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Java Interview Question

Q-1 Explain public static void main(String args[]).
● public ​: Public is an access modifier, which is used to specify who can access
this method. Public means that this Method will be accessible by any Class.
● static : It is a keyword in java which identifies it is class based i.e it can be
accessed without creating the instance of a Class.
● void : It is the return type of the method. Void defines the method which will
not return any value.
● main​​: It is the name of the method ​which is searched by JVM as a starting
point for an application with a particular signature only. It is the method
where the main execution occurs.
● String args[]​​ : It is the parameter passed to the main method.

Q-2. Why Java is platform independent?

Platform independent practically means “write once run anywhere”. Java is called so

because of its byte codes which can run on any system irrespective of its underlying

operating system.

Q-3. Why java is not 100% Object-oriented?

Java is not 100% Object-oriented because it makes use of eight primitive datatypes

such as boolean, byte, char, int, float, double, long, short which are ​not objects.

Q-4. ​What do you mean by Object?

An object consists of methods and class which depict its state and
perform operations. A java program contains a lot of objects instructing
each other their jobs. This concept is a part of core java.

Q-5 What is association?

Association is a relationship where all object have their own lifecycle and there is no

owner. Let’s take an example of Teacher and Student. Multiple students can

associate with a single teacher and a single student can associate with multiple

teachers but there is no ownership between the objects and both have their own

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lifecycle. These relationship can be one to one, One to many, many to one and many

to many.

Q-6. What do you mean by aggregation?

Aggregation is a specialized form of Association where all object have their own

lifecycle but there is ownership and child object can not belongs to another parent

object. Let’s take an example of Department and teacher. A single teacher can not

belongs to multiple departments, but if we delete the department teacher object will

not destroy.

Q-7. What is composition in Java?

Composition is again specialized form of Aggregation and we can call this as a

“death” relationship. It is a strong type of Aggregation. Child object dose not have

their lifecycle and if parent object deletes all child object will also be deleted. Let’s

take again an example of relationship between House and rooms. House can contain

multiple rooms there is no independent life of room and any room can not belongs to

two different house if we delete the house room will automatically delete.

Q-8. What's the difference between an array and Vector?

Ans: ​An array groups data of same primitive type and is static in nature while
vectors are dynamic in nature and can hold data of different data types.

Q-9. What is multi-threading?

Ans: Multi threading is a programming concept to run multiple tasks in a

concurrent manner within a single program. Threads share same process stack
and running in parallel. It helps in performance improvement of any program.

Q-10. Why Runnable Interface is used in Java?

Ans: Runnable interface is used in java for implementing multi threaded

applications. Java.Lang.Runnable interface is implemented by a class to support
multi threading.

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Q-11. What are the two ways of implementing multi-threading in Java?

Ans: Multi threaded applications can be developed in Java by using any of the
following two methodologies:

1. By using Java.Lang.Runnable Interface. Classes implement this interface to

enable multi threading. There is a Run() method in this interface which is
implemented.

2. By writing a class that extend Java.Lang.Thread class.

Q-12. When a lot of changes are required in data, which one should be a
preference to be used? String or StringBuffer?

Ans: ​Since String Buffers are dynamic in nature and we can change the values of
StringBuffer objects unlike String which is immutable, it's always a good choice to
use StringBuffer when data is being changed too much. If we use String in such a
case, for every data change a new String object will be created which will be an
extra overhead.

Q-13. What's the purpose of using Break in each case of Switch Statement?

Ans: Break is used after each case (except the last one) in a switch so that code
breaks after the valid case and doesn't flow in the proceeding cases too.

If break isn't used after each case, all cases after the valid case also get
executed resulting in wrong results.

Q-14. How garbage collection is done in Java?

Ans: ​In java, when an object is not referenced any more, garbage collection
takes place and the object is destroyed automatically. For automatic garbage
collection java calls either System.gc() method or Runtime.gc() method.

Q-15. How we can execute any code even before main method?

