

.....(i) ii. the increase in sale from April to May for
every crop of each farmer.
Put n = k + 1 Solution :
LM cosbk  1g b g OP
sin k  1  i. Total sale for Shamrao
N sinbk  1g cosb k  1gQ
R. H.S. 
For rice = 15000 + 18000 = Rs. 33000

L.H.S. = Ak+1 For wheat 13000 + 15000 = Rs. 28000

= Ak.A For groundnut = 12000 + 12000 = Rs. 24000
(40)
Matrix form
LM1 0OP

LM15000 13000 12000 OP  LM18000 15000 12000 OP iii. 2  i 3 1 iv.
N0 1Q
N18000 15000 8000 Q N21000 16500 16000Q
LM 0 1 3 OP LM 9 0 0 OP
M
L33000 28000 24000O
MM1 P MM 3 2 P
24000PQ
0 4 0
N39000 31500
v.
N3 4 0 PQ
vi.
N 1  9 3PQ
 the total sale of april and may of Ramrao in
Rs. is 33000 (rice), Rs. 28000 (wheat), Rs.
24000 (groundnut) and that of Shamrao in
LM1 0 5 OP LM 2 0 0 OP
MM0 7 2 P MM 0 3 0P
5 PQ
Rs. is Rs. 39000 (rice), Rs. 31500 (wheat)
7 PQ
vii. viii.
and Rs. 24000 (groundnut). N0 0 N0 0
ii. Increase in sale from April to May for Ramrao
For rice = 18000 – 15000 = 3000 LM a b c OP
For wheat 15000 – 13000 = 2000 MM b d e P
a PQ
ix.
For groundnut = 12000 – 12000 = 0 Nc e
Increase in sale from April to May for Shamrao
3. Detrmine wheather the following matrices are
For rice = 21000 – 18000 = 3000 signular or non-singular :
For wheat 16500 – 15000 = 1500
For groundnut = 16000 – 8000 = 8000 LM 4 3 1 OP LM 5 20OP
Matrix form i.
MM 7 6 1 P ii.
N 4 16 Q
N10 1PQ
L18000 15000 12000OP  LM15000
M
13000 12000 OP 9

N21000 16500 16000Q N18000 15000 8000 Q LM 6 5 4 OP

L3000 2000 0 OP
M
iii. MM 2 1 0 P
N3000 1500 8000Q N10 6 3 PQ
 the increase insales for Ramrao from April 4. Find K, if the following matrices are singular :
to May in each crop is Rs. 3000 (rice), Rs.
2000 (wheat), 0 (groundnut) and that for
Shamrao is Rs. 3000 (rice), Rs. 1500 (wheat) LM 6 3 OP LM 6 5 1 OP
i.
N 4 K Q ii. MM 4 2 1 P
K PQ
and Rs. 8000 (groundnut).
N14 1

Additional Problems for Practice

Based on Exercise 11.1
LM1 3 K2 OP
iii. MM2 4 8 PP
1 Construct a matrix A  a ij whose element
N3 5 10 Q
LM1 4OP, find (A ) .
23
aij is given by T T
5. i. If A 
N3 5 Q
i. a ij 
1
b
i  2j g ii. a ij 
i 2  j2
2 2
ii.
L1 2 7OP, find (A ) .
If A  M T T
2. Classify the following matrices as a row, a
column, a square, a diagonal, a scalar, a unit, an
N 3 4 0Q
upper triangular, a lower triangular, a symmetric 6. Find x, y, z, if is a symmetric matrix.
or a skew-symmetric matrix.
LM a 5 x OP
LM 2 3 0 OP LMa OP 7. Find a, b, c, x, y, z, if M y PP
b 3 is a skew-

MM5 2 3 P MMbPP MN2 z c Q

5PQ
i. ii.
N0 1 NcQ symmetric matrix.
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8. For each of the following matrices, find its 8. Find the values of x and y, if
transpose and state whether it is a symmetric
or skew-symmetric or neither. LM1 x 0 OP  LM3 1 2 OP  LM4 2 2 OP
LM 0 OP Ny 2 4 Q N4 3 2 Q N 6 5 2Q
LM
3 2 OP7 2 3

