31

2 Fo
Exami
2 For
ENERGETICS
CHEMICAL A2 WSWS
ENERGETICS 1 1
Answer all the questions.
Us
Examine

ENERGETICS 1 A2 WS
Answer all the questions.
Use

1 The table below shows the enthalpy changes needed to calculate the lattice enthalpy of
1 The table
1 calcium belowCaCl
chloride, shows
2.
the enthalpy changes needed to calculate the lattice enthalpy of
calcium chloride, CaCl 2.

process enthalpy change / kJ mol–1

process enthalpy change / kJ mol–1
first ionisation energy
+590
offirst ionisation energy
calcium +590
of calcium
second ionisation energy
+1150
ofsecond
calcium ionisation energy
+1150
of calcium
electron affinity of
electron affinity of –348
chlorine –348
chlorine
enthalpy change of formation
enthalpy change of formation –796
for calcium chloride –796
for calcium chloride
enthalpy change of
enthalpy change of +178
atomisation for calcium +178
atomisation for calcium
enthalpy change of
enthalpy change of +122
atomisation for chlorine +122
atomisation for chlorine

(a)
(a) The
TheBorn-Haber
Born-Habercycle
cycle below
below can
can be
be used
used to
to calculate the lattice
calculate the lattice enthalpy
enthalpy for
for calcium
calcium
chloride.
chloride.

2+ –
Ca2+(g)
Ca 2Cl (g)
(g) ++ 2Cl (g) +
+ 2e
2e–

–1
HH==………………
!! ………………kJ
kJmol
mol–1
2+ ∆H == ………………
∆ ………………kJ mol–1–1
kJmol
Ca2+(g)
–
Ca Cl22(g)
(g) ++ Cl (g) ++ 2e
2e–

HH==………………
!! ………………kJ mol–1–1
kJmol Ca22++(g) 2Cl ––(g)
(g) ++ 2Cl (g)
Ca++(g)
Ca (g) ++ Cl (g) ++ ee––
Cl22(g)

HH==………………
!! ………………kJ mol–1–1
kJmol
Ca(g) ++ Cl
Ca(g) Cl22(g)
(g)
lattice
lattice enthalpy
enthalpy of
of
kJ mol–1–1 calcium chloride
calcium chloride
HH==………………
!! ………………kJ mol
Ca(s) ++ Cl
Ca(s) (g)
Cl22(g)

HH==………………
!! ………………kJ mol–1–1
kJmol
CaCl2(s)
CaCl (s)
2

CEDAR COLLEGE 2815/01 Jan05 ENERGETICS WS 1

2815/01 Jan05

Bilal Hameed ENERGETICS A2 WS 1

Bilal Hameed ENERGETICS A2 WS 1
 32 3 For
Examiner’s
Use
(i) Use the table of enthalpy changes to complete the Born-Haber cycle by putting in
the correct numerical values on the appropriate dotted line. [3]
(ii) Use the Born-Haber cycle to calculate the lattice enthalpy of calcium chloride.

answer ........................... kJ mol–1 [2]

(iii) Describe how, and explain why, the lattice enthalpy of magnesium fluoride differs
from that of calcium chloride.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................ [3]

(b) Explain why the first ionisation energy of calcium is less positive than the second
ionisation energy.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 10]

2815/01 Jan05 [Turn over

CEDAR COLLEGE ENERGETICS WS 1
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 ...................................................................................................................................

33
...................................................................................................................................
4 [2]For
[3] Examiner’s
Use
2 22
Q2 (a) Write an equation to represent the lattice energy of sodium oxide, Na2O.
[Total: 12]
......................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) The Born-Haber cycle shown may be used to calculate the lattice energy of sodium
oxide.

2Na+(g) + O2– (g)

2
2Na (g) + B
+

∆Hat(oxygen)
2Na (g) + /2O2(g)
+ 1

1
A + 1/2O2(g)

2∆Hat(Na)

2Na(s) + 1/2O2(g)
4
Na2O(s)

(i) In the spaces below, identify the species A and B in the cycle, including the
appropriate state symbols.

species A ................................... species B ...................................

(ii) Identify the enthalpy changes labelled by the numbers 1 to 4 in the cycle.

1 ................................................................................................................................
© UCLES 2006 9701/04/M/J/06 [Turn over
2 ................................................................................................................................

3 ................................................................................................................................

4 ................................................................................................................................
[3]

Bilal Hameed 1

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CEDAR COLLEGE ENERGETICS WS 1

Bilal Hameed ENERGETICS A2 WS 1
 34
5 For
Examiner’s
Use
(c) Use your cycle, the following data, and further data from the Data Booklet to calculate a
value for the lattice energy of sodium oxide.