Ans: If we want to execute any statements before even creation of objects at

load time of class, we can use a static block of code in the class. Any statements

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inside this static block of code will get executed once at the time of loading the
class even before creation of objects in the main method.

Q-16 What's the benefit of using inheritance?

Ans: Key benefit of using inheritance is reusability of code as inheritance enables

sub-classes to reuse the code of its super class. Polymorphism (Extensibility ) is
another great benefit which allow new functionality to be introduced without
effecting existing derived classes.

Q-17. What's the default access specifier for variables and methods of a
class?

Ans: ​Default access specifier for variables and method is package protected i.e
variables and class is available to any other class but in the same package,not
outside the package.

Q-18. Give an example of use of Pointers in Java class.

Ans: ​There are no pointers in Java. So we can't use concept of pointers in Java.

Q-19. What are the steps to connect to a database in java?

Ans-
● Registering the driver class
● Creating connection
● Creating statement
● Executing queries
● Closing connection

Q-20. What are the JDBC API components?

The java.sql package contains interfaces and classes for JDBC API.

Interfaces:

● Connection
● Statement
● PreparedStatement
● ResultSet
● ResultSetMetaData
● DatabaseMetaData
● CallableStatement etc.

Classes:

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● DriverManager
● Blob
● Clob
● Types
● SQLException etc.

Q-21. What is the role of JDBC DriverManager class?

Ans- The DriverManager class manages the registered drivers. It can be used to

register and unregister drivers. It provides factory method that returns the instance

of Connection.

Q-22. What is Hibernate Framework?

Ans- ​Object-relational mapping or ORM is the programming technique to map

application domain model objects to the relational database tables. Hibernate is java

based ORM tool that provides framework for mapping application domain objects to

the relational database tables and vice versa.

Hibernate provides reference implementation of Java Persistence API, that makes it

a great choice as ORM tool with benefits of loose coupling. We can use Hibernate

persistence API for CRUD operations. Hibernate framework provide option to map

plain old java objects to traditional database tables with the use of JPA annotations

as well as XML based configuration.

Similarly hibernate configurations are flexible and can be done from XML

configuration file as well as programmatically.

Q-23. What are the important benefits of using Hibernate

Framework?
Ans- ​Some of the important benefits of using hibernate framework are:

1. Hibernate eliminates all the boiler-plate code that comes with JDBC and takes
care of managing resources, so we can focus on business logic.
2. Hibernate framework provides support for XML as well as JPA annotations,
that makes our code implementation independent.
3. Hibernate provides a powerful query language (HQL) that is similar to SQL.
However, HQL is fully object-oriented and understands concepts like
inheritance, polymorphism and association.
4. Hibernate is an open source project from Red Hat Community and used
worldwide. This makes it a better choice than others because learning curve is

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small and there are tons of online documentations and help is easily available
in forums.
5. Hibernate is easy to integrate with other Java EE frameworks, it’s so popular
that Spring Framework provides built-in support for integrating hibernate with
Spring applications.
6. Hibernate supports lazy initialization using proxy objects and perform actual
database queries only when it’s required.
7. Hibernate cache helps us in getting better performance.
8. For database vendor specific feature, hibernate is suitable because we can
also execute native sql queries.

Overall hibernate is the best choice in current market for ORM tool, it contains all

the features that you will ever need in an ORM tool.

Q-24. Is it possible to define a method in Java class but provide it's

implementation in the code of another language like C?
Ans: Yes, we can do this by use of native methods. In case of native method
based development, we define public static methods in our Java class without its
implementation and then implementation is done in another language like C
separately.

Q-25. How are destructors defined in Java?

Ans: In Java, there are no destructors defined in the class as there is no need to
do so. Java has its own garbage collection mechanism which does the job
automatically by destroying the objects when no longer referenced.

Q-26. Can a variable be local and static at the same time?

Ans: No a variable can't be static as well as local at the same time. Defining a
local variable as static gives compilation error.

Q-27. Can we have static methods in an Interface?