MM P MM 2 0 7 P 9. Find a, b, c, if
0 PQ
i. 2 5 2 ii.
N7 2 1 PQ N3 7 LMa  2b 2b OP  LM2 3OP
LM2 1 5OP N bc a  c Q N1 2Q
10. Two students Geeta and Seeta appeared for two
iii. MM1 5 3 PP examinations : the terminal and the annual. The
N5 3 7 Q following tables give their marks in three subjects
Science, Mathematics and English (the marks
9. Construct the matrix A  a ij , where for each examination are out of 100) are given
3 3

aij = i + j. State whether A is symmetric or skew- by two matrices A and B.

symmetric. Terminal Examination
Science Mathematics English
Based on Exercis 11.1
A
LM50 55 OP
40 Geeta
N35 50 37 Q Seeta

If A 
LM3 1 2 OP, B  LM1 2 4OP, Annual Examination
1.
N4 3 5Q N8 1 3Q Science Mathematics English
LM52 60 OP
47 Geeta
L8
CM
2 4 OP, verify the following : B
N35 52 40Q Seeta
N2 3 7Q
i. The total marks obtained by them in both the
i. A+ B= B+A examinations for each subject.
ii. A – (B – C) = A – B + C ii. The increase in marks from the terminal to the
iii. 3(A + B – C) = 3A + 3B – 3C annual in each subject.
2. If then find the matrix 2P + 3Q + 5I, where I is
the unit matrix of order 2. Based on Exericse 11.3
3. If then find the matrix C such that A + B + C is
a zero matrix. 1. Find the following products :
LM 2 1 1 OP1 2 3 LM OP LM 3 OP
4. If A  M3 P
2 0 , and B  2 3 1 , MM P 4 1 0 M0P
MN1 3 1 PQ N3 2 0 PQ
i.
NM1PQ
then find the matrix C such that
2A + B – C = 0
LM 2 OP
5. Find the value of X and Y, if ii. MM2PP 6 5 1
LM 2 1 OP 3 4 LM OP N2Q
2 X  3Y  M3 P
2 , 3Z  Y  10 3 . MM P LM3 4OP LM 2 2 3 OP
MN 2 2 PQ N3 14 PQ
iii.
N 3 1 Q N1 4 5Q
6. Simplify the following :
2. If A  M
L3 5OP, B  LM1 2OP show that
Lsec 
sec  M
tan  OP  tan LMtan  sec OP N 2 0 Q N3 4 Q
Ntan  sec  Q Nsec  tan Q AB  BA.

If A  M
L2 i 3
iO
P and B  M
L5i 2iOP, where
3
3. Show that AB = BA, where
7.
N4 i Q 2
N 3 0 Q A
LM3 4OP, B  LM5 6OP
find A + B. Show that A + B is singular.
i.
N 4 3 Q N6 5 Q
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 LM1 OP LM
0 3 16 6 9 OP 12. If A 
LM1 1OP, prove that A 2
– 4A + 5I = 0,
ii. A  M4 P MM
3 2 , B  18 7 10 P N2 3 Q
MN1 2 4 PQ N 5 2 3 PQ where I is a 2  2 unit matrix.

L 3 2OP and B  L 8 4 O, verify L0 OP0 2 LM OP

AM MN12 6PQ If A  M
3 2
4. If
N12 8Q 13.
N 1 1 0 MM
, B  1 0 , show that AB
Q PP
that AB = 0 butg BA  0.
2 1 N Q
and BA both are both singular matrices.
L 2 4 OP, show that A is a null matrix.
If A  M
5.
N 1 2 Q
2

If A 
LM2 1OP, B  LM1 OP2

6. Verify A(BC) = (AB)C in each of the following

14.
N0 3Q N2 2 Q
show that

cases : |AB| = |A|.|B|.

LM4 2 3OP LM1 1 1OP LM 2 2 4 OP

1 2 4 LM OP
A  M1 1 2 P, B  M0 1 2 P If A  M 1
i.
MN3 0 1PQ MN2 1 1PQ
15.
MN 1 P
3 4 and B  1 2 4 , MM P
2 3PQ N 1 2 4 PQ

LM1 2 1OP show that (A + B)2 = A2 + B2.

