DEVELOPMENTS

• A layout of the complete surface of an object is

called a development or pattern.
• The layout of only the sides without the top or
bottom is called the lateral surface.
“If the surface of a solid is laid out on a plain
surface, the shape thus obtained is called the
development of that solid.”
In other words, the development of a solid is the
shape of a plain sheet that by proper folding
could be converted into the shape of the
concerned solid.
The surfaces of an object which are opened
out and laid on a flat plane are called the
development of surfaces of that object.
Principle of Development
Every line on the development should
show the true length of the
corresponding line on the surface which
is developed.
Methods of Development
(a) Parallel-line development.
For developing prisms and cylinders.
(b) Radial-line development .
For developing pyramids and cones.
(c) Triangulation development.
For developing transition pieces.
(d) Approximate development.
For developing spheres.
DEV (1)
CYLINDER

Draw the development of the complete

surface of a cylinder. Diameter is 40 mm and
the height is 70 mm.
 Cut along this
generator
Back on RH

Front on LH

Open clockwise
Front end
DEV (1)

Stretch out line = circumference

Back end
 DEV (1)

X y
πD=148.56mm
DEV (2)
PRISM
Develop the complete surface of a square prism of
side of base 40 mm and height 80 mm.

a’,d’ b’,c’ B C D A
A
d c

a b
 DEV (3)
PYRAMID

Draw the development of the lateral surface

of a square pyramid, side of base 30 mm and
height 50 mm, resting with its base on H.P. All
edge of the base are equally inclined to V.P.
 A

DEV (3) D

o’
O C

X a’ d y
A

a O c

b
DEV (3 a)
PYRAMID

Draw the development of the lateral

surface of a square pyramid, side of base
30 mm and height 50 mm, resting with its
base on H.P. Two of its base edge are
equally parallel to V.P.
 A

D
o’ a’ not equal to TL of OA
Oo’
C
TL of OA to be obtained

X a’,d’
y
c
A
d

a b
DEV (4)
CONE
Draw the development of the lateral surface
of a cone, base diameter 50 mm and height
70 mm, resting with its base on H.P.
DEV (4)
 DEV (4)
Θ = 360 (R/L) degrees

Θ = 360 (R/L) =

X y

R
 DEV (5)
FRUSTUM OF A CONE
R
 = 360 degrees
L

R = Base circle radius of cone

L= Slant height of cone
L1 = Slant height of cut part.
DEV (6)
R
 = 360 degrees
L

R
 DEV (7)
Base side
Top side
DEVELOPMENT OF
FRUSTUM OF SQUARE PYRAMID

L= Slant edge of pyramid

L1 = Slant edge of cut part.
DEV (7)

X y
DEV (8)

A cone of base 50 mm diameter and height 65

mm rests with its base on H.P. A section plane
perpendicular to V.P and inclined at 30o to H.P
bisects the axis of the cone. Draw the
development of the lateral surface of the
truncated cone.
A hexagonal prism, edge of base 20 mm and
axis 50 mm long, rests with its base on H.P
such that one of its rectangular faces is
parallel to V.P. It is cut by a plane
perpendicular to V.P, inclined at 45o to H.P and
passing through the right corner of the top
face of the prism. Draw the sectional top view
and develop the lateral surface of the
truncated prism.
A pentagonal pyramid, side of base 30 mm and
height 60 mm, stands with its base on H.P and an
edge of the base is parallel to V.P. It is cut by a
plane perpendicular to V.P, inclined at 40o to H.P
and passing through a point on the axis, 32 m
above the base. Draw the sectional top view and
develop the lateral surface of the truncated
pyramid.
Problem 1: A pentagonal prism , 30 mm base side & 50 mm axis
is standing on Hp on it’s base with one side of the base perpendicular to VP.
It is cut by a section plane inclined at 45º to the HP, through mid point of axis.
Draw Fv, sec.Tv & sec. Side view. Also draw true shape of section and
Development of surface of remaining solid.
26
Problem 2: A cone, 50 mm base diameter and 70 mm axis is Solution Steps:for sectional views:
standing on it’s base on Hp. It cut by a section plane 450 inclined Draw three views of standing cone.
to Hp through base end of end generator.Draw projections, Locate sec.plane in Fv as described.
sectional views, true shape of section and development of surfaces Project points where generators are
of remaining solid. getting Cut on Tv & Sv as shown in
illustration.Join those points in
sequence and show Section lines in it.
Make remaining part of solid dark.
Y1 A
SECTIONAL S.V
o’ B

DEVELOPMENT C

X1 E
X a’ h’b’ c’ g’ f’ d’ e’ Y
g” h”f” a”e” b”d” c” F
g
For True Shape: h G
f
Draw x1y1 // to sec. plane
Draw projectors on it from For Development: H
cut points. a e Draw development of entire solid.
Mark distances of points Name from cut-open edge i.e. A. A
of Sectioned part from Tv, in sequence as shown.Mark the cut
on above projectors from b d
points on respective edges.
x1y1 and join in sequence. c Join them in sequence in curvature.
Draw section lines in it. SECTIONAL T.V
Make existing parts dev.dark.
It is required true shape.
Problem 6: Draw a semicircle 0f 100 mm diameter and inscribe in it a largest TO DRAW PRINCIPAL
circle.If the semicircle is development of a cone and inscribed circle is some VIEWS FROM GIVEN
curve on it, then draw the projections of cone showing that curve. DEVELOPMENT.