Data: enthalpy change of atomisation for Na(s) +107 kJ mol–1

first electron affinity of oxygen –141 kJ mol–1
second electron affinity of oxygen +798 kJ mol–1
enthalpy change of formation of Na2O(s) –414 kJ mol–1
enthalpy change of atomisation for oxygen = half the bond energy for O2.

[3]

(d) (i) How would you expect the magnitude of lattice energy of magnesium oxide to
compare with that of sodium oxide? Explain your reasoning.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

(ii) State a use of magnesium oxide, and explain how the use relates to your answer in
part (d) (i).

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
[4]

[Total:
[W’0211]
Q2]
3
Q3 (c) (i) Use the following data and data from the Data Booklet to construct a Born-Haber For
cycle and calculate the lattice energy of BaS. Examiner’s
Use

standard enthalpy change of formation of BaS(s) –460 kJ mol–1

standard enthalpy change of atomisation of Ba(s) +180 kJ mol–1

standard enthalpy change of atomisation of S(s) +279 kJ mol–1

electron affinity of the sulfur atom –200 kJ mol–1

electron affinity of the S– ion +640 kJ mol–1

[3]
9701/4 O/N/02 [Turn over
CEDAR COLLEGE ENERGETICS WS 1
Bilal
Bilal Hameed
Hameed ENERGETICS 2A2 WS 1
 ..........................................................................................................................................
35
......................................................................................................................................[2]
Q4 3 One of the reasons the melting point of magnesium chloride is quite high is because it has a
3
fairly high lattice energy.

(d) (i) Explain the term lattice energy.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

(ii) Write a balanced equation including state symbols to represent the lattice energy
of magnesium chloride.

...................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................[4]

(e) Suggest, with an explanation in each case, how the lattice energy of magnesium
chloride might compare with that of

(i) sodium chloride, NaCl,

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

(ii) calcium chloride, CaCl2.

...................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................[4]
3 For
Examiner’s
Use
(f) 2004
© UCLES Use the following data to calculate a9701/04/M/J/04
value for the lattice energy of sodium chloride.

∆Hf (NaCl) = – 411 kJ mol–1

∆Hat (Na) = 107 kJ mol–1
∆Hat (Cl) = 122 kJ mol–1
first ionisation energy of Na = 494 kJ mol–1
electron affinity of Cl = – 349 kJ mol–1

lattice energy of NaCl = ........................................ kJ mol–1 [3]

[S’04 Q1]
[Total: 15]

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A2 WS
 Section A For
Examiner’s
36 in the spaces provided.
Answer all questions Use

Q7 41 Taken together, nitrogen and oxygen make up 99% of the air. Oxygen is by far the more
reactive of the two gases, and most of the substances that react with air combine with the
oxygen rather than with the nitrogen.

(a) State one reason why the molecule of nitrogen, N2, is so unreactive.

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

Despite the apparent lack of reactivity of N2, nitrogen atoms have been found to form bonds
with almost all of the elements in the Periodic Table. Lithium metal reacts with nitrogen gas
at room temperature to give lithium nitride, Li3N. Magnesium produces magnesium nitride,
Mg3N2, as well as magnesium oxide, when heated in air.

(b) Calculate the lattice energy of magnesium nitride using the following data, in addition to
relevant data from the Data Booklet.

enthalpy change value/kJ mol–1

atomisation of Mg(s) +148
total of electron affinities for
+2148
the change N(g) N3–(g)
enthalpy of formation of
–461
Mg3N2(s)

lattice energy = ...........................kJ mol–1 [3]

[S’11 1 Q1]

© UCLES 2011 9701/41/M/J/11

Bilal Hameed 6

CEDAR COLLEGE ENERGETICS WS 1

 For
Section A Examiner’s
Use
Answer all the questions in the spaces provided.
37

51 (a) (i) What is meant by the term lattice energy?

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

(ii) Write an equation to represent the lattice energy of MgO.

....................................................................................................................................
[3]

(b) The apparatus shown in the diagram can be used to measure the enthalpy change of
formation of magnesium oxide, (MgO).

to suction pump

stirrer

copper spiral

water

magnesium ribbon

oxygen gas small electric heater

(to ignite magnesium)

List the measurements you would need to make using this apparatus in order to calculate
(MgO).

