Histology of GLANDS
ف
اﻷ�ﺴﺠﺔ ي� اﻟﻐﺪد
Exocrine glands release the secretory product via a system of
ducts that opens upon one of the surfaces of the body
which are in contact with the external world (skin,
gastrointestinal tract etc.).
اﻟي ﺗﻢ اﻓﺮازﻫﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃ��ﻖ ﺟﻬﺎز ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺪد ﺧﺎرﺟ�ﺔ اﻹﺧﺮاج ﺗﻄﻠﻖ اﻟﻤﺎدة ت
ي
ت ت
� ﻋ� اﺗﺼﺎل ﻣﻊ اﻟى ي
اﻟى ﺗﻔﺘﺢ ﻋ� واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ أﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ ي اﻟﻘﻨﻮات ي
.( اﻟﻘﻨﺎة اﻟﻬﻀﻤ�ﺔ اﻟﺦ،اﻟﺨﺎر� )اﻟﺠﻠﺪ
� ي اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ
Endocrine glands release their secretory product (typically
hormones) into the spaces between the secretory cells
(extracellular space) from which it enters the bloodstream.
اﻟﻐﺪد اﻟﺼﻤﺎء ﺗﻄﻠﻖ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﺬي ﺗﻢ إﻓﺮازە )ﻋﺎدة اﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎت( ف ي� اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎت
ﺑن اﻟﺨﻼ�ﺎ اﻹﻓﺮاز�ﺔ )اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺧﺎرج اﻟﺨﻠ�ﺔ( اﻟﺬي ﻋﻦ ﻃ��ﻘﺔ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﻣﺠﺮى ين
.اﻟﺪم
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Classification of Exocrine Glands
ﺗﺼن�ﻒ اﻟﻐﺪد اﻹﻓﺮاز�ﺔ
Exocrine glands may be classified according to:
:��
�ﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺼن�ﻒ اﻟﻐﺪد اﻹﻓﺮاز�ﺔ وﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻤﺎ ي
• cell number
• the shape and branching of their secretory portions and ducts.
• ﻋﺪد اﻟﺨﻼ�ﺎ
.• ﺷكﻞ وﺗﻔ�ع اﻷﺟﺰاء اﻹﻓﺮاز�ﺔ واﻟﻘﻨﻮات
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Unicellular Glands
اﻟﻐﺪد أﺣﺎد�ﺔ اﻟﺨﻠ�ﺔ
consist of a single secretory cell. In mammals the example
of unicellular exocrine glands are goblet cells, which
occur in the epithelium of many mucous membranes.
ف ي� اﻟﺜﺪﻳ�ﺎت ﻣﺜﺎل اﻟﻐﺪد اﻟﺨﺎرﺟ�ﺔ أﺣﺎد�ﺔ.ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﺧﻠ�ﺔ إﻓﺮاز�ﺔ واﺣﺪة
اﻟي ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ف ي� ﻇﻬﺎرة اﻟﻌﺪ�ﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻏﺸ�ﺔ ي
و ت،اﻟﺨﻠ�ﺔ � اﻟﺨﻼ�ﺎ اﻟ�ﺄﺳ�ﺔ
ي
.اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃ�ﺔ
Goblet cells secrete the glycoprotein mucin, which by the
uptake of water is converted into a slimy substance,
mucus.
اﻟ� ي ن
واﻟﺬي ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤ��ﻠﻪ ﻋﻦ،وﺗن اﻟﺴﻜﺮي ي ن
ﻣﺨﺎﻃن ب ﺗﻔﺮز اﻟﺨﻼ�ﺎ اﻟ�ﺄﺳ�ﺔ
. اﻟﻤﺨﺎط،ﻃ��ﻖ اﻣﺘﺼﺎص اﻟﻤﺎء إ� ﻣﺎدة ﻟﺰﺟﺔ
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Multicellular glands
اﻟﻐﺪد ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة اﻟﺨﻼ�ﺎ
Multi cellular glands are those containing more than one
cell as the secretory unit. It consists of many cells and are
generally located in underlying connective tissue e.g.,
gastric, intestinal glands, Salivary glands, sebaceous
glands (oil gland) and sweat glands.