C  M3 0 1 P LM2 3OP and B  LM6 5OP, show that
MN0 0 1 PQ 16. If A 
N3 2Q N 5 6Q
AM
L 1 4OP, B  LM1 6 OP, C  LM4 5OP A + B) (A – B) = A2 – B2.
ii.
N 2 3 Q N 3  2 Q N2 1 Q 17. If A 
LM1 1OP, B  LMa 1 OP and
L2 1OP, B  LM 2 5 7OP and N2 1Q Nb 1Q
7. If A  M
N 3 3 Q N 3  2 1 Q (A + B)2 = A2 + B2, find a and b.
18. Find the matrix X such that AX = B, where
CM
L1 6 4OP verify that LM 3 1OP, B  LM7 3OP.
N 3 2 1Q A
N1 2Q N0 6Q
A(B + C) = AB + AC.

LM5 6OP, B  LM4 5OP and C  LM4 4OP, LM2 4 4OP

If A  Find k, A  M4 2 4 P if and A – kA = 20I.
8.
N7 3Q N3 4Q N7 7Q 19.
MN4 4 2PQ
2

verify that (A – B) C = AC – BC.

9. If A 
LM2 5OP, B  LM3 1OP find AB – 5I, where LM 2 3  5 OP
N5 2Q N1 3Q 20.
MM
If A  1 4 P
5 , show that A2 = A.
I is the unit matrix of order 2. N1 3 4PQ

10. If A + I 
LM3 2OP find the product 21. Find the values of x and y, if
N4 1Q
LM1 2OP LMx 5 3 OP  LM5 3 7 OP
i.
(A + I) (A – I).
N3 2Q N2 y 5Q N7 7 1Q
LM1 5 5 OP
11. If A  M5 P
1 5 , then show that A2 – 7A is a RS2L1 6 3 OP LM
1 2 1 OPUVLM23OP  LMxOP
MN5 1PQ
T MN2 QWMMN5PPQ NyQ

5 ii.
1 5 Q N
2 1 1
scalar matrix.

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22. Find x, y, z in each of the following cases.
6. If A 
LM4 1 2 OP and B  LM1 8 4OP,
LM3OP L 3 O LMxOP N3 4 5Q N2 1 4Q

i. MM2PP 1 2 MN1PQ  MMyPP B = then prove that (A – B)T = AT – BT.

N2Q NzQ LM1 2OP, B  LM1 2 OP,
7. If A  then find X T
LM 1 0 5OP N 2 3Q N  3  2 Q
ii. x y z M 2 3 7 P  4  4 7 such 3A + 4B – X = 0.
MN4 2 1PQ 8. If A 
LM3 2 4 OP, B  LM2 1 2 OP, then
N0 1 3Q N1 1 1 Q
23. If A  M
L 0 2i OP, B  LM2i 0 OP, where show
5 5
find
N2i 0 Q N 0 2i Q
5 5
i. AT + 3BT
that A2 = B2. ii. 5BT + 4AT
24. A fruistall has 10 doezen mangoes, 8 dozon
apples and 10 dozen bananas. Their selling price 9. If A 
LM1 OP, B  LM 0 4 1OP and
2 3
are Rs. 200, Rs. 160 and Rs. 30 per dozen N2
5 4Q N  2 1 6Q
respectively. Using matrix multiplication, find the
total amount which will be received by selling L4 3 2 OP, verify that
CM
all the fruits. N 5  2 4 Q
[2A + B + 5C]T = 2AT + BT + 5CT
Based on Exericse 11.4
L2 5 3 OP
1 0 LM OP
If A  M
1. Find AT, if
10.
N1 0 3 Q MM
, B  1 1 , then prove PP
LM 4 5 7OP
2 3 N Q
i. A that (B + AT)T = BT + A.
N 2 1 3Q
11. Prove that A + AT is symmetric and A – AT is