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

© UCLES 2012 9701/41/M/J/12

CEDAR COLLEGE ENERGETICS WS 1

 38
3
For
(c) Use the following data, together with appropriate data from the Data Booklet, to calculate Examiner’s
a value of (MgO). Use

lattice energy of MgO(s) = –3791 kJ mol–1

enthalpy change of atomisation of Mg = +148 kJ mol–1
electron affinity of the oxygen atom = –141 kJ mol–1
electron affinity of the oxygen anion, O– = +798 kJ mol–1

(MgO) = .......................... kJ mol–1

[3]

(d) Write equations, including state symbols, for the reactions, if any, of the following two
oxides with water. Suggest values for the pH of the resulting solutions.

pH of resulting
oxide equation
solution

Na2O

MgO

[3]
[S’12 1 Q1]
[Total: 12]

CEDAR
© UCLESCOLLEGE
2012 9701/43/M/J/12 ENERGETICS[Turn
WS 1over
 Examiner’s
(ii) Use the following data to calculate a value for the lattice energy of AgBr(s). Use
Section A Use
(c) (i) Write a chemical equation representing the lattice energy of AgBr.
first ionisation energy of silver = +731 kJ mol–1
electron affinity Answer
of bromine all questions in39 the spaces
3 = –325 provided.
kJ mol–1 For
enthalpy change of atomisation of silver = +285 kJ mol–1 Examiner’s
1 4Zinc6(c)
chloride is oneachangeof the most important compounds of zinc. ItkJ
is mol
used –1 in dry cell batteries, Use
enthalpy
(i) Write chemical of equation
atomisation of bromine
representing the = +112
lattice energy of AgBr.
..................................................................................................................................
as a flux for soldering
enthalpy change andoftinning,
formation as ofa AgBr(s)
corrosion
2 inhibitor
= –100inkJcooling mol–1 towers and in the For
Examiner’s
manufacture of rayon.
(ii) Use the following data to calculate a value for the lattice energy of AgBr(s). Use
Section A
(a) Draw a fully first labelled
ionisationdiagramenergy of to show
silver how you could=use a standard
+731 kJ mol–1hydrogen electrode
..................................................................................................................................
Answer all questions in E o
the spaces provided.
to measure the standard
electron affinity ofelectrode
bromine potential, 3 , of zinc.
= –325 kJ mol–1 For
(ii) enthalpy change of
Use the following data atomisation
to calculate of asilver
value for=the+285 lattice mol–1 of AgBr(s).
kJenergy Examiner’s
1 4Zinc (c)
chloride is oneachange
of the most important compounds of zinc. ItkJis mol
used –1 in dry cell batteries, Use
enthalpy
(i) Write chemical of equation
atomisation of bromine
representing the = +112
lattice energy of AgBr.
firstsoldering
ionisation energy of silver == +731 kJ –1
as a flux for enthalpy change and oftinning,
formation as of a AgBr(s)
corrosion inhibitor –100in kJmol
cooling
mol –1 towers and in the
manufacture electron
of rayon. affinity of bromine = –325 kJ mol–1
enthalpy change of atomisation of silver = +285 kJ mol–1
(a) Draw aenthalpyfully changediagram
labelled of atomisation
to showofhow bromine
you could = +112use akJ mol–1 hydrogen electrode
standard
..................................................................................................................................
enthalpy
to measure thechange
standard of formation
electrode of AgBr(s) E o, of
potential, –100 kJ mol–1
= zinc.
(ii) Use the following data to calculate a value for the lattice energy of AgBr(s).
first ionisation energy of silver = +731 kJ mol–1 [6]
electron affinity of bromine = –325 kJ mol–1
enthalpy change of atomisation of silver = +285 kJ mol–1
(b) The electrolysis of zinc chloride can give different electrode products, depending on the
..................................................................................................................................
enthalpy change of atomisation of bromine = +112 kJ mol–1
conditions used.
enthalpy change of formation of AgBr(s) = –100 kJ mol–1
Suggest
(iii) Howthemight
products
the formed at eachofelectrode
lattice energy in the following
AgCl compare to that cases. OneExplain
of AgBr? space has
your
been filled in for you.
answer.
[6]
..................................................................................................................................
conditions product at anode product at cathode
(b) The electrolysis of zinc chloride can give different electrode products, depending on the
..................................................................................................................................
(l) ..................................................................................................................................
ZnC!2conditions used. chlorine
Suggest
(iii) How might the lattice energy ofelectrode
the products formed at each AgCl compare in the following
to that cases.of AgBr? OneExplain
space has your
ZnC!2been ..................................................................................................................................
(concentrated
filled
answer. in foraqueous)
you.
.................................................................................................................................. [4]
ZnC!2(dilute..................................................................................................................................
aqueous)
(iii) How
In photography a might
conditions
bromide theion lattice energy
absorbs of AgCl
product
a photon at and compare
anode releases to anthatelectron
product of AgBr?
at cathode
which Explain
reduces youra
[3]
answer.
silver ion to a..................................................................................................................................
silver atom.
Q5 ZnC!2(l) chlorine
(c) Use the following data, together with relevant data from the Data Booklet, to construct a
..................................................................................................................................
Born-Haber
ZnC!2(concentrated cycle and calculate a value for→
aqueous) Br –
the Brlattice –
+ eenergy of zinc chloride.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
[4]
..................................................................................................................................
ZnC!2(dilute aqueous) Ag+ + e– → Ag –1
standard
(iii) Howa enthalpy
might change
the lattice ofenergy
formation of AgClof ZnC! compare –415
to anthat kJofmol AgBr? Explain [W’05
yourQ1]
In photography bromide ion absorbs a photon and releases
2 electron which reduces
.................................................................................................................................. [3]a
(d) silver
Predict answer.it would require more energy or less energy to initiate
whether this process
ion to a silver atom.
standard enthalpy change of atomisation of Zn(s) +131 kJ mol –1
[4]in
Q5
(c)a Use
AgClthe emulsion,
following compared
data, together to a AgBr emulsion.
with relevant dataExplain
from the your answer.
Data Booklet, to construct a
..................................................................................................................................
– –349 kJ mol–1
In photography
electron
Born-Haber a
affinity
cycle
bromideandper mole of
calculate
ion absorbs a chlorine
a Br
value for→
– atoms
photon the
andBr + eenergy
lattice
releases an of zinc chloride.
electron which reduces a
..........................................................................................................................................
silver ion to a..................................................................................................................................
silver atom.
Ag+ + e– → Ag
standard enthalpy change of formation of ZnC! –415 kJ mol–1
Br – → Br + e2–
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
(d) Predict whether
standard it would
enthalpy require
change of more energyoforZn(s)
atomisation less energy +131tokJinitiate
mol–1 this process[4]in
a AgCl emulsion, compared to +
Aga AgBr
electron affinity per mole of chlorine atoms
–
→ Ag Explain your
+ e emulsion. answer.
....................................................................................................................................
–349 kJ mol–1
[1]
In photography a bromide ion absorbs a photon and releases an electron which reduces a
(d) silver
Prediction towhether would require more energy or less energy to initiate this process
a silveritatom. [Total: 14]
.......................................................................................................................................... in
© UCLES 2005 a AgCl emulsion, compared to a AgBr emulsion. Explain your answer.
9701/04/O/N/05 [Turn over
Br – → Br + e–
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
Ag+ + e– → Ag
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
..........................................................................................................................................
(d) Predict whether it would require more energy or less energy to initiate this process [Total:
–1 [3]
14]
in
lattice energy = ............................................... kJ mol [Turn
© UCLES 2005 a AgCl emulsion, compared to a AgBr emulsion. Explain your answer.
....................................................................................................................................
9701/04/O/N/05 [1] over
© UCLES 2007 9701/04/M/J/07 [Total: 14]
..........................................................................................................................................
CEDAR COLLEGE
Bilal Hameed
© UCLES 2005
ENERGETICS4 [Turn WS 1
over
9701/04/O/N/05
..........................................................................................................................................
–1
 Examiner’s
...................................................................................................................................
(ii) Use the following data to calculate a value for the lattice energy of AgBr(s). Use
Section A [4]
first ionisation energy of silver = +731 kJ mol–1
electron affinity Answer all questions in 3
of bromine 40 the spaces = –325 provided.
kJ mol–1 [Total: 11]
3 –1
For
enthalpy change of atomisation of silver = +285 kJ mol Examiner’s
1 7Zinc (c)
chloride is oneachange
of the most important compounds of zinc. It is mol
used –1 in dry cell batteries, Use
(c) (i) Use(i) enthalpy
Write
the chemical
following data of and
atomisation
equation of
data representing
from bromine
the Data =
theBooklet +112
lattice tokJ
energy of AgBr.
construct a Born-Haber
as a flux for soldering andoftinning, as of a AgBr(s)
corrosion inhibitor For
cycleenthalpy change
and calculate formation
the lattice energy of BaS. = –100inkJcooling mol –1 towers and in the
Examiner’s
manufacture of rayon. Use