أ�� ﻣﻦ ﺧﻠ�ﺔ واﺣﺪة � �اﻟى ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋ اﻟﻐﺪد ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة اﻟﺨﻼ�ﺎ � ﺗﻠﻚ ت
ف ي ي
وﻫﻮ ﺗﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﺪ�ﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻼ�ﺎ وﺗﻘﻊ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ي� اﻟنﺴﻴﺞ.ﻛﻮﺣﺪة إﻓﺮاز
اﻟﻐﺪد، اﻟﻐﺪد اﻟﻠﻌﺎﺑ�ﺔ، اﻟﻐﺪد اﻟﻤﻌ��ﺔ، اﻟﻤﻌﺪة،اﻟﻀﺎم اﻻﺳﺎس ﻣﺜﻞ
.اﻟﺪﻫﻨ�ﺔ )اﻟﻐﺪة اﻟ��ت�ﺔ( واﻟﻐﺪد اﻟﻌﺮﻗ�ﺔ
Sebaceous Glands
اﻟﻐﺪد اﻟﺪﻫﻨ�ﺔ
• are microscopic exocrine glands that secrete an oily or
waxy matter, called sebum, to lubricate and waterproof
the skin and hair of mammals. In humans, they occur in
the large number on the face and scalp, but also on all
parts of the skin except the palms of the hands and soles
of the feet.
اﻟﺨﺎر� ت
� وﺗﺪ،اﻟي ﺗﻔﺮز ﻣﺎدة ز�ت�ﺔ أو ﺷﻤﻌ�ﺔ � � ﻏﺪد ﻣﺠﻬ��ﺔ ذات اﻹﻓﺮاز •
ي ي ْ ُ ي
ف� ش.ﻟﺘﻠﻴن وﺟﻌﻞ اﻟﺠﻠﺪ واﻟﺸﻌﺮ ف� اﻟﺜﺪﻳ�ﺎت ﻣﻘﺎوم ﻟﻠﻤﺎء
،�اﻟب ين ،ﻢٌ اﻟﺰﻫ
ي ي ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ف
وﻟ�ﻦ أ�ﻀﺎ ﻋ� ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﺟﺰاء،ﻛﺒ� ﻋ� اﻟﻮﺟﻪ وﻓﺮوة اﻟﺮأس ي ﻋﺪد �
ي
ي ن
. اﻟﻘﺪﻣن اﻟﺠﻠﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻋﺪا راﺣﺔ اﻟ�ﺪﻳﻦ وأﺧﻤﺺ
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• It’s found in parts of the skin where hair is present.
.• ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ف ي� أﺟﺰاء ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﻠﺪ ﺣ�ﺚ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ اﻟﺸﻌﺮ
• Sebaceous glands are also found in some of the areas where
no hair is present, for example lips
ﻋ� ﺳب�ﻞ،اﻟي ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺷﻌﺮ • كﻤﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ اﻟﻐﺪد اﻟﺪﻫﻨ�ﺔ ض� بﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ت
ي ي
اﻟﻤﺜﺎل اﻟﺸﻔﺎە
• Sebaceous glands are simple and branched. The secretory
portion consists of alveoli.
ِ َﺳﻧ
ﺎخ ْ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻹﻓﺮازي ﻳﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ اﻷ.• اﻟﻐﺪد اﻟﺪﻫﻨ�ﺔ �ﺴ�ﻄﺔ وﻣﺘﻔﺮﻋﺔ
• The secretory cells accumulate lipids and grow in size.
• اﻟﺨﻼ�ﺎ اﻻﻓﺮاز�ﺔ ﺗﺮا�ﻢ اﻟﺪﻫﻮن وﺗﻨﻤﻮ بﺎﻟﺤﺠﻢ
• The lipid secretion of the sebaceous glands has limited
antibacterial and antifungal activity.
.بﻜﺘ��ﺎ واﻟﻔﻄ��ﺎت
• إﻓﺮاز اﻟﺪﻫﻮن ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺪد اﻟﺪﻫﻨ�ﺔ ﻟﻪ �ﺸﺎط ﻣﺤﺪود ﺿﺪ اﻟ ي
• Sebaceous glands are usually embedded in the dermis.