E
D F
o’ R=Base circle radius. 4
L=Slant height. 3 5
 = R 3600 C
L
G
1’
7’ 2 6
B H
6’
2’
1
3’ 5’ 4’
 7
X a’ h’ b’ c’ g’ d’f’ e’ Y
A A
O
g L
6
h f Solution Steps:
5
Draw semicircle of given diameter, divide it in 8 Parts and inscribe in it
a largest circle as shown.Name intersecting points 1, 2, 3 etc.
a 7 Semicircle being dev.of a cone it’s radius is slant height of cone.( L )
o 4 e Then using above formula find R of base of cone. Using this data
1
draw Fv & Tv of cone and form 8 generators and name.
Take o -1 distance from dev.,mark on TL i.e.o’a’ on Fv & bring on o’b’
b 3 d and name 1’ Similarly locate all points on Fv. Then project all on Tv
2
on respective generators and join by smooth curve.
c
Problem 7:Draw a semicircle 0f 100 mm diameter and inscribe in it a largest TO DRAW PRINCIPAL
rhombus.If the semicircle is development of a cone and rhombus is some curve VIEWS FROM GIVEN
on it, then draw the projections of cone showing that curve. DEVELOPMENT.

Solution Steps:
o’ Similar to previous
Problem:
E
D F

C G

2’ 6’
B H
3’ 5’
a’ h’ b’ c’ g’ f’ d’ e’ 
X 1’ 7’ 4’ Y
g A A
O L
7 6
h f
5
R=Base circle radius.
L=Slant height.
a 4 e  = R 3600
L

b 3
d
2
1
c
Problem 6: Draw a semicircle 0f 100 mm diameter and inscribe in it a largest TO DRAW PRINCIPAL
circle.If the semicircle is development of a cone and inscribed circle is some VIEWS FROM GIVEN
curve on it, then draw the projections of cone showing that curve. DEVELOPMENT.

E
D F
o’ R=Base circle radius. 4
L=Slant height. 3 5
 = R 3600 C
L
G
1’
7’ 2 6
B H
6’
2’
1
3’ 5’ 4’
 7
X a’ h’ b’ c’ g’ d’f’ e’ Y
A A
O
g L
6
h f Solution Steps:
5
Draw semicircle of given diameter, divide it in 8 Parts and inscribe in it
a largest circle as shown.Name intersecting points 1, 2, 3 etc.
a 7 Semicircle being dev.of a cone it’s radius is slant height of cone.( L )
o 4 e Then using above formula find R of base of cone. Using this data
1
draw Fv & Tv of cone and form 8 generators and name.
Take o -1 distance from dev.,mark on TL i.e.o’a’ on Fv & bring on o’b’
b 3 d and name 1’ Similarly locate all points on Fv. Then project all on Tv
2
on respective generators and join by smooth curve.
c
Q 15.26: A right circular cone base 30 mm side and height 50 mm rests on its base on H.P. It is cut by a
section plane perpendicular to the V.P., inclined at 45º to the H.P. and bisecting the axis. Draw the projections
of the truncated cone and develop its lateral surface.

1
12
A
11

B
10
C
9
D

8 E
θ=103º
F
7 G
H
I
6
J
g
5 e fh
K i
d
j
4 c
L k
bl
3 A a

X
2 2 3
1 12 11
4 5 6
7
Y
10 9 8
4
3 5
2 b
c d 6
e
f
g
1 a
7
h
l i
12 k j 8
11 9
10
 Problem 1: A pentagonal prism , 30 mm base side & 50 mm axis Solution Steps:for sectional views:
is standing on Hp on it’s base with one side of the base perpendicular to VP. Draw three views of standing prism.
It is cut by a section plane inclined at 45º to the HP, through mid point of axis. Locate sec.plane in Fv as described.
Draw Fv, sec.Tv & sec. Side view. Also draw true shape of section and Project points where edges are getting
Development of surface of remaining solid. Cut on Tv & Sv as shown in illustration.
C
Join those points in sequence and show
B
Section lines in it.
D
Y1 Make remaining part of solid dark.

A A B C D E
E A
d” c”

X1 e” b”

X a”
Y
e DEVELOPMENT
d
For True Shape: a For Development:
Draw x1y1 // to sec. plane
Draw development of entire solid. Name from
Draw projectors on it from c
cut-open edge I.e. A. in sequence as shown.
cut points.
b Mark the cut points on respective edges.
Mark distances of points
Join them in sequence in st. lines.
of Sectioned part from Tv,
Make existing parts dev.dark.
on above projectors from
x1y1 and join in sequence.
Draw section lines in it.
It is required true shape.
Q 14.11: A square pyramid, base 40 mm side and axis 65 mm long, has its base on the HP and all
the edges of the base equally inclined to the VP. It is cut by a section plane, perpendicular to the
VP, inclined at 45º to the HP and bisecting the axis. Draw its sectional top view, sectional side
view and true shape of the section. Also draw its development.