standard
(a) Draw a fully enthalpy
labelled changediagramoftoformation
show howofyou BaS(s)
could use–460 kJ mol–1hydrogen electrode
a standard
..................................................................................................................................
to measure the standard electrode potential, E o, of zinc.
standard enthalpy change of atomisation of Ba(s) +180 kJ mol–1
(ii) Use the following data to calculate a value for the lattice energy of AgBr(s).
standard enthalpy change of atomisation of S(s) +279 kJ mol–1
first ionisation energy of silver = +731 kJ mol–1
electron –1
electron affinityaffinity
of theofsulfur
bromine
atom = –325
–200 kJkJ
mol
mol–1
enthalpy change of atomisation of silver = +285 kJ mol–1
electron affinitychange
enthalpy –
of the Sof atomisation
ion +640
of bromine = +112 kJkJ –1 –1
mol
mol
enthalpy change of formation of AgBr(s) = –100 kJ mol –1
[3]
9701/4 O/N/02 [Turn over

Hameed 2
[6]

(b) The electrolysis of zinc chloride can give different electrode products, depending on the
..................................................................................................................................
conditions used.
Suggest
(iii) How themight
productsthe formed at eachofelectrode
lattice energy AgCl compare in the following
to that cases.
of AgBr? OneExplain
space has your
been filled
answer.in for you.