.• اﻟﻐﺪد اﻟﺪﻫﻨ�ﺔ ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن ﺟﺰءا ﻻ ﻳﺘﺠﺰأ ﻣﻦ اﻷدﻣﺔ
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Salivary Glands
اﻟﻐﺪد اﻟﻠﻌﺎﺑ�ﺔ
• Exocrine glands in the mouth produce saliva, which
has digestive, lubricating, and protective functions.
اﻟﺬي ﻟﻪ وﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﻫﻀﻤ�ﺔ و�ﻘﻮم،• ﺗنﺘﺞ اﻟﻐﺪد اﻹﻓﺮاز�ﺔ ف ي� اﻟﻔﻢ اﻟﻠﻌﺎب
بﺎ ي ن
.ﻟﺘﻠﻴن واﻟﺤﻤﺎ�ﺔ
• With a normal pH of 6.5 to 6.9.
6.9 � إ6.5 • اﻟﺤﻤﻮﺿﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺘﺎدة تﺗ�اوح ﻣﻦ
• saliva also has an important buffering function and
is also important for evaporative cooling.
� اﻟﺘﺨ��ﻦ اﻟﻤﺆﻗﺖ وﻣﻬﻢ أ�ﻀﺎ ﻟﻠ بﺘ��ﺪﻟﻠﻌﺎب أ�ﻀﺎ وﻇ�ﻔﺔ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ي •
.اﻟﺘبﺨﺮي
• There are three pairs of large salivary glands: the
parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands
:اﻟ�ﺒ�ة
ﻫﻨﺎك ﺛﻼﺛﺔ أزواج ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺪد اﻟﻠﻌﺎﺑ�ﺔ ي •
اﻟﻐُ ﱠدد اﻟﻧﱠ َﻛ ِﻔﯾﱠﺔُ وﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻔﻜ�ﺔ وﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧ�ﺔ
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• A connective tissue capsule surrounds salivary gland.
.• ﺗﺤ�ﻂ ﻛبﺴﻮﻟﺔ اﻟنﺴﻴﺞ اﻟﻀﺎم بﺎﻟﻐﺪة اﻟﻠﻌﺎﺑ�ﺔ
• The parenchyma of each consists of secretory units on a
branching duct system arranged in lobules, separated by
septa of connective tissue.
ف ُ ن َْ ت
• اﻟﻤن ﻣﻦ كﻞ ﻏﺪة ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ وﺣﺪات إﻓﺮاز�ﺔ ي� ﺟﻬﺎز ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻨﻮات اﻟﻤﺘﻔﺮﻋﺔ
. ﻣﻔﺼﻮﻟﺔ بﺠﺪار ﻣﻦ اﻟنﺴﻴﺞ اﻟﻀﺎم،�ﻓ وﻣﺮﺗبﺔ �ﺸكﻞ ي
• The secretion of each gland is either serous, seromucous,
or mucous, depending on its content of the glycoprotein
mucin.
اﻋﺘﻤﺎدا ﻋ� ﻣﺤﺘﻮاە,�ﻣﺨﺎ
ي ﻲ أو
ّ ﺧﺎط
ِ ﻲ ُﻣ
ﺻ ِﻠ ﱞ
ْ َﻣ،�ﻣﺼ
ي • إﻓﺮاز كﻞ ﻏﺪة ﻫﻮ إﻣﺎ
اﻟ� ي ن
وﺗن اﻟﺴﻜﺮي ي ن
ﻣﺨﺎﻃن ب ﻣﻦ
• Saliva from the parotids is serous and watery.
.ﻣﺎئ• اﻟﻠﻌﺎب ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺪد اﻟﻨﻜﻔ�ﺔ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺼ� و ئ
ي ي
• The submandibular and sublingual glands produce a
seromucous secretion
�ﻣﺨﺎ
ي �ﻣﺼ
ي • ﺗنﺘﺞ اﻟﻐﺪد ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻔﻜ�ﺔ وﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧ�ﺔ إﻓﺮازا
Three epithelial cell types comprise the salivary secretory
units:
:ﺛﻼﺛﺔ أﻧﻮاع ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻼ�ﺎ اﻟﻈﻬﺎر�ﺔ �ﺸﻤﻞ وﺣﺪات إﻓﺮاز اﻟﻠﻌﺎب
• serous cells are polarized protein-secreting cells, usually
pyramidal in shape, with round nuclei
اﻟ� ي ف
وﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻫﺮﻣ�ﺔ،وﺗن � ﺧﻼ�ﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻄبﺔ ﺗﻔﺮز ب • اﻟﺨﻼ�ﺎ اﻟﻤﺼﻠ�ﺔ ي
ﻣﻊ ﻧﻮاة ﻣﺴﺘﺪﻳﺮة،اﻟﺸكﻞ
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• serous cells form a spherical unit called an acinus with a
very small central lumen Serous acinar cells secrete
enzymes and other proteins.