LM6 2 1O
skew-symmetric matrix, where

ii. A  M 3 4 5 PP LM4 1 7 OP
MN4 8 9 PQ A  M7 2 4 P
MN1 6 2 PQ
2. If A  a ij , where aij = 2(i + j), find A and
3 3 12. Express the following matrix as the sum of a
AT. State wheter A and AT both are symmetric symmetric and skew-symmetric matrix :
or skew-symmetric matrices?
LM 8 2OP
LM 2 3 1 OP i.
N 4 8 Q
3. If A  M 3 PP
1 2 , then prove that AT = A.
NM1 2 5 Q LM 9 8 7OP
LM 0 OP
ii. MM3 7 4PP
3i 2  i N 2 9 8Q
4. If A  M 3i PP
0 1 , where i  1,
MNi  2 1 0 Q LM 4 2OP L2 1 0 OP
If A  6 1 , B  M
prove AT = –A. 13.
MM PP N3 4 2
, verify that
Q
LM 2 1OP, B  LM3 2OP, then show that N 3 5Q
5. If A 
N4 3Q N 4 1Q i.
ii.
(AB)T = BTAT
(BA)T = ATBT
(A + B)T = AT + BT.
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 If A 
LM2 sin q cos q OP, show that A 2
Based on Miscellaneous Exericse 11 11.
N cos q sin q Q
is an

identify matrix.
1. If A = diag [6, –5, 7], B = diag [–2, 8, –17] and
C = diag [0, 1, 3], find B – A + C. 12 Find x, y, z, a, b, c, if

LM sec   cos ec 0 OP LM1 2OP LMx y 3OP  LM7 0 7 OP.

If f b g  Mcos ec P
2.
MN 0
sec 
0
0 ,
1PQ
N3 2Q N3 1 zQ N a b cQ

13. Find the values of x, y and z, if (3A – 2B)C = X,

find where
i. f(–)
ii. f(–) – f(). LM3 1 OP 0 2 LM 1
OP
x
LM OP LM OP
3. Simplify the following : A  M4 PP MM
0 , B  2 3 , C  ,X yPP MM PP
LMcos ec cot  OP MN3 3 Q 5 4 N
2
z Q N Q NQ
cos ec
N cot  cos ecQ

L cot  cos ecOP LM2 3OP, B  LM4 2 OP, verify that

 cot  M
14. If A 
Ncos ec cot  Q N1 2 Q N0 1 Q
LM 2 1 1 O
(A + B)T = AT + BT.

If A  M 2 3 2PP, show that A = A.

4.
MN4 4 3PQ
2

L3 2 0 OP 1 0 LM OP
15. If AM , B 2 3 , MM PP then
L3 1O
N 1 6 3 Q N Q
P3Q, B  LMNy 2OPQ and
2 x  2 1
5. If A  M
N 1 verify that (2AT – 3B)T = 2A – 3BT.
(A + B) (A – B) = A2 – B2, find x and y. 16. If then show that (AB)T = BTAT.
LM x  y y  zOP  LM3 1OP, LM1 0OP, prove that A  LM 1 0OP for
6. Find, x, y, z, if
Nz  2x y  xQ N1 1 Q 18. If, A 
N a 1Q Nna 1Q
n

LM1  4b 5 O L11 5 O
 a  b PQ MN 6 5PQ
all n  N.
 , find a and b.
7. If
N 6 19. In a city there are two factories A and B. Each
8. Find AB and BA, if they exist, where factory produces sports clothes for boys and

A
LM 5 2OP, B  LM1 3 4 OP girls. There are three types of clothes produced
in both the factories, type I, II and III. For boys,
N3 7Q N5 8 2Q the number of units of types I, II and III are 80,
70 and 65 respectively in facotry A and 86, 65
9. Verify that
and 72 respectively in factory B. For girls the
(AB)C = A (BC), where number of units of types I, II and III are 80, 75,

L1 2 0 OP 1 0 LM 1
OP LM OP
90 respectively in factory A and 50, 55, 80
respectively in factory A and 50, 55, 80
AM MM
, B  1 2 and C  PP
N 1 0 1 Q 0 3 N
1
Q N Q respectively in factory B. Express this
information in terms of matrices and using matrix
algebra, answer the following questions :

L1 2 1 OP
1 1 LM OP i. How many total units of type I are produced for
10. If A  M MM
, B  2 0 , verify that PP
N0 1 3 Q
0 5 N Q
boys?
ii. What is the total production of each type for
|AB|  |BA|. boys and girls?