..................................................................................................................................
conditions product at anode product at cathode

ZnC!2(l) ..................................................................................................................................
chlorine
..................................................................................................................................
ZnC!2(concentrated aqueous)
..................................................................................................................................
[4]
ZnC!2(dilute aqueous)
(iii) Howa might
In photography bromide theion lattice
absorbsenergy of AgCl
a photon and compare
releases to anthat of AgBr?
electron which Explain
reduces youra
answer. [W’09 2[3]
Q1]
silver ion to a silver atom.
Q5
8(c) Use the following data, together with relevant data from the Data Booklet, to construct a
..................................................................................................................................
Born-Haber cycle and calculate a value Br –for→ the Br –
+ eenergy
lattice of zinc chloride.
lattice energy = ............................. kJ mol–1
..................................................................................................................................
Ag+ + e– → Ag –1
(ii) Explain whether the magnitudeofofformation
standard enthalpy change the latticeof ZnC!2of BaS
energy –415 kJ mol
is likely to be greater or
..................................................................................................................................
less
(d) Predict than
standard that
whether ofitBaO.
enthalpywould require
change of more energyoforZn(s)
atomisation less energy +131tokJinitiate
mol–1 this process[4]in
a AgCl emulsion, compared to a AgBr emulsion. Explain your answer. –1
electron affinity per mole of chlorine atoms –349 kJ mol
..................................................................................................................................
In photography a bromide ion absorbs a photon and releases an electron which reduces a
..........................................................................................................................................
silver ion to a silver atom.
..................................................................................................................................
Br – → Br + e– [4]
..........................................................................................................................................

Ag+ + e– → Ag [Total: 11] [1]

....................................................................................................................................
[Total: 14]
(d) Predict whether it would require more energy or less energy to initiate this process in
© UCLES 2005 a AgCl emulsion, compared to a AgBr emulsion.
9701/04/O/N/05 Explain your answer. [Turn over

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................
lattice energy = ............................................... kJ mol–1 [3]
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
[S’07 Q1]
© UCLES 2007 9701/04/M/J/07 [Total: 14]
Bilal Hameed
© UCLES 2005 4 [Turn over
9701/04/O/N/05
CEDAR COLLEGE ENERGETICS WS 1
© UCLES 2009 9701/42/O/N/09 [Turn over
 41
6

Q6 92 Calcium chloride, CaCl2, is an important industrial chemical used in refrigeration plants, for For
de-icing roads and for giving greater strength to concrete. Examiner’s
Use

(a) Show by means of an equation what is meant by the lattice energy of calcium chloride.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Suggest, with an explanation, how the lattice energies of the following salts might
compare in magnitude with that of calcium chloride.

(i) calcium fluoride, CaF2

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

(ii) calcium sulfide, CaS

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................
[3]

(c) Use the following data, together with additional data from the Data Booklet, to calculate
the lattice energy of CaCl2.

standard enthalpy change of formation of CaCl2 –796 kJ mol–1

standard enthalpy change of atomisation of Ca(s) +178 kJ mol–1

electron affinity per mole of chlorine atoms –349 kJ mol–1

enthalpy
Ca(s) + Cl 2(g)

lattice energy = ............................................ kJ mol–1 [3]

[W’09 1 Q2]

Bilal Hameed 5
© UCLES 2009 9701/41/O/N/09
CEDAR COLLEGE ENERGETICS WS 1
 642

(d) (i) Write an equation to represent the lattice energy of PbCl 2. Show state symbols.
10

.............................................................................................................................................

(ii) Use the following data, together with appropriate data from the Data Booklet, to calculate
a value for the lattice energy of PbCl 2.

electron affinity of chlorine = –349 kJ mol–1

enthalpy change of atomisation of lead = +195 kJ mol–1
enthalpy change of formation of PbCl 2(s) = –359 kJ mol–1

lattice energy = ............................. kJ mol–1

(iii) How might the lattice energy of PbCl 2 compare to that of PbBr2? Explain your answer.