ﺻﻐ�ة ﺟﺪا
ي • �ﺸكﻞ اﻟﺨﻼ�ﺎ اﻟﻤﺼﻠ�ﺔ وﺣﺪة ﻛﺮو�ﺔ �ﺴ� اﻟﻌُﻨَ ْﯿﺒَﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺧﻼ�ﺎ
.واﻟ�وﺗيﻨﺎت اﻷﺧﺮى
ﻣﺮﻛ��ﺔ ﻣﺠﻮﻓﺔ ﻣﺼﻠ�ﺔ ﻋﻨيﺒ�ﺔ ﺗﻔﺮز اﻹﻧ��ﻤﺎت ب
• Mucous cells are more columnar in shape, with more
compressed basal nuclei.
� ﻣﻊ ﻧﻮاة ﻗﺎﻋﺪ�ﺔ،أ�� ﻋﻤﻮد�ﺔ ف� اﻟﺸكﻞ
.أ�� ﺗﻜﺪﺳﺎ � � • اﻟﺨﻼ�ﺎ اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃ�ﺔ
ي ي
• Mucous cells contain apical granules with hydrophilic
mucins that provide lubricating properties in saliva but
cause poor cell staining in routine preparations.
ن اﻟﻤﺤﺐ ﻟﻠﻤﺎء• ﺗﺤﺘﻮي اﻟﺨﻼ�ﺎ اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃ�ﺔ ﻋ� ﺣﺒيبﺎت ﻗِ ِ ّﻣﯾﱠﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃ ي ن
�ﻠﻴن ض ي� اﻟﻠﻌﺎب وﻟ�ﻨﻬﺎ �ﺴبﺐ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺗﻠﻄﺦ اﻟﺨﻼ�ﺎ ض ي � اﻟﺬي ﻳﻮﻓﺮ ي
ﻣﻤ�ات اﻟﺘ ي ن
.اﻻﻋﺪادات اﻟﺮوﺗيﻨ�ﺔ
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• Mucous cells are organized as cylindrical tubules rather
than acini.
.• ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﻈ�ﻢ اﻟﺨﻼ�ﺎ اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃ�ﺔ �ﺸكﻞ أﻧﺎﺑ�ﺐ أﺳﻄﻮاﻧ�ﺔ بﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻨيبﺎت
•Mixed salivary glands have tubuloacinar secretory units
with both serous and mucous secretion.
ﻋﻧَﯾ ِﺑﯾّﺔ ﻣﻊ كﻞ ﻣﻦ
ُ • اﻟﻐﺪد اﻟﻠﻌﺎﺑ�ﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻄﺔ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ وﺣﺪات إﻓﺮاز ﻧُﺑَﯾ ِﺑﯾﱞﺔ
اﻹﻓﺮازات اﻟﻤﺼﻠ�ﺔ واﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃ�ﺔ
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• Myoepithelial cells are found inside the basal lamina
surrounding acini, tubules, and the proximal ends of
the duct system.
• اﻟﺧﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﻌﺿﻠﯾﺔ اﻟظﮭﺎرﯾﺔ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ داﺧﻞ اﻟﺼﻔ�ﺤﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪ�ﺔ اﻟﻤﺤ�ﻄﺔ
.بﺎﻟﻌﻨيبﺎت و اﻟﻨبﻴبﺎت واﻟﻨﻬﺎ�ﺎت اﻟﻘ��بﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﻘﻨﻮي
•These small, flattened cells are important for moving
secretory products into and through the ducts.
اﻟﺼﻐ�ة اﻟﻤﺴﻄﺤﺔ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻟﻨﻘﻞ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت إﻓﺮاز�ﺔ داﺧﻞ ي • ﻫﺬە اﻟﺨﻼ�ﺎ
.وﻋ� اﻟﻘﻨﻮاتب
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Parotid glands:
:اﻟﻐﺪد اﻟﻨﻜﻔ�ﺔ
• located in each cheek near the ear.