(45)
 Multiple Choice Qustions LM 0 2 0 OP 1 LM 2 3 OP
1. In a skew symmetric matrix, the diagonal 9. If A  M 0 P
0 3 and B  3 MM 4 5 ,P
elements are all
(A) different from each other
MN2 2 0PQ N5 4 0PQ

(B) zero then the element of 3rd row and third column in
(C) one AB will be
(D) none of these (A) –18 (B) 4

L1 2OP and M – M – I = 0, then  =

If M  M
(C) –12 (D) None of these

LM0 1OP and AB = O, then B =

2
2.
N 2 3Q 2
10. If A 
(A) –2 (B) 2 N0 0Q
(C) –4 (D) 4
L1 1OP
(A) M (B) M
L 0 1OP
LM1 0 0 OP N1 1Q N  1 0Q
3. If A  M0 1 PP
0 , then A2 =
NMa b 1 Q L0 1OP
(C) M (D) M
L1 0OP
(A) Unit matrix (B) Null matrix
N1 0 Q N 0 0Q
11. If A and B are square matrices of order 2, then
(C) A (D) –A
(A + B)2 =
4. AB = O, if and only if
(A) A2 + 2AB + B2 (B) A2 + AB + BA + B2
(A) A  O, B = O (B) A = O or B = O
(C) A2 + 2BA + B2 (D) None of these
(C) A = O, B  O (D) None of these

LMmOP  25 LM 0 1 2 OP
5. If m n
NnQ
and m < n, then (m, n) = 12.
MM
If the matrix 1 0 P
3 is singular,,
N 3 0 PQ
(A) (2, 3) (B) (3, 4)
then  =
(C) (4, 3) (D) None of these
(A) –2 (B) –1
LM1 3 2 OP (C) 1 (D) 2
6. If the matrix M2 4 8 PP
is singular,, 13. If I is a unit matrix, then 3I will be
MN3 5 10 Q (A) a unit matrix (B) a triangular matrix
then  = (C) a scalar matrix (D) none of these
(A) –2 (B) 4
14. If A 
LM1 aOP , then A is equal to
4
(C) 2 (D) –4
N0 1Q
LM 0 1 2 OP L1 a OP
7. If A  M 1 0 PP
5 , then
(A) M
4
L4 4aOP
(B) M
MN 2 5 0 Q N0 1 Q N0 4 Q
(A) A '  A (B) A '  A L4 a OP 4
L1 4aO
(C) M (D) M0 1 P
(C) A '  2A (D) None of these N0 4 Q N Q
LM2 3OP  LMa bOP  LM1 4 OP, LMa h gOP LMxOP
8. If
N4 0 Q N b d Q N2 5Q
15. The order of [x y z] M h b f P M yP is
then (a, b, c, d) = MNg f cPQ MN zPQ
(A) (1, 6, 2, 5) (B) (1, 2, 7, 5)
(C) (1, 2, –7, 5) (D) (–1, –2, 7, –5) (A) 3  1 (B) 1  1
(C) 1  3 (D) 3  3
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16. If A 
LM5 OP and B  LM6
3 4OP, 22. If A 
LM0 2OP and kA  LM 0 3a OP, then the
N2 4Q N3 6Q N3 4 Q N2b 24Q
then A – B = values of k, a, b are respective3ly

(A) B 
LM11 7OP (B) LM1 7 OP (A) –6, –12, –18
(C) –6, –4, –9
(B) –6, 4, 9
(D) –6, 12, 18
N 5 10 Q N 1 2 Q LM 2  4 OP
(C) B  M
L11 7 OP (D) LM12 7 OP 23. The matrix M1 3 PP
4 is non singular, if
N 5 10Q N 5 10Q MN 1 2 3 Q
17.
L1 2OP, B  LM1 4OP, C  LM0 1OP,
If A  M
(A)   –2 (B)   2
N 3 0 Q N 2 3Q N 1 0 Q 24.
(C)   3
If then A2 – 5A =
(D)   –3
then 5A – 3B – 2C =
(A) 1 (B) 14I

(A) M
L8 20OP (B) M
L8 20OP (C) 0 (D) none of these
N7 9 Q N7 9 Q LMx  y OP  LM4 7 OP, then values of
2x  z