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
[6]
[S’14 2 Q2]
[Total: 20]

© UCLES 2014 9701/42/M/J/14

CEDAR COLLEGE ENERGETICS WS 1
 3 43

11(ii) Use the following data, together with relevant data from the Data Booklet, to calculate
a value for the lattice energy of strontium chloride. You may find it helpful to construct a
Born-Haber cycle.

electron affinity per mole of chlorine atoms –349 kJ mol–1

standard enthalpy of atomisation of Sr(s) +164 kJ mol–1
standard enthalpy of formation of SrCl 2(s) –830 kJ mol–1

lattice energy = .................. kJ mol–1

[5]
[W’14 3 Q1]
(c) Strontium nitrate, Sr(NO3)2, can also be used to produce a red colour in fireworks.

(i) Strontium nitrate can easily be prepared from strontium carbonate, SrCO3.

Suggest an equation for this preparation of strontium nitrate.

.............................................................................................................................................

(ii) Write an equation for the reaction that occurs when strontium nitrate is heated.

.............................................................................................................................................
[2]

(d) Describe and explain the trend in the thermal stabilities of the nitrates of the Group II elements.

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 14]

CEDAR
© UCLES 2014 COLLEGE 9701/43/O/N/14 ENERGETICS WS 1
[Turn over
 44
4

2
12 Most car air bags contain a capsule of sodium azide, NaN3. In a crash, the NaN3 decomposes into
its elements.

(a) Write an equation for the decomposition of NaN3.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Complete the ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram for the azide ion, N3–.

Use the following key for the electrons.

electrons from central nitrogen atom

electrons from the other two nitrogen atoms
□ added electron(s) responsible for the overall negative charge

N N N

[3]

(c) Lattice energies are always negative showing that they represent exothermic changes.

(i) Explain what is meant by the term lattice energy.

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Explain why lattice energy represents an exothermic change.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

© UCLES 2016 9701/42/O/N/16

CEDAR COLLEGE ENERGETICS WS 1

 45
5

(iii) Use the following data and any relevant data from the Data Booklet to calculate the
standard enthalpy change of formation, , of NaN3(s).
Include a sign in your answer. Show all your working.

lattice energy, , of NaN3(s) –732 kJ mol–1

standard enthalpy change of atomisation, , of Na(g) +107 kJ mol–1
standard enthalpy change, H o, for 1 12 N2(g) + e– N3–(g) +142 kJ mol–1

of NaN3(s) = ............................. kJ mol–1 [3]

(iv) The lattice energy, , of RbN3(s) is – 636 kJ mol–1.

Suggest why the lattice energy of NaN3(s), –732 kJ mol–1, is more exothermic than that of
RbN3(s).

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [1]
[W’16 2 Q2]
[Total: 11]

© UCLES 2016 9701/42/O/N/16 [Turn over

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 464

132 (a) Complete the table using ticks ( ) to indicate whether the sign of each type of energy change,
under standard conditions, is always positive, always negative or could be either positive or
negative.

always always either positive

energy change
positive negative or negative

electron affinity

enthalpy change of atomisation

ionisation energy

lattice energy
[2]

(b) The Born-Haber cycle for magnesium chloride is shown.

Mg2+(g) + 2Cl (g) + 2e–

ΔH5
ΔH4
Mg2+(g) + 2Cl –(g)
Mg+(g) + 2Cl (g) + e–

ΔH3
Mg(g) + 2Cl (g)

ΔH2
Mg(g) + Cl 2(g) ∆H6

ΔH1
Mg(s) + Cl 2(g)

ΔH7
MgCl 2(s)

(i) Explain why ΔH4 is greater than ΔH3.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) What names are given to the enthalpy changes ΔH6 and ΔH7?

ΔH6 ......................................................................................................................................

ΔH7 ......................................................................................................................................
[1]
[M’17 2 Q2]

© UCLES 2017 9701/42/F/M/17

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 47
4

2 14(a) Calcium metal reacts with chlorine gas to form calcium chloride, CaCl 2.

(i) Write an equation, including state symbols, to represent the lattice energy of
calcium chloride, CaCl 2.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Complete a fully labelled Born-Haber cycle that could be used to calculate the lattice
energy, ,for calcium chloride.

Ca(s) + Cl 2(g)

CaCl 2(s)
[2]

(iii) Use your answer to (ii) and the following data, together with relevant data from the
Data Booklet, to calculate a value for for calcium chloride.

standard enthalpy change of formation of CaCl 2(s), –796 kJ mol–1

standard enthalpy change of atomisation of Ca(s), +178 kJ mol–1
electron affinity of chlorine atoms –349 kJ mol–1

= ............................... kJ mol–1 [3]

[M’16 2 Q2]

(b) Entropy is a measure of the disorder of a system.