.• ﺗﻘﻊ ف ي� كﻞ ﺧﺪ بﺎﻟﻘﺮب ﻣﻦ اﻷذن
• are branched acinar glands with serous acini.
.� ﻏﺪد ﻋﻨيﺒ�ﺔ ﻣﺘﻔﺮﻋﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻋﻨيبﺎت ﻣﺼﻠ�ﺔ • ي
• Serous cells of parotid glands secrete α-amylase that
hydrolysis of carbohydrates and proline-rich proteins with
antimicrobial and other protective properties.
ي ف
ﺑﺮوﺗن اﻟﻔﺎ اﻣ�ﻼز اﻟﺬي �ﺤﻠﻞ • ﺗﻔﺮز اﻟﺨﻼ�ﺎ اﻟﻤﺼﻠ�ﺔ ف ي� اﻟﻐﺪد اﻟﻨﻜﻔ�ﺔ
بﺎﻟ� ي ن
وﻟن ﻣﺎﺋ�ﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻀﺎدات اﻟﻤ�ﻜﺮو�ﺎت واﻟ�وﺗيﻨﺎت اﻟﻐﻨ�ﺔ باﻟ���ﻮﻫ�ﺪرات ب
.وﻏ�ﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﻮﻗﺎﺋ�ﺔي
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Submandibular glands:
:اﻟﻐﺪد ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻔﻜ�ﺔ
• produce two-thirds of all saliva.
.ﺛﻠي اﻟﻠﻌﺎب � • ﺗنﺘﺞ
ي
• are branched tubuloacinar glands, having serous
acini with many mixed tubuloacinar secretory units.
ﺗﺤﻮي ﻋ� ﻋﻨيبﺎت ﻣﺼﻠ�ﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻌﺪ�ﺪ،ﻋﻧَﯾﺑِﯾّﺔ ﻣﺘﻔﺮﻋﺔ ُ � ﻏﺪد ﻧُﺑَﯾﺑِﯾﱞﺔ • ي
.ﻣﻦ وﺣﺪات اﻹﻓﺮاز اﻟﻌﻨيﺒ�ﺔ اﻟﻨبﻴب�ﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻄﺔ
• In addition to a-amylase and proline rich proteins,
serous cells of the submandibular gland secrete other
enzymes, including lysozyme for bacterial wall
hydrolysis.
بﺎﻟ� ي ن
ﺗﻔﺮز اﻟﺨﻼ�ﺎ اﻟﻤﺼﻠ�ﺔ،وﻟن واﻟ�وﺗيﻨﺎت اﻟﻐﻨ�ﺔ ب• بﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إ� اﻷﻣ�ﻼز ب
بﻤﺎ ف ي� ذﻟﻚ اﻻﺟﺴﺎم اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻠﻞ،ﻟﻠﻐﺪة ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻔﻜ�ﺔ إﻧ��ﻤﺎت أﺧﺮى
.اﻟبﻜﺘ�ي اﻟﻤﺎئ ﻟﻠﺠﺪار ئ
ي ي
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Sublingual glands
اﻟﻐﺪد ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧ�ﺔ
• The smallest of the major glands.
.• أﺻﻐﺮ اﻟﻐﺪد اﻟﺮﺋ�ﺴ�ﺔ
• Branched tubuloacinar glands.
.• ﻏﺪد ﻋﻨيﺒ�ﺔ أﻧﺒ���ﺔ ﻣﺘﻔﺮﻋﺔ
• main product of the gland is mucus.
.اﻟﺮﺋ�� ﻟﻠﻐﺪة ﻫﻮ اﻟﻤﺨﺎطي • اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ
• The few serous cells present in demilunes add amylase
and lysozyme to the secretion.
��اﻷﻣ�ﻠ ُ� • اﻟﺨﻼ�ﺎ اﻟﻤﺼﻠ�ﺔ اﻟﻘﻠ�ﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ف
ي ﺗﻀ�ﻒ (ﻫﻼل )ﺟﻤﻊ ﺔ ﻠ أﻫ
ِ اﻻ �ي
واﻻﺟﺴﺎم اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻺﻓﺮازات
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