L8 20OP L 8 7 OP
25. If
Nx  y 2 z  w Q N0 10Q
(C) M (D) M
N 7 9 Q N20 9Q x, y, z, w are
(A) 2, 2, 3, 4 (B) 2, 3, 1, 2
Lx 0OP  LM2 1OP  LM3 5OP  LM2 4OP,
If M
(C) 3, 3, 0, 1 (D) none of these
18.
N1 yQ N 3 4Q N6 3Q N2 1Q LM1 2 3 OP LM5 7 1 OP
A  M3 B M 1 P
then 26. If
MN2
1 2 P and
MN 7
5 7 ,
5PQ
(A) x = –3, y = –2 (B) x = 3, y = –2 3 1PQ 1
(C) x = 3, y = 2 (D) x = –3, y = 2
then AB is equal to
19. Which one of the following is not true?
(A) I 3 (B) 2I3
(A) Matrix addition is commutative
(C) 4I3 (D) 18I3
(B) Matrix additionis associative 27. What must be the matrix X, if
(C) Matrix multiplication is commutative
(D) Matrix multiplication is associative 2X 
LM1 2OP  LM3 8OP ?
LM2 OP N3 4Q N7 2Q
L1
AM
2 1 OP B  M3
1
L1 3 OP L1 3OP
20. If
N2 3Q
and
MN1 P
2 , then
(A) M (B) M
1PQ N2 1Q N2 1Q
1

(AB)T =
(C) M
L2 6 OP L2 6OP
(D) M
LM3 2OP (B) LM3 10OP N4 2 Q N4 2 Q
(A)
N10 7 Q N2 7 Q L1 0OP and A – 2B = LM1 1 OP,
If A + B = M
L3 10OP L3 10OP 28.
N1 1Q N 0 1Q
(C) M (D) M
N7 2Q N2 7 Q then A =

LM2 5 7OP LM 2 1 OP
21. The M0 3 11 P matrix is known as
LM1 1OP MM 13 3
PP
MN0 0 9 PQ
(A)
N2 1Q (B)
N2
2
3 Q
(A)
(B)
Symmetric matrix
Diagonal matrix
LM 1 1 OP
(C) Upper triangular matrix (C) MM 23 3
1 PP (D) none of these
(D) Skew symmetric matrix
N2 3 Q
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29.
La bOP and A  LM  OP, then
If A  M 2
2. i. square ii. column

Nb a Q N  Q iii. row iv. unit

v. skew-symmetric vi. lower triangular
(A)  = a2 + b2,  = ab vii. upper triangular viii. diagonal
(B)  = a2 + b2,  = 2ab ix. symmetric
(C)  = a2 + b2,  = a2 – b2
3. i. singular ii. singular
(D)  = aab +  = a2 + b2
iii. non-singular
30. If and I is a unit matrix of 3rd order, then
4. i. K = –2 ii. K = –1
(A2 + 9I) equals
iii. K = 4
(A) 2A (B) 4A
5. i. (AT)T = A
(C) 6A (D) None of these
ii. (AT)T = A
31. If A is 3  4 matrix and B is a matrix such that
6. x = 3, y = 2, z = –4
A ' B and BA' are both defined. Then B is of
one type 7. a = b = c = 0, x = 2, y = –5, z = 3
(A) 3  4 (B) 3  3 LM3 2 7 OP
(C) 4  4 (D) 4  3 8. i.
MM 2 5 P
2 ; is a symmetric matrix
32. If A', B' are transpose matrices of the square N7 2 1 PQ
matrices A, B respectively, then is equal to
LM 0 2 3O
7 PP; is a skew-symmetric
(A) A ' B' (B) B' A '
(C) AB' (D) BA' ii. MM2 0
33. Out of the following a skew-symmetric matrix N3 7 0 PQ
is matrix.
LM 0 4 5 OP LM 1 4 5 OP LM 2 1 5 OP
(A) M P (B) M
MN5 6 1 PPQ MM1 PP
4 0 6  4 1 6 iii. 5 3 ; is neither symmetric nor
MN5 6 0 PQ N5 3 7 Q
LM 1 4 5O LMi  1 4 5 OP skew-symmetric matrix.