Ans: Static methods can't be overridden in any class while any methods in an
interface are by default abstract and are supposed to be implemented in the
classes being implementing the interface. So it makes no sense to have static
methods in an interface in Java.

Q-28. In a class implementing an interface, can we change the value of any

variable defined in the interface?
Ans: No, we can't change the value of any variable of an interface in the
implementing class as all variables defined in the interface are by default public,

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static and Final and final variables are like constants which can't be changed
later.

Q-29 Is it correct to say that due to garbage collection feature in Java, a

java program never goes out of memory?
Ans: Even though automatic garbage collection is provided by Java, it doesn't
ensure that a Java program will not go out of memory as there is a possibility that
creation of Java objects is being done at a faster pace compared to garbage
collection resulting in filling of all the available memory resources.
So, garbage collection helps in reducing the chances of a program going out of
memory but it doesn't ensure that.

Q-30. Can we have any other return type than void for main method?
Ans: No, Java class main method can have only void return type for the program
to get successfully executed.
Nonetheless , if you absolutely must return a value to at the completion of main
method , you can use System.exit(int status).

Q-31. I want to re-reach and use an object once it has been garbage
collected. How it's possible?
Ans: Once an object has been destroyed by garbage collector, it no longer exists
on the heap and it can't be accessed again. There is no way to reference it again.

Q-32. In Java thread programming, which method is a must implementation

for all threads?
Ans: Run() is a method of Runnable interface that must be implemented by all
threads.

Q-33. I want to control database connections in my program and want that

only one thread should be able to make database connection at a time. How
can I implement this logic?
Ans: This can be implemented by use of the concept of synchronization.
Database related code can be placed in a method which hs ​synchronized
keyword so that only one thread can access it at a time.

Q-34​​ What are real-world practices of volatile modifier? 

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Ans-One  of  the  real-world  use  of  the volatile variable is to generate interpretation 

double  and  long  atomic.  Equally  double  and  long  are  64-bit  extensive  and  they 

are  reciting  in  two  parts,  primary  32-bit  first  time  and  following  32-bit  another 

time,  which  is  non-atomic  but  then  again  volatile  double  in  addition  long  read  is 

atomic  in  Java.  Additional  use  of  the  volatile  variable  is  to  deliver  a  recall  barrier, 

just like it is cast-off in Disrupter framework. 

Fundamentally,  Java  Memory  model  pull-outs  a  write  barrier  subsequently  you 

write  to  a  volatile  variable  besides  a  read  barrier  beforehand  you  read  it.  That 

means,  if  you  inscribe  to  volatile  field  then  it’s  definite  that  any  thread  retrieving 

that  variable  will  see  the  worth  you  wrote  and  everything  you  did  beforehand 

doing  that  correct into the thread is certain to have occurred and any rationalized 

data  values will also be noticeable to all threads, since the memory barrier flushed 

all additional writes to the cache. 

Q-35. Explain the meaning of thread local variable in Java? 

Answer​-  Thread-local  variables  are  variables  limited  to  a  thread,  it’s  like  thread’s 

individual  copy  which  is  not  public  between  numerous  threads.  Java  offers  a 

Thread  Local  class  to  care  thread-local  variables.  It’s one of the numerous ways to 

attain  thread-safety.  Though  be  cautious  while  using  thread  locally  adjustable  in 

managed  environment  e.g.  with network servers where operative thread out lives 

somewhat  application  variable.  Somewhat  thread  local  variable  which  is  not 

detached  once  its  work  is  done  can  possibly  reason  a  memory  leak  in  Java 

application. 

Q-36. Explain the meaning of platform? 

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Answer​-  A  platform  is  the  hardware  or  software  setting  in  which  a  program 

executes.  Maximum  platforms  in  JAVA  can  be  defined  as  a  grouping  of  the 

operating  system  and  hardware,  Windows  2000/XP,  Linux,  Windows  2000/XP, 

MacOs and Solaris. 

Q-37 What’s the variance amid an Abstract Class and Interface in 

Java? 