21 31 A
o’ 1

41
3’
D
11 4
2’ 4’
O

3
1’
b’ d’ Y
X c’
a’ 45º 2 C
d
4

1 1
a o 3
c B

A
2

b
Q 14.11: A square pyramid, base 40 mm side and axis 65 mm long, has its base on the HP with
two edges of the base perpendicular to the VP. It is cut by a section plane, perpendicular to the
VP, inclined at 45º to the HP and bisecting the axis. Draw its sectional top view and true shape of
the section. Also draw its development.

3
A
2 o’
1

True length
2 of slant edge
2 3
2’ 3’
D
4
1 O
True length
1 4 of slant edge 3
1’ 4’
2
X a’ d’ b’ c’
Y
C
a b
1

2 1
o
B
3
A
4
d c
Q.15.11: A right circular cylinder, base 50 mm diameter and axis 60 mm long, is standing on HP on its
base. It has a square hole of size 25 in it. The axis of the hole bisects the axis of the cylinder and is
perpendicular to the VP. The faces of the square hole are equally inclined with the HP. Draw its
projections and develop lateral surface of the cylinder.

2’ 3’ 4’ 5’ 6’
1’ 12’ 11’ 10’ 9’ 8’ 7’

b’ B B

a’ c’ A C C A

d’ D D

X a c Y
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1

4b
3 d 5
a c
2 6

1 7

12 8

a c
11 9
b
10
d
Q.15.11: A right circular cylinder, base 50 mm diameter and axis 60 mm long, is standing on HP on its
base. It has a square hole of size 25 in it. The axis of the hole bisects the axis of the cylinder and is
perpendicular to the VP. The faces of the square hole are equally inclined with the HP. Draw its
projections and develop lateral surface of the cylinder.

2’ 3’ 4’ 5’ 6’
1’ 12’ 11’ 10’ 9’ 8’ 7’

b’ B B

a’ c’ A C C A

d’ D D

X a c Y
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1

4b
3 d 5
a c
2 6

1 7

12 8

a c
11 9
b
10
d
Q: A square prism of 40 mm edge of the base and 65 mm height stands on its base on the HP with
vertical faces inclined at 45º with the VP. A horizontal hole of 40 mm diameter is drilled centrally
through the prism such that the hole passes through the opposite vertical edges of the prism, draw
the development og the surfaces of the prism.

a’ b’d’ c’

4’ 4 4
3’ 5’ 3 5 3 5
2’ 6’ 2 6 2 6

1’ 7’ 1 7 1 7
12’ 8’
12 8 12 8
11’ 9’
10’ 11 9 11 9
10 10
X a’ b’d’ c’ 1 2 3 6 5 3 2 1 Y
4 5 7 C 7 6 4
11
12 11 10 9 8 8 9 10 12 A
4 b10 A
5 B D
3
11 9
2 4
12 8
1 7

a c
1
7
2 4
12 8
3 5
11 9
4 10
d
Q 14.11: A square pyramid, base 40 mm side and axis 65 mm long, has its base on the HP and all
the edges of the base equally inclined to the VP. It is cut by a section plane, perpendicular to the
VP, inclined at 45º to the HP and bisecting the axis. Draw its sectional top view, sectional side
view and true shape of the section. Also draw its development.

21 31 A
o’ 1

41
3’
D
11 4
2’ 4’
O

3
1’
b’ d’ Y
X c’
a’ 45º 2 C
d
4

1 1
a o 3
c B

A
2

b
Q 15.26: A right circular cone base 30 mm side and height 50 mm rests on its base on H.P. It is cut by a
section plane perpendicular to the V.P., inclined at 45º to the H.P. and bisecting the axis. Draw the projections
of the truncated cone and develop its lateral surface.

1
12
A
11

B
10
C
9
D

8 E
θ=103º
F
7 G
H
I
6
J
g
5 e fh
K i
d
j
4 c
L k
bl
3 A a

X
2 2 3
1 12 11
4 5 6
7
Y
10 9 8
4
3 5
2 b
c d 6
e
f
g
1 a
7
h
l i
12 k j 8
11 9
10
Q 15.26: draw the projections of a cone resting on the ground on its base and show on them, the shortest path
by which a point P, starting from a point on the circumference of the base and moving around the cone will
return to the same point. Base ofn cone 65 mm diameter ; axis 75 mm long.

1
12

11

10

8
θ=141º
7

2
X 2 3
1 12 11
4 5 6
7
Y
10 9 8
4
3 5
2 6

1 7
12 8
11 9
10
 Cut along this
generator
Back on RH

Front on LH
 Back on RH Cut along this
generator
Front on LH

Open clockwise
 Cut along this
Back on RH generator

Front on LH

Open clockwise
 Cut along this
generator

Back on RH

Front on LH

Open clockwise