6PP LM2 OP
(C) M (D) M
4 0  4 i  6P 3 4
MN5 6 0 PQ MN 5 6 i PQ 9. MM3 PP
4 5 ; is a skew-symmetric matrix.

34. If A is a squaer matrix A + AT is symmetric

N4 5 6 Q
matrix, tehn A – AT =
(A) Unit matrix Based on Exericse 11.2
(B) Symmetric matrix
(C) Zero matrix LM18 4OP
(D) Skew symmetric matrix 2.
N10 16 Q
Answers to Practice Problems
LM3 4 1OP
Based on Exericse 11.1
3.
N3 0 1Q
LM 5 4 1 OP
LM 3 5 7 OP 4. MM4 1 1PP
N1 8 2Q
1. i. MN 25 23 24 PQ
LM 1 1 OP LM0 1 OP
LM 1 5 / 2 5 OP X  M 3 1P, Y  M1 0 P
ii.
N5 / 2 4 13 / 2 Q
5.
MN 1 4 PQ MN0 2PQ

(48)
 LM1 0OP
6.
N0 1Q Based on Exericse 11.4

LM3i 3i OP LM 4 2 OP
7.
N 1 1Q 1. i. A T
M5 1 P
8. x = 1, y = 2 MN7 3 PQ
9. a = 4, b = –1, c = 2
10. i. The total marks for each subject are as LM 6 3 4 OP
follows : ii. A T
M2 4 8 P
Science Mathematics English MN1 9PQ
LM102 115 OP
87 Geeta
5

N 70 102 Q
77 Seeta 2. Symmetric
ii. The increase in marks for each subject are
7. XT 
LM1 6OP
as follows :
Science Mathematics English
N14 1 Q
LM2 5 OP
7 Geeta
LM3 3 OP
N0 2 3Q Seeta
8. i. MM5 2PP
N2 0 Q
Based on Exericse 11.3
LM2 5 OP
1. i. [12] ii. MM13 1PP
N 6 7 Q
LM 12 10 2OP
ii. M12 10 2 P LM 8 1OP  LM 0 3OP
NM 12 10 2PQ 12. i.
N  1 8 Q N  3 0Q
L2 10 11OP LM 9 11 / 12 9 / 2 OP
iii. M
N 5 2 4 Q ii. MM11 / 2 7 13 / 2PP
LM 6 17OP N 9 / 2 13 / 2 8 Q
9.
N17 6 Q LM 0 5 / 2 5 / 2 OP
 M 5/ 2 PP
LM5 4OP MN5 / 2
0
5/ 2
5 / 2
0 Q
10.
N 8 9 Q
17. a = 1, b = 4

LM2 0OP Based on Miscellaneous Exericse 11

18.
N1 3Q
19. 8 LM8 0 0 OP
21. i. x = 1, y = –4 1. MM 0 14 0 P
ii. x = 48, y = 53 N0 0 21QP
22. i. x = 3, y = 2, z = 2
ii. x = 4, y = –2, z = 1 LM sec  cos ec 0 OP
2. i. MM cos ec sec  0 P
1PQ
24. Total amount received by selling all the fruits is
Rs. 3580 N 0 0

(49)
 LM 0 cos ec 0 OP
ii. M2 cos ec 0 0 P
MN 0 0 0PQ

LM1 0OP
3.
N0 1Q
5. x = 5, y = –5
6. x = 1, y = 2, z = 3
7. a = 3, b = –2

AB 
LM15 1 16OP, BA does not exist.
8.
N32 65 26Q
12. x = 1, y = 2, z = 2, a = 9, b = 4, c = 13
13. x = –11, y = –28, z = –33
17. 00
19. a. Total number of units of type I produced
for boys = 165
b. The total production of spors clothes of each
types for boys and girls is

Types I II III
Boys 165 135 137
Girls 130 130 170

Answerkey
1 - b 2 - d 3 - a 4 - d 5 - b

6 - b 7 - b 8 - c 9 - b 10 - d

11 - b 12 - d 13 - c 14 - d 15 - b

16 - b 17 - b 18 - b 19 - c 20 - b

21 - c 22 - c 23 - a 24 - b 25 - a

26 - d 27 - a 28 - c 29 - b 30 - d

31 - a 32 - b 33 - a 34 - c

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