Answer-  ​The  main  difference  amid  an  abstract  class  and  interface  is  that  a 

boundary  cans  only  own  assertion  of  public  static  approaches  with  no  existing 

application  while  an  abstract  class  can  have  associated  with  any  admittance 

specifies  (i.e.  public,  private  etc.)  with  or  without  real  implementation.  Additional 

key  variance  in  the  usage  of  abstract  classes  and  lines  is  that  a  class  which gears 

an  interface  must  contrivance  all  the  approaches  of  the  interface  while  a  class 

which  receives  from  an  abstract  class  doesn’t  need  execution  of  all  the  methods 

of  its  superclass.  A  class  can  instrument  numerous  interfaces  but  it  can  spread 

only one abstract class. 

Q-38 What is the variance amid an Inner Class and a Sub-Class? 

Answer  An  Inner  class  is  a  class  which  is  copied  up  to  the  additional  class.  An 

Inner  class  has  admittance  privileges  for  the  class  which  is  nesting  it  and  it  can 

contact  all  variables  and  system  well-defined  in  the  outer  class,  whereas  a 

sub-class  is  a  class  which  receives  from  another  class  named  Superclass. 

Sub-class  can  contact  all  public  and  protected  approaches  and  fields  of  its 

superclass. 

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Q-39 Can we affirm a class as Abstract deprived of having an 

abstract method? 

Answer-  Yes,  we  can  generate  an  abstract  class  via  abstract  keyword beforehand 

class  name  even  if  it  doesn’t  have  any  abstract  method.  Though,  if  a  class  has 

even  one  abstract  technique,  it  must  be  acknowledged  as  abstract  or  else  it  will 

give an error. 

40- What is difference between JDK,JRE and JVM?

Answer-

JVM
JVM is an acronym for Java Virtual Machine, it is an abstract machine which provides the
runtime environment in which java bytecode can be executed. It is a specification.
JVMs are available for many hardware and software platforms (so JVM is platform
dependent).

JRE
JRE stands for Java Runtime Environment. It is the implementation of JVM.

JDK
JDK is an acronym for Java Development Kit. It physically exists. It contains JRE +
development tools.

Q-41 How many types of memory areas are allocated by

JVM?
Many types:
1. Class(Method) Area

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2. Heap
3. Stack
4. Program Counter Register
5. Native Method Stack

Q-42 What is JIT compiler?

Answer- Just-In-Time(JIT) compiler:​​It is used to improve the performance. JIT
compiles parts of the byte code that have similar functionality at the same time, and
hence reduces the amount of time needed for compilation.Here the term “compiler”
refers to a translator from the instruction set of a Java virtual machine (JVM) to the
instruction set of a specific CPU.

Q-43 What is platform?

A platform is basically the hardware or software environment in which a program runs.
There are two types of platforms software-based and hardware-based. Java provides
software-based platform.

Q-44 What is the main difference between Java platform

and other platforms?
The Java platform differs from most other platforms in the sense that it's a
software-based platform that runs on top of other hardware-based platforms.It has two
components:
1. Runtime Environment
2. API(Application Programming Interface)

Q-45 What gives Java its 'write once and run anywhere'
nature?
The bytecode. Java is compiled to be a byte code which is the intermediate language
between source code and machine code. This byte code is not platform specific and
hence can be fed to any platform.

Q-46 What is classloader?

The classloader is a subsystem of JVM that is used to load classes and interfaces.There
are many types of classloaders e.g. Bootstrap classloader, Extension classloader, System
classloader, Plugin classloader etc.

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​Q-47 What is method overriding:
Answer-​​ If a subclass provides a specific implementation of a method that is already
provided by its parent class, it is known as Method Overriding. It is used for runtime
polymorphism and to provide the specific implementation of the method.

Q-48 Can we override static method?

No, you can't override the static method because they are the part of class not object.

Q-49 Why we cannot override static method?

It is because the static method is the part of class and it is bound with class whereas
instance method is bound with object and static gets memory in class area and instance
gets memory in heap.

Q-50 Can we override the overloaded method?

Yes.

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