Describe and explain what happens to the entropy of a gas when the temperature is increased.

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

© UCLES 2016 9701/42/F/M/16

CEDAR COLLEGE ENERGETICS WS 1

 48
3

15(c) (i) Use the data in the table below, and relevant data from the Data Booklet, to calculate the
lattice energy, , of potassium oxide, K2O(s).

energy change value / kJ mol–1

enthalpy change of atomisation of potassium, K(s) +89
electron affinity of g) –141
electron affinity of –
(g) +798
enthalpy change of formation of potassium oxide, K2O(s) –361

= .............................. kJ mol–1 [3]

(ii) State whether the lattice energy of Na2O would be more negative, less negative or the
same as that of K2O. Give reasons for your answer.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [1]
[S’17 2 Q1]
[Total: 10]

© UCLES 2017 9701/42/M/J/17 [Turn over

CEDAR COLLEGE ENERGETICS WS 1

 49
12

16 (c) (i) The equation for which ΔH is the lattice energy for MgCl is shown.

Mg+(g) + Cl –(g) MgCl (s)

Use the equation, the following data, and relevant data from the Data Booklet to calculate
a value for the lattice energy of MgCl ou ight find it helpful to construct an energy cycle

electron affinity of l (g) = –349 kJ mol–1

enthalpy change of atomisation of Mg(s) = +147 kJ mol–1
enthalpy change of formation of MgCl (s) = –106 kJ mol–1

lattice energy MgCl = ............................. kJ mol–1 [3]

(ii) Suggest how the lattice energies of MgCl 2 and NaCl will compare to that of MgCl.
Explain your answers.

MgCl 2 and MgCl .................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

NaCl and MgCl ....................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
[3]

(d) efine the ter electron affinity.

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[W’17 2 Q5]
[Total: 11]

© UCLES 2017 9701/42/O/N/17

CEDAR COLLEGE ENERGETICS WS 1

 Use
(iii) Hence calculate the maximum percentage of the original magnesium in the
seawater that this method can extract.
51
...................................................................................................................................

CHEMICAL ENERGETICS WS 2
...................................................................................................................................
[5]

21 (c) The magnesium ions in seawater are mainly associated with chloride ions.
__ __
(i) Use the following ∆H fo values to calculate a value for the ∆H o of the following
reaction.

MgCl2(s) ⎯⎯→ Mg2+(aq) + 2Cl –(aq)

__
species ∆H fo /kJ mol–1

MgCl2 (s) –641

Mg2+(aq) –467

Cl – (aq) –167

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

(ii) Use your answer to explain why MgCl2 is very soluble in water.

...................................................................................................................................
[2]
[S’03 Q2]
(d) All the chlorides of Group II elements are soluble in water. The same is not true of their
sulphates. These become less soluble as the group is descended.

Explain qualitatively the variation in solubility of the sulphates of the elements in

Group II down the Group from magnesium to barium.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[2]

[Total : 12]

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 For
Section A Examiner’s
Use
Answer all the questions in the spaces provided.
52

21 (a) (i) What is meant by the term enthalpy change of hydration, ?

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

(ii) Write an equation that represents the of the Mg2+ ion.

....................................................................................................................................

(iii) Suggest a reason why of the Mg2+ ion is greater than of the Ca2+ ion.

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

(iv) Suggest why it is impossible to determine the enthalpy change of hydration of the
oxide ion, O2–.

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................
[5]

(b) The enthalpy change of solution for MgCl 2, (MgCl 2(s)), is represented by the
following equation.

MgCl 2(s) + aq Mg2+(aq) + 2Cl –(aq)

Describe the simple apparatus you could use, and the measurements you would make,
in order to determine a value for (MgCl 2(s)) in the laboratory.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

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 533

For
(c) The table below lists data relevant to the formation of MgCl 2(aq). Examiner’
Use

enthalpy change value / kJ mol–1

(MgCl 2(s)) –641

(MgCl 2(aq)) –801
lattice energy of MgCl 2(s) –2526
(Mg2+(g)) –1890

By constructing relevant thermochemical cycles, use the above data to calculate a value for

(i) (MgCl 2(s)),

= ....................................... kJ mol–1

(ii) (Cl –(g)).

= ....................................... kJ mol–1
[3]
[S’12 2 Q1]
(d) Describe and explain how the solubility of magnesium sulfate compares to that of barium
sulfate.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

[Total: 16]

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CEDAR COLLEGE ENERGETICS WS 2
 Ksp = ............................................... [1]
54

3 (b) Using Ag2SO4 as an example, complete the following Hess' Law energy cycle relating the
● lattice energy, ,
● enthalpy change of solution, , and
● enthalpy change of hydration, .

