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Week 3.2 Applied Genetics Module

Breeding strategies such as selection, inbreeding, and hybridization can be used to develop plants and animals with desirable traits. Selection involves choosing parents with beneficial genes, while inbreeding mates closely related individuals to concentrate traits and hybridization crosses parents with different traits. Other plant breeding methods like embryo culture and synthetic seed engineering aim to increase production while reducing costs. Genetic engineering techniques allow genes to be spliced between organisms, enabling traits to be transferred.

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157 views3 pages

Week 3.2 Applied Genetics Module

Breeding strategies such as selection, inbreeding, and hybridization can be used to develop plants and animals with desirable traits. Selection involves choosing parents with beneficial genes, while inbreeding mates closely related individuals to concentrate traits and hybridization crosses parents with different traits. Other plant breeding methods like embryo culture and synthetic seed engineering aim to increase production while reducing costs. Genetic engineering techniques allow genes to be spliced between organisms, enabling traits to be transferred.

Uploaded by

Niña Viaña Binay
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Applied Genetics

Breeding Strategies
- Selecting parents with desirable traits is the oldest method of getting better traits in
offspring
- By constantly breeding such parents, the breeder develops purebred or thoroughbred
types
Purebred 
- carry two dominant genes or two recessive genes for a given trait.

METHODS
Selection
- choosing parents with desirable genes and rejecting parents with undesirable genes. 
Luther Burbank (1849-1926)
- the world’s foremost selective breeder
- produced more than 250 varieties of fruit

Inbreeding
- mating closely related to individuals
- produces such as breeds as German Shepherds, Toy Poodles and Great Danes

Hybridizing or Crossbreeding
- parents with different traits are crossed
- can also be performed in plants

Mule 
- a hybrid resulting from the cross between a donkey and a female horse
- they have more endurance than horses, and stronger than donkeys
- sterile yet cannot reproduce

Plants
- pure breeds are obtained through inbreeding. The pure breeds are then crossed to
produce the hybrid generation

OTHER PLANT-BREEDING METHODS


Plant Breeding
- the manipulation of plant species in order to create desired varieties. It has been
practiced for many years and still developed to ensure food security.

Embryo-Culture Technique
- an in vitro development, or maintenance of isolated mature or immature embryos on a
nutrient medium
- the technique makes use of inexpensive components of the standard media and
minimum transfer of culture
- aims to cut down on production cost while increasing plant production

Synthetic Seed Engineering


- man-made seeds, the products of genetic engineering
- produced form stem cells grown and cultured in the laboratory
- these plants may also be pathogen free, which means that they are suitable for export
and transport across international borders

Gene Splicing Techniques


- process of taking genes from one organism and combining them into the genes of
another
- a gene or genetic trait can be inserted into a plant to obtain a result
- recombinant DNA is produced by gene splicing

Genetic Improvement on Humans


- the Mendelian laws also applies to humans
- researchers theorized that men may be able to discover the secret of life, the cure of
hereditary diseases and defects and possibly produce a race with superior qualities through
genetic engineering
- moral and ethical issues are involved in manipulating genes to clone human beings

OTHER DEVELOPMENT IN GENETICS


Mutation
- the process is like selective breeding
- used to produce new kinds of organisms

Restriction Enzymes
- genes can be cut at specific DNA sequences by proteins known as restriction enzymes,
which surrounds the DNA molecule at the point it seeks

DNA Insertion
- DNA fragments containing the desired gene are obtained and inserted into the DNA that
has been removed from the recipient cell

DNA Sequencing
- has become indispensable for studying biological processes as well as in diagnostic and
forensic studies

Modern DNA Sequencing


- sequencing technology has been used in the large scale sequencing of the human
genome and has generated the complete, sequencing of many animals, plants, microbial
genomes

Genetic Engineering
a. Humans
- when the gene used to code for a human protein is properly inserted into bacteria, the
recombinant cells can be used to produce large amounts of protein
b. Plants
- DNA can be injected directly into the cells or attached to the plasmids or certain species
of bacteria that infect plant cells
c. Animals
- genetic engineering has successfully produced a variety of transgenic insects,
roundworms, and vertebrates

DNA Fingerprinting
- used in criminal investigations
- DNA samples matches up a suspect with samples of DNA containing material left at the
scene of the crime

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