On your diagram:
● include the relevant species in the two empty boxes,
● label each enthalpy change with its appropriate symbol,
● complete the remaining two arrows showing the correct direction of enthalpy change.

..............................

Ag2 SO4 (s)

..............................

..............................

[4]
[S’15 1 Q4]

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 553

4 (d) (i) What is meant by the term standard enthalpy change of hydration, ?

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Use the following data to calculate the lattice energy, , of calcium nitrate, Ca(NO3)2(s).
o may fin it hel f l to constr ct an ener y cycle

enthalpy change value

(Ca2+(g)) –1650 kJ mol–1

(NO3–(g)) –314 kJ mol–1

enthalpy change of solution for Ca(NO3)2(s) –19 kJ mol–1

Ca(NO3)2(s) = ........................... kJ mol–1 [3]

(e) The standard enthalpy change of hydration for Ba2+, (Ba2+(g)), is –1305 kJ mol–1.

Suggest an explanation for why the of the Ba2+ ion is less exothermic than the of
the Ca2+ ion.

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[W’15 1 Q1]
[Total: 12]

© UCLES 2015 9701/41/O/N/15 [Turn over

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 Section A

Answer all the questions in the spaces provided.

56

51 (a) The dissolving of an ionic compound in water is accompanied by an energy change, the
enthalpy change of solution, H sol.

MgCl 2(s) + aq Mg2+(aq) + 2Cl –(aq)

Describe, in terms of bond breaking and bond making, what happens to the solid ionic lattice
when an ionic compound dissolves in water.

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) (i) What is meant by the term enthalpy change of solution, H sol?

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Use the following data to calculate the standard enthalpy change of hydration, , of
chloride ions, Cl –(g).
o may fin it hel f l to constr ct an ener y cycle

enthalpy change value

(Mg2+(g)) –1925 kJ mol–1

lattice energy of MgCl 2(s) –2524 kJ mol–1

enthalpy change of solution for MgCl 2(s) –155 kJ mol–1

(Cl –(g)) = ......................... kJ mol–1 [2]

© UCLES 2015 9701/43/O/N/15

CEDAR COLLEGE ENERGETICS WS 2

 Answer all the questions in the spaces provided.

1 (a) Describe and explain the variation in the 57

solubilities
3 of the hydroxides of the Group 2 elements.

....................................................................................................................................................
(iii) The enthalpy change of hydration for Na+, (Na+(g)), is –410 kJ mol–1.

Suggest an explanation for why the of the Na+ ion is less exothermic than the
....................................................................................................................................................
of the Mg ion. 2+

....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
.............................................................................................................................................. [4]
[W’15 3 Q1]
(c) Describe and explain how the solubility of the Group II sulfates varies down the group.
6 The table lists the standard enthalpy changes of formation, , for some compounds and aqueous
ions.....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................
species / kJ mol–1
....................................................................................................................................................
Ba2+(aq) –538
OH–(aq) –230
....................................................................................................................................................
CO2(g) –394
....................................................................................................................................................
BaCO3(s) –1216
....................................................................................................................................................
H O(l) –286
2

.............................................................................................................................................. [4]
(b) (i) Reaction 1 occurs when CO2(g) is bubbled through an aqueous solution of Ba(OH)2.
[Total: 11]
Use the data in the table to calculate the standard enthalpy change for reaction 1, 1.

Ba(OH)2(aq) + CO2(g) BaCO3(s) + H2O(l) reaction 1

1 = ............................. kJ mol–1 [2]

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 58
3

If CO2(g) is bubbled through an aqueous solution of Ba(OH)2 for a long time, the precipitated
BaCO3(s) dissolves, as shown in reaction 2.

BaCO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) Ba(HCO3)2(aq) reaction 2

The standard enthalpy change for reaction 2, 2 , = –26 kJ mol–1.

(ii) Use this information and the data in the table to calculate the standard enthalpy change of
formation of the HCO3–(aq) ion.

HCO3–(aq) = .............................. kJ mol–1 [2]

(iii) The overall process is shown by reaction 3.

Use your answer to (ii), and the data given in the table, to calculate the standard enthalpy
change for reaction 3, 3.

Ba(OH)2(aq) + 2CO2(g) Ba(HCO3)2(aq) reaction 3

3 = .............................. kJ mol–1 [1]

(iv) How would the value of 3 compare with the value of 4 for the similar reaction with
Ca(OH)2(aq) as shown in reaction 4?
Explain your answer.

Ca(OH)2(aq) + 2CO2(g) Ca(HCO3)2(aq) reaction 4

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]
[S’17 1 Q1]
(c) The standard entropy change for reaction 1 is 1.

Suggest, with a reason, how the standard entropy change for reaction 3 might compare with
1.

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 13]

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